this lab report include details and demonstrations about internal combustion ( IC) engine. its types like CI and SI engines, different parts of engine, 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine. The ignition system of engine, cooling system of Engine and lubricating system of Engine in detail.
Valve timing diagram is one of the most important topic about engine. This gives u the idea about how engine's valves should open and close. Knowing this u can make your engine more efficient and effective.
theoretical valve timing diagram of two stroke engine
theoretical valve timing diagram of four stroke engine
actual valve timing diagram of two stroke diesel engine
actual valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
In this Thesis I will try to understand the concept associated with cooling towers and model a laboratory sized cooling tower in a software package called Engineering Equation Solver (EES). An example of system modelling is presented in this progress report, along with the comparison of a set of results with an experimental data from P.A Hilton Model H892 Bench top cooling tower with a maximum of 9% error. A user interface is also modelled to simulate off-design performance rather than conducting experiments. It also allows you to do additional scenarios that cannot be practically being done in lab,
like Relative humidity, etc.
Valve timing diagram is one of the most important topic about engine. This gives u the idea about how engine's valves should open and close. Knowing this u can make your engine more efficient and effective.
theoretical valve timing diagram of two stroke engine
theoretical valve timing diagram of four stroke engine
actual valve timing diagram of two stroke diesel engine
actual valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
In this Thesis I will try to understand the concept associated with cooling towers and model a laboratory sized cooling tower in a software package called Engineering Equation Solver (EES). An example of system modelling is presented in this progress report, along with the comparison of a set of results with an experimental data from P.A Hilton Model H892 Bench top cooling tower with a maximum of 9% error. A user interface is also modelled to simulate off-design performance rather than conducting experiments. It also allows you to do additional scenarios that cannot be practically being done in lab,
like Relative humidity, etc.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
A detailed explanation about Rankine cycle or vapour power cycle for mechanical 2nd year students.Areas of uses of vapour power cycle or steam power cycle.
A brief explanation of both two stroke diesel engine and two stroke petrol engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
A brief explanation of both two stroke engine and four stroke engine with appropriate figures. It can also submitted to professor at the time of submission.
1. INTRODUCTION TO IC ENGINE
2. FUNDAMENTALS OF IC ENGINE
3. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES & FUNCTIONS OF IC ENGINE
4. MATERIALS USED
5.IC ENGINE – TERMINOLOGY
6.SEQUENCE OF OPERATION(A. Four Stroke Engine/B. Two Stroke Engine)
7. COMPARISON BETWEEN TWO STROKE AND FOUR STROKE ENGINES
8.Otto Cycle,Diesel Cycle,Dual Cycle & their Comparison
9.VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
10.ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS RELATED TO IC ENGINE
11. CHARACTERISTICS CURVES OF VARIOUS PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
12. FUEL-AIR CYCLE & THEIR ANALYSIS ( 1.Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Size 2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed 3. Performance Maps )
13. ACTUAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM
14. V.C.R ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS & ITS DESCRIPTION
15. FUTURE WORKS & DISCUSSION
16. CONCLUSION
Compass surveying is a type of surveying in which the directions of surveying lines are determined with a magnetic compass, and the length of the surveying lines are measured with a tape or chain or laser range finder. The compass is generally used to run a traverse line.
The following tests was performed by the students of Civil Engineering Department U.E.T Peshawar (the list of experiments can be seen in table of contents) under the supervision of Sir Engr. Zia Ullah..The main purpose of this lab was to investigate different types of soils through different tests and to compare them with the standards mostly ASTM.
This Presentation is an introduction to current meter device specially how to measure flow velocity using current meter,its types and methods used in field.
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the soil mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, The report is made by the students of Civil engineering department UET Peshawar(which includes the publisher)
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
this document includes the concept behind thick and thin walled cylinder problems and how to tackle such problems with the help of derived formulae.Enjoy
this document includes the complete procedure of how to calculate stresses at a point using
a) Mohr's circle
b) Analytical method
and how to calculate stresses when strains are given.
this document is about construction workers and the building and construction sector of the civil engineering, it also includes details about Personal protective equipment's.A group of UET Peshawar students visited the site and did their observations.
