GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE. Types of population structure. Population pyramids. Demographic transition model. Case studies: UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
A comprehensive presentation about population, for the AS level, using all the important definitions necessary for the exam: distribution and density, population changes, population structure, models, trends in population growth, optimum, over and under population, theories relating to world population and food supply and the demographic transition model. Case studies: Kenya, USA, Denmark, China.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION STRUCTURE. Types of population structure. Population pyramids. Demographic transition model. Case studies: UK (MEDC) and MOZAMBIQUE (LEDC).
A comprehensive presentation about population, for the AS level, using all the important definitions necessary for the exam: distribution and density, population changes, population structure, models, trends in population growth, optimum, over and under population, theories relating to world population and food supply and the demographic transition model. Case studies: Kenya, USA, Denmark, China.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. Factors influencing the density and distribution. Case studies: Singapore (densely populated) and Sahel (sparsely populated).
POPULATION DYNAMICS FOR IGCSE CAMBRIDGEYonas Gemeda
this presentation will try to discuss population change through natural and manmade features and its cause and effects on the environment and its inhabitant
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. It contains: factors influencing the density and distribution, case studies: Singapore and Sahel.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WATER. It contains: the demand for water, water management, case studies: UK, NIGERIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA. Water for agriculture, industrial use, domestic water use, management of water usage in MDEC and LEDC.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. Factors influencing the density and distribution. Case studies: Singapore (densely populated) and Sahel (sparsely populated).
POPULATION DYNAMICS FOR IGCSE CAMBRIDGEYonas Gemeda
this presentation will try to discuss population change through natural and manmade features and its cause and effects on the environment and its inhabitant
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTIONGeorge Dumitrache
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION. It contains: factors influencing the density and distribution, case studies: Singapore and Sahel.
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: WATER. It contains: the demand for water, water management, case studies: UK, NIGERIA, INDONESIA, MALAYSIA. Water for agriculture, industrial use, domestic water use, management of water usage in MDEC and LEDC.
The world’s population is more than three times larger than it was in the mid-twentieth century. The global human population reached 8.0 billion in mid-November 2022 from an estimated 2.5 billion people in 1950, adding 1 billion people since 2010 and 2 billion since 1998. The world’s population is expected to increase by nearly 2 billion persons in the next 30 years, from the current 8 billion to 9.7 billion in 2050 and could peak at nearly 10.4 billion in the mid-2080s.
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE SOURCESGeorge Dumitrache
07. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - REICHSTAG FIRE
On February 27, 1933, the German parliament (Reichstag) building burned down. The Nazi leadership and its coalition partners used the fire to claim that Communists were planning a violent uprising. They claimed that emergency legislation was needed to prevent this. The resulting act, commonly known as the Reichstag Fire Decree, abolished a number of constitutional protections and paved the way for Nazi dictatorship.
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTXGeorge Dumitrache
05. DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - HITLER CONSOLIDATING POWER 1933-34.PPTX
Following Hitler’s appointment as chancellor the Nazis were finally in a position of power.
However, this power was limited, as the Nazis were just one party in a three party coalition government, under President Hindenburg.
This topic will explore how the Nazis managed to eliminate their opposition and consolidate ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an illusion of democracy.
It will first explore this topic in chronological order, from the Reichstag Fire through to the death of President Hindenburg, and then explore it thematically in the last section. On the 31 January 1933, Hitler, conscious of his lack of a majority in the Reichstag, immediately called for new elections to try and strengthen his position. The Nazis aimed to increase their share of the vote so that they would have a majority in the Reichstag. This would allow them to rule unopposed and unhindered by coalition governments.
Over the next two months, they launched themselves into an intense election campaign.
On 27 February 1933, as the campaign moved into its final, frantic days, the Reichstag, the German Parliament building, was set on fire and burnt down. An atmosphere of panic and terror followed the event.
This continued when a young Dutch communist, Van der Lubbe was arrested for the crime.
The Nazi Party used the atmosphere of panic to their advantage, encouraging anti-communism. Göring declared that the communists had planned a national uprising to overthrow the Weimar Republic. This hysteria helped to turn the public against the communists, one of the Nazis main opponents, and 4000 people were imprisoned.
The day after the fire, Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. On the 28 February 1933, President Hindenburg signed the Emergency Decree for the Protection of the German People. This decree suspended the democratic aspects of the Weimar Republic and declared a state of emergency.
This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the persecution and oppression of any opponents, who were be framed as traitors to the republic. People could be imprisoned for any or no reason.
The decree also removed basic personal freedoms, such as the freedom of speech, the right to own property, and the right to trial before imprisonment.
Through these aspects the Nazis suppressed any opposition to their power, and were able to start the road from democracy to a dictatorship. The atmosphere of uncertainty following the Reichstag Fire secured many voters for the Nazi party.
The SA also ran a violent campaign of terror against any and all opponents of the Nazi regime. Many were terrified of voting of at all, and many turned to voting for the Nazi Party out of fear for their own safety. The elections were neither free or fair.
