The document describes the design and analysis of a foldable electric bicycle. It discusses the motivation to create a compact e-bike that can be easily transported. The key components of the design include an aluminum alloy folding frame, a 36V rear hub motor, integrated 36V lithium-ion battery, single-speed chain drive system, mechanical disc and V-brakes, 27.5-inch tires, and rigid fork suspension. Various materials were analyzed for the frame and aluminum 6061 alloy was selected for its strength to weight ratio. The design aims to create a lightweight, portable electric bicycle that provides eco-friendly transportation.
This document contains a thermodynamics lab report submitted by a mechanical engineering student. The report summarizes 11 experiments conducted in the thermodynamics lab, including demonstrations of internal combustion engine components and systems, different engine types, and measurements. It also includes detailed descriptions of 3 specific experiments on introducing the lab and layout, demonstrating main engine components, and demonstrating 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of conventional fossil fuels. It covers 4 generations of biofuels including those from food crops, non-food crops, algae, and those converted from vegetable oils. It also discusses natural gas, electricity in batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, emulsified diesel, and producing fuel from plastic waste as promising alternative fuel sources. The use of alternative fuels can help address issues of rising energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming.
- In petrol engines, air and fuel are mixed and compressed up to 1/8-1/12 of the original size, while in diesel engines only air is compressed up to 1/14-1/25 of the original size. Petrol engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture, while diesel engines rely on the high temperature of compressed air to ignite injected fuel.
- Petrol engines are lighter, cheaper to maintain, and require less compression than diesel engines. However, diesel engines are more thermally efficient, can pull heavier loads, and benefit from cheaper fuel. The type of engine used depends on the specific power and efficiency needs of the vehicle.
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
This document discusses technologies to reduce diesel emissions from vehicles, including combustion technologies like improved fuel injection systems, aftertreatment technologies like particulate traps, and alternative fuels like biodiesel. It also provides emission standards for passenger cars and heavy diesel vehicles in India from 1991 to the present Bharat stages. The document defines terms like volumetric efficiency and describes engine components like turbochargers and superchargers that improve air intake. It also discusses the difference between an engine's power and torque outputs and how they relate to vehicle performance.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as alternative fuels.
This document contains a thermodynamics lab report submitted by a mechanical engineering student. The report summarizes 11 experiments conducted in the thermodynamics lab, including demonstrations of internal combustion engine components and systems, different engine types, and measurements. It also includes detailed descriptions of 3 specific experiments on introducing the lab and layout, demonstrating main engine components, and demonstrating 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
This document discusses various alternative fuels that can be used instead of conventional fossil fuels. It covers 4 generations of biofuels including those from food crops, non-food crops, algae, and those converted from vegetable oils. It also discusses natural gas, electricity in batteries and fuel cells, hydrogen fuel cells, emulsified diesel, and producing fuel from plastic waste as promising alternative fuel sources. The use of alternative fuels can help address issues of rising energy demands, greenhouse gas emissions, and global warming.
- In petrol engines, air and fuel are mixed and compressed up to 1/8-1/12 of the original size, while in diesel engines only air is compressed up to 1/14-1/25 of the original size. Petrol engines use spark plugs to ignite the fuel-air mixture, while diesel engines rely on the high temperature of compressed air to ignite injected fuel.
- Petrol engines are lighter, cheaper to maintain, and require less compression than diesel engines. However, diesel engines are more thermally efficient, can pull heavier loads, and benefit from cheaper fuel. The type of engine used depends on the specific power and efficiency needs of the vehicle.
An automobile is a self propelled vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine or electric engine & is used for transportation of passengers & goods on ground”
Example- Buses, Cars, Trucks, Scooters, Motorcycles etc.