Different types of flows and lines in fluid flow.Muhammad Bilal
this presentation includes all the possible flows which a fluid can have when it is moving in a 3D space it also contain the different kinds of lines such as stream lines,path lines and streak lines for a fluid flow ( steady and unsteady).
the presentation includes details about head works and barrages, how they operate, what are the differences between them and it includes a list of names of different barrages and head works in Pakistan.
this document explains steam cycles specially the Rankine cycle, processes involved in this cycle its mathematical derivation and efficiency of Rankine cycle.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
1. University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Mechanical
Technology lab
Report
Prepared by Muhammad Bilal
First Year- CED Uet Peshawar, Pakistan
Contact: bilal.akhund9@gmail.com
2. 1
Table of Contents
Name of Demonstration Page number
To demonstrate and Practically
Understand Different
Components of Internal
Combustion Engine (IC Engine)
2
Demonstration of 2 and 4 stroke
Engine
4
Determination and difference
between Petrol and Diesel
Engine
7
Demonstration of Ignition
system of Engine
10
Determination of cooling system
Of Engine
12
Determination of Lubricating
System of Engine
14
3. 2
Lab # 1
To demonstrate and Practically Understand Different Components
of Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)
Abstract
There are 3 types of Gasoline Engines namely, The 4 Stroke Petrol Engine, The 4 Stroke
Diesel Engine and The 2 Stroke Petrol Engine. All of these are IC engines; we will here
know the basic Function and working of different Components.
Theoretical background
Internal combustion Engine
External Combustion engine
Reciprocating Engine
Rotary Engine
Main Components of IC Engine
Engine block
In this all the components are installed it is made from cast iron
Cylinder
It is actually the main body of the engine in which the piston moves linearly. It also
contains or holds the gases or fuels which are to be burned.
Piston
Known as heart of the engine, it is used to transfer energy it has to and fro motion
Piston Rings
1. Compression rings 2. Oil control/lubricating Rings
4. 3
Compression Rings: These are the rings which are present on the upper cuts of the piston.
They prevent the air-fuel mixture from leaking.
Lubricating Rings: These are present on the lower cuts of the piston. They bring engine oil
from the crank case and lubricate the sides of the cylinder
Inlet Valve: It is the valve through which the air-fuel mixture enters into the cylinder.
Exhaust Valve: It is the valve through which exhaust or burned gases go out from the
cylinder
Spark plug
It is the plug which gets power from the supply and produces spark during the ignition
stroke
Fly wheel
It is the dead weight which absorbs energy during the power stroke and utilizes it in the
remaining three strokes
Cam shaft
On the shaft are mounted CAMs which control the opening and closing of the Inlet and
Outlet valves
5. 4
Lab # 2
Demonstration of 2 and 4 stroke Engine
Objective
To understand the working/operational difference between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engine
Background
A Stroke is defined as the distance between Upper and Lower Dead Center. The Upper
Dead Centre is the highest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder while the
Lower Dead Centre is the lowest position that the piston can reach in the cylinder.
In the 4 Stroke Petrol Engine there are 4 strokes while there are two strokes in two
strokes engine. Their working operation is very different from each other.
What is a stroke?
A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. Or the
moment of the piston from top dead center to bottom dead center.
What is compression ratio?
= maximum volume/minimum volume
= (clearance volume + swept volume)/clearance volume
For petrol engines it is usually 10:1 and for diesel Engine it is 22:1
Swept volume=
6. 5
Working of 4 Stroke Petrol Engine:
1) Intake Stroke:
The inlet valve is opened and the fuel/air mixture is drawn in as the piston travels
down.
2) Compression Stroke:
The inlet valve is closed and the piston travels back up the cylinder compressing
the fuel/air mixture. Just before piston reaches the top of its compression stroke a
spark plug emits a spark to combust the fuel/air mixture.