On the 5 March 1933, the elections took place, with an extremely high turnout of 89%.
The Nazis secured 43.9% of the vote.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: NAZI REGIME - 04. HITLER BECOMING CHANCELLOR 1933George Dumitrache
Hitler was not immediately appointed chancellor after the success of the July 1932 elections, despite being leader of the largest party in the Reichstag. It took the economic and political instability (with two more chancellors failing to stabilise the situation) to worsen, and the support of the conservative elite, to convince Hindenburg to appoint Hitler.
Hitler was sworn in as the chancellor of Germany on the 30 January 1933. The Nazis were now in power.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 08. NAZIS IN THE WILDERNESSGeorge Dumitrache
The “Lean Years” (also called the "wilderness" years) of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany refer to the period between 1924 and 1928 when the Nazi party did not have high levels of support and still suffered from humiliation over the Munich Putsch. Why where these years “lean”?
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 07. STRESEMMAN ERA 1924-1929George Dumitrache
The period 1924-1929 was a time when the Weimar economy recovered and cultural life in Germany flourished. This dramatic turnabout happened in large part because of the role played by Gustav Stresemann who became Chancellor in August 1923 during the hyperinflation crisis.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 06. THE BEER HALL PUTSCH 1923George Dumitrache
The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP) leader Adolf Hitler, Generalquartiermeister Erich Ludendorff and other Kampfbund leaders in Munich, Bavaria, on 8–9 November 1923, during the Weimar Republic. Approximately two thousand Nazis marched on the Feldherrnhalle, in the city centre, but were confronted by a police cordon, which resulted in the deaths of 16 Nazi Party members and four police officers. Hitler escaped immediate arrest and was spirited off to safety in the countryside. After two days, he was arrested and charged with treason. The putsch brought Hitler to the attention of the German nation for the first time and generated front-page headlines in newspapers around the world. His arrest was followed by a 24-day trial, which was widely publicised and gave him a platform to express his nationalist sentiments to the nation. Hitler was found guilty of treason and sentenced to five years in Landsberg Prison, where he dictated Mein Kampf to fellow prisoners Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess. On 20 December 1924, having served only nine months, Hitler was released. Once released, Hitler redirected his focus towards obtaining power through legal means rather than by revolution or force, and accordingly changed his tactics, further developing Nazi propaganda.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 05. HYPERINFLATIONGeorge Dumitrache
Hyperinflation affected the German Papiermark, the currency of the Weimar Republic, between 1921 and 1923, primarily in 1923. It caused considerable internal political instability in the country, the occupation of the Ruhr by France and Belgium, and misery for the general populace.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 03. THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES IMPACT ON...George Dumitrache
Thanks to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's ability to produce revenue-generating coal and iron ore decreased. As war debts and reparations drained its coffers, the German government was unable to pay its debts. Some of the former World War I Allies didn't buy Germany's claim that it couldn't afford to pay.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 02. THE NOVEMBER REVOLUTION 1918George Dumitrache
The German Revolution or November Revolution was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the adoption of the Weimar Constitution in August 1919. Among the factors leading to the revolution were the extreme burdens suffered by the German population during the four years of war, the economic and psychological impacts of the German Empire's defeat by the Allies, and growing social tensions between the general population and the aristocratic and bourgeois elite.
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANYGeorge Dumitrache
DEPTH STUDY GERMANY: WEIMAR REPUBLIC - 01. THE EFFECT OF WW1 ON GERMANY. This presentation covers the social, economic and political impact of war along with a brief analysis of the physical cost of war.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS - LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The League of Nations was an international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes.
ABYSSINIAN CRISIS. The Abyssinian Crisis was over in 1936. Italy and Mussolini continually ignored the League of Nations and fully annexed Abyssinia on May 9th 1936. The League of Nations was shown to be ineffective. The League had not stood up against one of the strongest members and fulfilled the promise of collective security.
Manchurian Crisis. On September 18, 1931, an explosion destroyed a section of railway track near the city of Mukden. The Japanese, who owned the railway, blamed Chinese nationalists for the incident and used the opportunity to retaliate and invade Manchuria.
05. LEAGUE OF NATIONS - Great Depression and LON.pptxGeorge Dumitrache
GREAT DEPRESSION AND THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS. The Great Depression of 1930-33 meant people turned to extremist dictators such as Hitler and Mussolini, who were keen to invade other countries. This made it hard for the League to maintain peace. The League had some very ambitious plans and ideals – to stop war and make the world a better place.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. IGCSE GEOGRAPHY
1. POPULATION DYNAMICS
INCREASE IN THE WORLD’S POPULATION
OVER AND UNDER POPULATION
ANTI AND PRO NATALIST POLICIES
CASE STUDIES
CHINA’ S ONE CHILD POLICY
FRANCE POPULATION STRATEGIES
BRISTOL’S CASE STUDY
2. Define ‘population’, ‘population
growth rate’ and ‘population
explosion’. Define the term
‘carrying capacity’. Introduce the
concept of ‘optimum population’.