This document discusses technologies to reduce diesel emissions from vehicles, including combustion technologies like improved fuel injection systems, aftertreatment technologies like particulate traps, and alternative fuels like biodiesel. It also provides emission standards for passenger cars and heavy diesel vehicles in India from 1991 to the present Bharat stages. The document defines terms like volumetric efficiency and describes engine components like turbochargers and superchargers that improve air intake. It also discusses the difference between an engine's power and torque outputs and how they relate to vehicle performance.
The document discusses various alternative fuels to gasoline and diesel, including alcohols (methanol and ethanol), vegetable oils, biodiesel, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and hydrogen. It describes the need for alternate fuels, production methods of different fuels, advantages and disadvantages, and usage in spark ignition and compression ignition engines. Specific focus is given to the properties and use of methanol, ethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, compressed natural gas, and liquefied natural gas as alternative fuels.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of automobiles categorized based on the number of wheels. It discusses vehicles from single wheelers to four wheelers and beyond, including subcategories such as hatchbacks, sedans, SUVs, and more. Body styles, engine sizes, features, and common examples are outlined for each automobile type and segment.
The document discusses flywheels and their use in internal combustion engines. It provides the following key points:
1) A flywheel stores energy during the power stroke when more energy is generated than needed, and releases energy during other strokes when energy is required but not generated, helping to keep the crankshaft rotating at a more uniform speed.
2) The flywheel absorbs excess energy when the engine speed increases and releases energy when the speed decreases, reducing speed fluctuations rather than maintaining a perfectly constant speed.
3) More cylinders require less flywheel capacity as the overlap of power strokes increases, distributing energy more evenly to the crankshaft. However, the flywheel still has the greatest rotational
The document discusses hydrogen engines and their advantages over traditional gasoline engines. It describes how hydrogen engines work by mixing hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity through electrolysis. The document then provides details on hydrogen production through electrolysis of water and how an HHO generator produces hydrogen on demand to increase fuel efficiency in internal combustion engines. It compares the efficiencies of normal gasoline engines, which operate at 20-30% efficiency, to hydrogen engines which can achieve over 65% efficiency. The document concludes by discussing a project to run a motorcycle using hydrogen produced from an HHO generator to reduce emissions.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for overhauling a Chevy 350 engine. It details removing each component, cleaning and inspecting parts, acquiring rebuild kits, and reassembling the engine. Key steps include removing the cylinder heads, pistons, crankshaft and camshaft; cleaning all parts thoroughly; painting components; precise measurement and installation of parts; and following specifications for assembly and break-in. Proper organization, documentation of parts, and adherence to procedures are emphasized for a successful engine rebuild.
This lab report discusses the rotary Wankel engine. It provides details on the objective to study the rotary Wankel engine. It describes the basic working principle of the rotary Wankel engine, including its four strokes of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust that occur around an oval shape rather than a piston. It discusses the design parameters, types, parts, cycle, and concludes that the rotary Wankel engine is better than an Otto engine and is widely used in automobiles.
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://vietbaitotnghiep.com/dich-vu-viet-thue-luan-van
Download luận án tiến sĩ kĩ thuật với đề tài: Xác định thành phần khí thải phát tán vào môi trường của động cơ ô tô sử dụng lưỡng nhiên liệu diesel - LPG, cho các bạn làm luận án tham khảo
This document discusses various technologies for converting internal combustion engines to operate using alternative fuels. It focuses on dual fuel conversion systems that allow engines to run on both diesel and natural gas. The document provides overviews and specifications for dual fuel mixer components, control modules, sensors and other accessories required for a dual fuel conversion. It also presents case studies on dual fuel conversions conducted in Indonesia and discusses the cost savings and return on investment that can be achieved by converting to lower-cost alternative fuels like natural gas.