3) Combustion Stroke:
The piston is now forced down by the power produced by the combustion of the
fuel air mixture. The engines power is derived from this stroke.
4) Exhaust Stroke:
The exhaust valve is opened and the piston travels back up expelling the exhaust
gases through the exhaust valve. At the top of this stroke the exhaust valve is
closed. This process is then repeated.
7. 6
Working Of Two Stroke Engine
In a two stroke engine the stroke starts with the piston at the lower dead center
1st stroke:
The piston is at the bottom of the cylinder. A pipe at the left side is opened and lets the
fuel mixture, which is already compressed a bit, flow from the lower to the upper part of
the cylinder. The fresh gases expulse now the exhaust through an ejection pipe.
2nd stroke:
After being hurried upward, the piston now covers the pipe on the left side and the
ejection pipe. Because there is no way out any more, the upper, fresh gas mixture gets
compressed now. At the same time in the part below fresh gas is taken in by the piston
driving upward through the open suction pipe. At the upper dead-center, the compressed
fuel mixture is ignited by the sparking plug, the piston is pressed downward while it
compresses at the same time the fresh gas below. The process begins again as soon as the
piston arrives at its lowest point.
8. 7
Lab # 3
Determination and difference between Petrol and Diesel
Engine
Objective
To understand the working of Compression Ignition (CI) and Spark Ignition(SI)
Engines
To study difference between CI and SI Engines
Advantages and dis-advantages of CI and SI Engines
Theory OF IC Engines (CI and SI)
IC engines may operate on a 4 stroke cycle or a 2 stroke cycle. In a 4 stroke cycle the
piston has to go through 4 strokes in order to complete cyclic thermodynamic processes.
In the 2 stroke cycle the piston goes through only 2 strokes to complete the cycle. This
seems to make the 2 stroke cycle more advantageous. 2 stroke cycles is applied more to
marine type slow and large CI engines and to light SI engines used on motorcycles and
lawn mowers, etc.
Working of SI Engines:
Spark ignition engines are mainly used in automotive vehicles such as automobiles and
motorcycles. These engines cannot be very big in size because of auto ignition. They
induce a mixture of air and fuel during the induction process and then compress the
induced charge to a pressure of approximately 12-15 atmospheres and a temperature of
500-600 K during the compression process and towards the end of the compression
process the hot and compressed mixture is ignited by a spark produced by the electrical
ignition system of the engine.
Working of CI Engines
Compression ignition engines have a much broader field of application. It's possible to
produce approximately 2000 kW per cylinder as well as 0.2 kW per cylinder with this type
9. 8
of engine. Since they can operate at much higher powers than SI engines they are more
suitable for commercial applications.
Liquid fuel is injected into the cylinder towards the end of compression. The fuel spray
atomizes into small droplets, evaporates and mixes with hot air. Then it auto ignites after
compression stroke Once combustion starts, the remaining fuel rapidly evaporates and
enters the combustion reaction. During all this the injection of fuel is still continuing.
Difference between CI and SI Engines:
SI Engine CI Engine
Constant volume Constant Pressure
Petrol is volatile Diesel is heavy and bulky
It has spark plug No spark plug. it has glow plug ( in
winter to warm cylinder)
Low compression ratio ( 5:1 to 10:1) High compression Ratio ( 18:1 to
22:1)
Petrol efficiency 30% Diesel efficiency 40%
High power and low torque High thermal efficiency, high torque
10. 9
Advantages and disadvantages of SI and CI Engines:
SI Engine (Advantages)
Engine feels nice and smooth. Its light and easy to drive
Small initial and low maintenance cost
Silent drive- engines don't produce much noise.
Low on emissions hence environment friendly
Disadvantages:
Torque is less , hence pulling power is less
Overall fuel efficiency is a bit less as compared to a diesel counterpart.
CI Engine (advantages)
High torque output hence pulling power is high (acceleration is good).
Fuel efficiency is high as compared to petrol counterpart. They are more efficient.