This document provides an overview of engine emissions and emission standards. It discusses the types of emissions from internal combustion engines, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. It also compares Indian Bharat emission standards to European Euro norms, noting differences in testing temperatures and maximum tested speeds. The document outlines the causes of different emissions and how emission standards aim to regulate the amounts of pollutants released.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on a six-stroke engine. It describes how a six-stroke engine works, providing six piston movements per cycle through the use of a second piston or by capturing waste heat for an additional power stroke. The document outlines the history of six-stroke engine development and describes several notable six-stroke engine designs, including those that use steam or air from waste heat for a second power stroke and those that use an opposed secondary piston. It also discusses modifications made to convert a four-stroke engine to a six-stroke design.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Diesel fuel is produced from various sources like petroleum, biomass, and natural gas. It is characterized by properties like cetane number, viscosity, density, sulfur content, etc. Diesel fuel specifications include limits for flash point, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number, distillation characteristics, corrosion properties, and sulfur and water content. Ignition quality is expressed by terms like cetane number, self-ignition temperature, and aniline point. Diesel fuel must burn cleanly and completely while providing sufficient lubrication and ease of ignition.
this lab report include details and demonstrations about internal combustion ( IC) engine. its types like CI and SI engines, different parts of engine, 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine. The ignition system of engine, cooling system of Engine and lubricating system of Engine in detail.
Pollutant,their formation and control in Internal Combustion EnginesHassan Raza
The document discusses pollutant formation and control in internal combustion engines. It introduces the main pollutants from spark ignition and diesel engines as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons. It then explains the formation of nitrogen oxides and emissions in diesel engines, including unburned hydrocarbons and particulate emissions. Finally, it discusses methods to control engine emissions, including engineering combustion processes, optimizing operating parameters, and using after-treatment devices like catalytic converters.
The document discusses the design of cylinder components in an internal combustion engine. It describes the principal parts of an engine including the cylinder and cylinder liner. The cylinder is usually made of cast iron or cast steel to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Cylinder liners are used for replaceability and can be dry or wet types. The design of a cylinder involves determining the cylinder wall thickness, bore and length, flange and studs, and cylinder head. Formulas are provided to calculate the cylinder wall thickness based on gas pressure and permissible stresses. The bore is selected based on the required engine power. Cylinder flanges use studs 0.75-1 times the flange thickness. The cylinder head accommodates ports and
1. The report analyzes heat exchange properties of small scale Stirling engines through experiments testing different materials for heat exchangers, working fluids, and the addition of fins.
2. The experiments found that copper heat exchangers performed best at higher temperatures, and that the working fluid helium produced higher engine performance than air or carbon dioxide.
3. The addition of fins to the engine provided no significant benefit to performance in low temperature Stirling engines.
The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle power plant system. It aims to reduce moisture content in steam by reheating it between turbine stages. This allows using higher boiler pressures without moisture issues in later turbine stages. Key points include reheat improving efficiency by about half compared to first reheat. Double reheat is common in supercritical pressure plants. Steam should not expand deep into the two-phase region before reheating. Optimum reheat pressure is one-fourth to one-fifth of maximum cycle pressure. Benefits include very high heat addition and efficiency. Disadvantages include increased material and initial costs. Sample problems calculate efficiency and mass flow rates for given ideal reheat cycles.
The document discusses various types of fuels used in internal combustion engines. It describes the desirable properties of fuels including high energy content, good combustibility, and low pollution. Commonly used fuels are liquids, gases, and solids that have been gasified. The document outlines the chemical structure and hydrocarbon families that make up fuels like petroleum, discussing compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Alternative fuels are also examined including compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, producer gas, alcohols, and fuel additives like tetraethyl lead. Fuel specifications for gasoline and diesel are presented relating to properties such as density, heating value, viscosity, and anti-knock quality.
Formulating a Foldable Electric BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a foldable electric bicycle. Key points:
- The bicycle features a single rigid square pipe frame and folding kinematic linkages for the front and rear. It is constructed of lightweight aluminum alloy.
- An electric hub motor integrated into the rear wheel provides efficient propulsion. A lithium-ion battery provides a range of up to 30km.
- CAD software was used to develop detailed digital models which underwent structural analysis to ensure integrity and safety. Prototypes were tested to evaluate performance.
- Calculations were performed to analyze bending moments, shear forces, chain specifications, and breaking load to optimize the design and ensure structural reliability.
Hybrid bicycles blend characteristics from more specialized road bikes, touring bikes and mountain bikes. They provide a general-purpose bike that can tolerate a wide range of riding conditions and applications. Their stability, comfort and ease of use make them popular with novice cyclists, casual riders, commuters, and children. The document discusses the development of a low cost hybrid bicycle that uses a DC motor, lithium ion battery, and regenerative braking to provide electric pedal assistance up to 28kmph. It aims to provide an alternative to automobiles for medium distance travel while focusing on energy conservation.
The document defines and provides examples of different types of automobiles categorized based on the number of wheels. It discusses vehicles from single wheelers to four wheelers and beyond, including subcategories such as hatchbacks, sedans, SUVs, and more. Body styles, engine sizes, features, and common examples are outlined for each automobile type and segment.
The document discusses flywheels and their use in internal combustion engines. It provides the following key points:
1) A flywheel stores energy during the power stroke when more energy is generated than needed, and releases energy during other strokes when energy is required but not generated, helping to keep the crankshaft rotating at a more uniform speed.
2) The flywheel absorbs excess energy when the engine speed increases and releases energy when the speed decreases, reducing speed fluctuations rather than maintaining a perfectly constant speed.
3) More cylinders require less flywheel capacity as the overlap of power strokes increases, distributing energy more evenly to the crankshaft. However, the flywheel still has the greatest rotational
The document discusses hydrogen engines and their advantages over traditional gasoline engines. It describes how hydrogen engines work by mixing hydrogen and oxygen to generate electricity through electrolysis. The document then provides details on hydrogen production through electrolysis of water and how an HHO generator produces hydrogen on demand to increase fuel efficiency in internal combustion engines. It compares the efficiencies of normal gasoline engines, which operate at 20-30% efficiency, to hydrogen engines which can achieve over 65% efficiency. The document concludes by discussing a project to run a motorcycle using hydrogen produced from an HHO generator to reduce emissions.
The document provides step-by-step instructions for overhauling a Chevy 350 engine. It details removing each component, cleaning and inspecting parts, acquiring rebuild kits, and reassembling the engine. Key steps include removing the cylinder heads, pistons, crankshaft and camshaft; cleaning all parts thoroughly; painting components; precise measurement and installation of parts; and following specifications for assembly and break-in. Proper organization, documentation of parts, and adherence to procedures are emphasized for a successful engine rebuild.
This lab report discusses the rotary Wankel engine. It provides details on the objective to study the rotary Wankel engine. It describes the basic working principle of the rotary Wankel engine, including its four strokes of intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust that occur around an oval shape rather than a piston. It discusses the design parameters, types, parts, cycle, and concludes that the rotary Wankel engine is better than an Otto engine and is widely used in automobiles.
Nhận viết luận văn đại học, thạc sĩ trọn gói, chất lượng, LH ZALO=>0909232620
Tham khảo dịch vụ, bảng giá tại: https://vietbaitotnghiep.com/dich-vu-viet-thue-luan-van
Download luận án tiến sĩ kĩ thuật với đề tài: Xác định thành phần khí thải phát tán vào môi trường của động cơ ô tô sử dụng lưỡng nhiên liệu diesel - LPG, cho các bạn làm luận án tham khảo
This document discusses various technologies for converting internal combustion engines to operate using alternative fuels. It focuses on dual fuel conversion systems that allow engines to run on both diesel and natural gas. The document provides overviews and specifications for dual fuel mixer components, control modules, sensors and other accessories required for a dual fuel conversion. It also presents case studies on dual fuel conversions conducted in Indonesia and discusses the cost savings and return on investment that can be achieved by converting to lower-cost alternative fuels like natural gas.