Service requirement is less frequent.
low NOx emissions
Disadvantages
Overall cost of the car with diesel engine is high on the pocket.
Engine is grunt and generally produces more noise than petrol ones.
Cars with diesel motors have high initial investment
11. 10
Lab # 4
Demonstration of Ignition system of Engine
Objective
To study various components of Ignition system
To understand control and timed ignition
Background
The system which ignites the air fuel mixture to form a spark, due to which power is
produced and component of engine runs.
Function of ignition system
To control spark and to control its timings.
To increase voltage from 12V to 20KV
Components of Ignition system
Battery:
The battery is the source of electrical energy needed to operate the ignition system. The
battery stores and produces electricity through chemical action. From 12V to 14V
Ignition coil
An ignition coil is actually a step up transformer and electromagnet having two types of
windings. 1. Primary windings 2. Secondary windings
Function
of battery
is "SLI"
Starting
IgnitingLighting
12. 11
Control Breaker
The purpose of the contact/control breaker is to interrupt the current Flowing in the
primary circuit of the ignition.
Capacitor
Wired in parallel with the contact points and grounded through the distributor housing. It
prevents burning; it provides a place where current can flow.
Spark plug
It receives a high voltage spark from secondary coil through rotor and outer terminal
having two electrodes.
1. Central electrodes 2. Ground electrodes
Distributer: As name indicates, it distributes electric current.
Ignition switch
The primary circuit starts at the battery and Flows to the ignition switch. It controls the
Flow of electricity across the terminals.
13. 12
Lab # 5
Determination of cooling system Of Engine
Objective
To study the main component Of Cooling System
To understand how to Remove surplus heat and maintain optimum temperature
Theory
During combustion process engine produces tremendous amount of heat. That amount of
heat is dissipated in different areas.
1/3 of heat goes as exhaust gases
1/3 of heat is converted to mechanical energy
1/3 of heat is observed by engine component
Main Components of Cooling System
Radiator
The radiator core is usually made up of Aluminum with aluminum strips that zigzag
between the tubes. These fins transfer the heat in the tubes into the air stream to be
carried away from the vehicle.
Thermostat
The thermostat regulates the flow of coolant into the engine keeping it at its optimum
operating temperature. The thermostat is closed when the engine is cold.
Radiator cap/Pressure cap
The radiator cap is responsible for maintaining the proper amount of cooling system
pressure. If the amount increases above the set pressure point, a spring-loaded valve in
the cap releases extra Pressure.
Water jacket
These are passage inside engine which allows coolant to flow inside engine.
14. 13
Water Pump
The water pump is considered the ‘heart’ of the cooling system and is usually located on
the front of the cylinder block. The water pump has fan-like blades on an impeller that
spins, creating centrifugal force, moving the liquid outward. Coolant is routed through the
engine.
The coolant then absorbs heat from the engine components and, once hot, leaves the
engine and enters the radiator.
Fans
It draws the air inside the engine by passing air through radiator which cools down the
temperature of coolant.
15. 14
Lab # 6
Determination of Lubricating System of Engine
Objective:
To Study main components
To Understand how lubricating oil keep the Engine clean and cool
Theory
The lubricant reduces friction between Engine parts .Generally different grades of oils are
used like single grade or multi grade oil both have its advantages.
Parts of lubricating system
Oil sump/pan
It is used to store oil. And helps in cooling the oil Pan gasket splits if over tightened
Oil pump
Operated through crank shaft
Oil pressure indicator
The light turns on or gauge reads low when the pressure drops below 10psi.Commom case
of low Pressure is low oil level. Good oil pressure is 40-60 psi
Oil filter
It filters the oil
Oil Galleries or oil lines
These are like water jackets they are small in size.
16. 15
Properties of good Lubricant
It must have high boiling point
Low freezing point
Free from impurities
Average cost and more Durable
It should must be thermally stable
Lubricating system of Engine
X
Muhammad Bilal
Student at UET Peshawar,Pakistan