This document provides an overview of engine emissions and emission standards. It discusses the types of emissions from internal combustion engines, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. It also compares Indian Bharat emission standards to European Euro norms, noting differences in testing temperatures and maximum tested speeds. The document outlines the causes of different emissions and how emission standards aim to regulate the amounts of pollutants released.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on a six-stroke engine. It describes how a six-stroke engine works, providing six piston movements per cycle through the use of a second piston or by capturing waste heat for an additional power stroke. The document outlines the history of six-stroke engine development and describes several notable six-stroke engine designs, including those that use steam or air from waste heat for a second power stroke and those that use an opposed secondary piston. It also discusses modifications made to convert a four-stroke engine to a six-stroke design.
This document discusses alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. It examines various alternative fuel options including electricity, solar power, liquefied petroleum gas, compressed natural gas, hydrogen fuel cells, and others. For each option, it provides details on how the technology works, examples of vehicles that use the fuel, and advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional fuels. The conclusion states that alternative fuels can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and many options are being developed that are inexpensive and environmentally friendly.
Diesel fuel is produced from various sources like petroleum, biomass, and natural gas. It is characterized by properties like cetane number, viscosity, density, sulfur content, etc. Diesel fuel specifications include limits for flash point, viscosity, carbon residue, cetane number, distillation characteristics, corrosion properties, and sulfur and water content. Ignition quality is expressed by terms like cetane number, self-ignition temperature, and aniline point. Diesel fuel must burn cleanly and completely while providing sufficient lubrication and ease of ignition.
this lab report include details and demonstrations about internal combustion ( IC) engine. its types like CI and SI engines, different parts of engine, 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine. The ignition system of engine, cooling system of Engine and lubricating system of Engine in detail.
Pollutant,their formation and control in Internal Combustion EnginesHassan Raza
The document discusses pollutant formation and control in internal combustion engines. It introduces the main pollutants from spark ignition and diesel engines as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons. It then explains the formation of nitrogen oxides and emissions in diesel engines, including unburned hydrocarbons and particulate emissions. Finally, it discusses methods to control engine emissions, including engineering combustion processes, optimizing operating parameters, and using after-treatment devices like catalytic converters.
The document discusses the design of cylinder components in an internal combustion engine. It describes the principal parts of an engine including the cylinder and cylinder liner. The cylinder is usually made of cast iron or cast steel to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Cylinder liners are used for replaceability and can be dry or wet types. The design of a cylinder involves determining the cylinder wall thickness, bore and length, flange and studs, and cylinder head. Formulas are provided to calculate the cylinder wall thickness based on gas pressure and permissible stresses. The bore is selected based on the required engine power. Cylinder flanges use studs 0.75-1 times the flange thickness. The cylinder head accommodates ports and
1. The report analyzes heat exchange properties of small scale Stirling engines through experiments testing different materials for heat exchangers, working fluids, and the addition of fins.
2. The experiments found that copper heat exchangers performed best at higher temperatures, and that the working fluid helium produced higher engine performance than air or carbon dioxide.
3. The addition of fins to the engine provided no significant benefit to performance in low temperature Stirling engines.
The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle power plant system. It aims to reduce moisture content in steam by reheating it between turbine stages. This allows using higher boiler pressures without moisture issues in later turbine stages. Key points include reheat improving efficiency by about half compared to first reheat. Double reheat is common in supercritical pressure plants. Steam should not expand deep into the two-phase region before reheating. Optimum reheat pressure is one-fourth to one-fifth of maximum cycle pressure. Benefits include very high heat addition and efficiency. Disadvantages include increased material and initial costs. Sample problems calculate efficiency and mass flow rates for given ideal reheat cycles.
The document discusses various types of fuels used in internal combustion engines. It describes the desirable properties of fuels including high energy content, good combustibility, and low pollution. Commonly used fuels are liquids, gases, and solids that have been gasified. The document outlines the chemical structure and hydrocarbon families that make up fuels like petroleum, discussing compounds such as alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics. Alternative fuels are also examined including compressed natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, producer gas, alcohols, and fuel additives like tetraethyl lead. Fuel specifications for gasoline and diesel are presented relating to properties such as density, heating value, viscosity, and anti-knock quality.
Formulating a Foldable Electric BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a foldable electric bicycle. Key points:
- The bicycle features a single rigid square pipe frame and folding kinematic linkages for the front and rear. It is constructed of lightweight aluminum alloy.
- An electric hub motor integrated into the rear wheel provides efficient propulsion. A lithium-ion battery provides a range of up to 30km.
- CAD software was used to develop detailed digital models which underwent structural analysis to ensure integrity and safety. Prototypes were tested to evaluate performance.
- Calculations were performed to analyze bending moments, shear forces, chain specifications, and breaking load to optimize the design and ensure structural reliability.
Hybrid bicycles blend characteristics from more specialized road bikes, touring bikes and mountain bikes. They provide a general-purpose bike that can tolerate a wide range of riding conditions and applications. Their stability, comfort and ease of use make them popular with novice cyclists, casual riders, commuters, and children. The document discusses the development of a low cost hybrid bicycle that uses a DC motor, lithium ion battery, and regenerative braking to provide electric pedal assistance up to 28kmph. It aims to provide an alternative to automobiles for medium distance travel while focusing on energy conservation.
This project is design, fabrication and development
of a design and fabrication of pneumatic bicycle it is rear
wheel drive. The conceptual design of this model is taken
from manually operated bicycle. The complete body looks
like a bicycle in which manual operation followed. This
product is a pneumatic vehicle, useful for handicapped
people, and also normal persons. The power transmission
takes place from rear wheel through chain drive. The entire
arrangement of power transmission by means of connecting
rod of the actuator is taken along with the chain sprocket.
When the Compressor is connected to, it would give a driving
force due the pressure at which air is sent. Only one person is
allowed on the bicycle at any time. The material, mild steel is
choose as a main structure fastening by joint, and main
components of this project is , air cylinder, solenoid valve,
electrical control unit, pneumatic actuator, power
transmitting chain, sprocket wheel, two wheeler rear wheel
components of model attach by welding, part by part create
then be fabricating together. At the end of the project, the
model is tested by several people and their comment then
being recorded and performed some tests. The concept of
compressed air bicycle in practice reduces the air pollution to
large extend as its exhaust is nothing but air.
This document describes the design of a blade propelled bicycle that uses electric motors, propeller fans, and batteries to reduce the human effort required to ride a bicycle. The researchers first performed calculations to determine the power, torque, thrust, and blade size required. They then designed the bicycle frame and added mounts for the motors, batteries, and other components. Finite element analysis was used to analyze stresses on the frame under loading conditions. The bicycle is designed to operate in either a pedal-assist mode, where the motors provide power when pedaling, or a battery-only mode, where the rotating propeller fans powered by batteries provide thrust to move the bicycle without pedaling. The goal of the design is to create a
Design and Manufacturing of Low Cost, Non-Polluting Urban Transport UnitIRJET Journal
- Students designed and built a low-cost, non-polluting electric vehicle for urban transport to provide a clean alternative to fossil fuel vehicles.
- The unique two-tube frame design provides strength while keeping the vehicle lightweight. It is powered by a 250W electric motor and batteries that allow for sufficient range for small-distance commutes.
- The goal was to make the vehicle affordable and practical for everyday use by people of all ages and occupations, without requiring a license, registration or certification like other electric vehicles.
THE FOLDING BICYCLE- New method of Folding BicycleRohan Ranjane
The Basic Aim behind our project was to make an environmental friendly portable automobile which would be easy to handle by both the success and would emit 0% emission. Bicycle is recognized as a transportation solution helping to improve various environmental, economic and social aspects.
IRJET- Experiment on Working Model of Self Balancing VehicleIRJET Journal
This document describes an experiment conducted on a self-balancing vehicle. The vehicle, called Segwalk-11, has been modified to include a sitting arrangement to make it more suitable for senior citizens and all generations. It uses a hoverboard, battery, roller bearings and an aluminum frame. When weight is applied forward or backward, it moves in that direction. The sitting arrangement allows for comfortable operation. The vehicle is portable, easy to use, and can carry up to 120kg. It has a 3300mAh battery that allows it to run for up to 7 hours and travel 17km. Future work may include adding hydraulics and a joystick for improved control and comfort.
The document discusses the design of an electric motorcycle chassis using composite material called Innegra S-Fiber. It aims to reduce pollution by switching to electric vehicles since motorcycles account for 62% of petrol consumption in India. The design process involved selecting Innegra S-Fiber due its lightweight and stiff properties compared to other materials. Analysis showed Innegra S-Fiber experienced the least deformation under loading, making it well-suited for the electric motorcycle chassis. The final design achieved the goals of high strength, low weight, and a practical electric motorcycle for urban transportation.
The document discusses the design of an electric motorcycle chassis using composite material called Innegra S-Fiber. It aims to reduce pollution by switching to electric vehicles since motorcycles account for 62% of petrol consumption in India. The design process analyzed different materials like aluminum, titanium, and Innegra S-Fiber for the chassis to find the optimal lightweight yet stiff material. Innegra S-Fiber was selected as it exhibited the least deformation under loading conditions compared to other materials, allowing for a strong but lightweight chassis. This helps achieve the goal of an electric motorcycle suitable for street use with reduced weight and pollution.
- The document describes a model for optimizing bicycle frame manufacturing based on economic and environmental criteria.
- The model considers two material options (bamboo or aluminum) and two levels of automation for aluminum processing. It aims to minimize both material usage costs and carbon emissions.
- The document presents results from applying a bi-criteria mixed integer program to identify optimal trade-offs between the cost and emissions objectives for different required production volumes. The results provide manufacturing decision-makers with sustainable alternatives.
Design and fabrication of compact bicycle trolleyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of a compact bicycle trolley. It begins by introducing the authors and defining a bicycle trolley as a motorless wheeled frame with a hitch system for transporting cargo by bicycle. It then reviews the history and types of bicycle trolleys, including single-wheel, two-wheel, and custom designs. The document discusses considerations for bicycle trolley design, including enabling load carrying and detachability from the bicycle without affecting handling, as well as using durable frames and wheels suitable for uneven roads. Finally, it notes factors that affect bicycle trolley performance such as road conditions, load weight, and the rider.
IRJET- Design and Development of Loop Wheel BicycleIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and development of a loop wheel bicycle. A loop wheel is a wheel with an integral suspension system to provide better shock absorption and a smoother ride compared to standard bicycle wheels. The suspension system uses composite loop springs attached between the hub and rim to allow the hub to float within the rim and adjust to uneven terrain. The researchers conducted modeling, stress analysis using ANSYS, and calculations to design leaf springs for the loop wheel that can safely support the expected loads on the bicycle wheels. Their loop wheel bicycle design aims to provide a suspension system without needing additional parts while improving ride comfort.
A Journal on “Design and Optimization of Vehicle Chassis for Harsh Road Condi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a journal article about designing and optimizing vehicle chassis for harsh road conditions. It discusses how chassis are subjected to high loads that can lead to cracking or failure. The goal of the study is to analyze the static and dynamic properties of a prototype utility vehicle ladder frame chassis. The chassis is modeled in Autodesk Fusion 360 and analyzed for stress, displacement, and structural properties. Key factors considered in the design include material selection, strength, stiffness, weight, and providing adequate space for components while ensuring the chassis can withstand loads from driving forces.
IRJET- Design, Analysis and Fabrication of E-BikeIRJET Journal
This document describes the design, analysis, and fabrication of an electric bicycle (e-bike). It aims to present an e-bike design with low cost and high efficiency. The e-bike will be powered by a battery that provides voltage to a brushless DC motor, driving both wheels. A literature review covers past research on e-bike motors, batteries, and controllers. The objectives are to create a transportation method that is user-friendly, environmentally friendly, and can be used by all ages. The proposed design uses a BLDC motor powered by a 36V lithium-ion battery and controlled via a microcontroller and Bluetooth connection to a smartphone. Simulations estimate a range of 22-25 km per charge
Electrical bicycle using lead acid battery.IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the development of an electrical bicycle that uses a lead-acid battery. It discusses the key components of the bicycle, including the controller, motor, battery, throttle, and brakes.
2) The controller operates on a 24V DC supply and acts as the central processing unit that controls all functions of the electrical bicycle. The motor also operates on 24V DC and has a speed of 360 RPM.
3) The electrical bicycle provides assistance to the rider through its electric motor and is useful for those who have difficulty riding a traditional bicycle. It allows for easier and faster travel while being environmentally friendly.
IRJET- Electric Bicycle using TreadmillIRJET Journal
The document describes an electric bicycle that uses a treadmill for propulsion. The bicycle is powered by a brushless direct current motor that is powered by a lithium-ion battery. The battery is charged by solar panels. When the user walks on the treadmill, it activates the motor which helps power the movement of the bicycle. The treadmill has an anti-slip surface to prevent the user from sliding off. The electric bicycle aims to provide a mode of transportation that is easier than walking but more efficient than a traditional bicycle. It could help reduce pollution and encourage exercise by allowing users to walk while traveling.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF ATTACHABLE WHEELCHAIR AUTOMATORIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and fabrication of an attachable automator for wheelchairs. It aims to make paraplegic patients more independent by converting their manual wheelchair into a motorized one. The automator attaches to existing wheelchairs through clamps and is powered by lithium-sulfur batteries. It uses a hub motor and disc brakes for safety. The automator is designed through CAD software and tested through simulation to be lightweight, durable, safe, and affordable at under Rs. 20,000. Its larger front wheel allows for uneven terrain. The automator seeks to improve mobility and quality of life for paraplegic patients in a cost-effective and sustainable manner.
The document discusses the design of an electric bicycle kit called the E-Kit that can transform a standard Hero bicycle into an electric bike. It aims to make electric bikes more accessible and affordable in India by creating a kit that is cheap, simple to install, and can easily be attached or detached from the bicycle. The kit will use a clutch system to connect an electric motor to the rear wheel sprocket. It will allow the user to switch between electric assist, pedal assist, and no motor. The goals are to retrofit standard bicycles easily and inexpensively while keeping additional weight low. The project is inspired by the Copenhagen Wheel but aims to address its limitations.
Design and Simulation of Multipurpose AutomatorIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design and simulation of a multipurpose automator device. The automator is intended to be attached to wheelchairs and small carts to help power their movement and reduce strain on users.
2. Key calculations are shown for determining the necessary motor torque and battery capacity based on the expected load of a wheelchair or cart. Dimensions are also analyzed from real wheelchairs.
3. The proposed design involves a chassis with a handle, perpendicular support arm, and wheel plate that can be detachably fixed to wheelchairs and carts using an adjustable fixture frame. This is intended to allow independent mobility while reducing physical demands.
The document discusses the design of an electric bicycle, including research on typical bicycles in Sweden. It then outlines the development of innovative frame concepts for an electric bike, selecting a design that places the battery inside the frame between the seat and fork tubes. Key aspects of the selected frame design are described, focusing on using special reinforced profiles and curved elements to integrate the battery cavity while maintaining frame strength.
Similar to Design & Analysis of foldable E-Bicycle (20)
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024