Case study of a country which is
over-populated and a country
which is under-populated. Define
key words ’birth rate’, ‘death rate’,
‘natural increase’ and ‘natural
decrease’. Describe and evaluate
two population policies as part of
the case studies above – one ante-
natalist and one pro-natalist.
3. Population pyramids show the structure
of a population by comparing relative
numbers of people in different age
groups.
Population structures differ markedly
between LEDCs and MEDCs.
Demographic transition models show
population change over time - and also
show marked differences between LEDCs
and MEDCs.
At present the world's population is
growing quickly, though this has not
always been the case.
4. Until the 1800s the world's population
grew slowly for thousands of years.
In 1820 the world's population reached
one billion.
In the early 1970s, the world's
population reached three billion.
In 1999, less than 30 years later, the
population doubled to six billion.
The global rate of population growth is
now one billion every 15 years.
5. The graph shows this pattern of
accelerating growth (including
the predicted population for
2025).
6. The three main causes of population
change:
Births - usually measured using the birth
rate (number of live births per 1,000 of
the population per year).
Deaths - usually measured using the
death rate (number of deaths per 1,000
of the population per year).
Migration - the movement of people in
and out of an area.
7. Births and deaths are natural causes of
population change.
The difference between the birth rate
and the death rate of a country or place
is called the natural increase.
The natural increase is calculated by
subtracting the death rate from the birth
rate.
natural increase = birth rate - death rate
8. The rate of natural increase is given as a
percentage, calculated by dividing the
natural increase by 10.
For example, if the birth rate is 14 per
1,000 population, and the death rate is 8
per 1000 population, then the natural
increase = 14 - 8 = 6.
That is 6/1000, which is equal to 0.6%.
9. Rates of population growth vary across the world.
Although the world's total population is rising
rapidly, not all countries are experiencing this
growth.
In the UK, for example, population growth is
slowing, while in Germany the population has
started to decline.
MEDCs have low population growth rates, with low
death rates and low birth rates.
Population will decline if death rate is greater than
birth rate.
Population will increase if death rate is less than
birth rate.
10. Rates of population growth vary across
the world.
Although the world's total population is
rising rapidly, not all countries are
experiencing this growth.
In the UK, for example, population
growth is slowing, while in Germany the
population has started to decline.
MEDCs have low population growth
rates, with low death rates and low birth
rates.
11. Population will decline if death rate is
greater than birth rate.
Population will increase if death rate is
less than birth rate. LEDCs have high
population growth rates.
Both birth rates and death rates in LEDCs
tend to be high.
However, improving healthcare leads to
death rates falling - while birth rates
remain high.
12. The table shows data in selected LEDC and MEDC countries.
The figures are per 1,000 of the population per year.
In Bulgaria, the birth rate is 9/1,000 and death rate is 14/1,000.
As birth rate is less than the death rate, Bulgaria has a
declining population.
13. The table shows data in selected LEDC and MEDC countries.
The figures are per 1,000 of the population per year.
In South Africa, the birth rate is 25/1,000 and death rate is
15/1,000. South Africa has an increasing population with a
population growth rate of 1%.
14. The demographic transition model shows
population change over time.
It studies how birth rate and death rate affect
the total population of a country.
15. 1. Total population is low but it is balanced due
to high birth rates and high death rates.
2. Total population rises as death rates fall due
to improvements in health care and sanitation.
Birth rates remain high.
3. Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap
between birth and death rates narrows due to
the availability of contraception and fewer
children being needed to work - due to the
mechanisation of farming. The natural increase
is high.
16. 4. Total population is high, but it is balanced by
a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth
control is widely available and there is a desire
for smaller families.
5. Total population is high but going into
decline due to an ageing population. There is a
continued desire for smaller families, with
people opting to have children later in life.
17. As a country passes through the demographic
transition model, the total population rises.
Most LEDCs are at stage 2 or 3 (with a growing
population and a high natural increase).
Most MEDCs are now at stage 4 of the model
and some such as Germany have entered stage
5.
18.
19. As populations move through the stages of the
model, the gap between birth rate and death
rate first widens, then narrows.
In stage 1 the two rates are balanced.
In stage 2 they diverge, as the death rate falls
relative to the birth rate.
In stage 3 they converge again, as the birth rate
falls relative to the death rate.
Finally in stage 4 the death and birth rates are
balanced again but at a much lower level.
20. The model was developed after studying the
experiences of countries in Western Europe and
North America.
Conditions might be different for LEDCs in
different parts of the world.
The original model doesn't take into account the
fact that some countries now have a declining
population and a 5th stage.
Most texts will now show this stage as it is
relevant to an increasing number of MEDCs in
the 21st century.
21. Most LEDCs are experiencing rapid population
growth.
Most LEDCs are in stage 2 or 3 of the
demographic transition model.
This means that they have falling death rates,
due to improving health care, while birth rates
remain high.
The recent history of population management
policies in China illustrates population change
management problems.
22. Limited access to family planning
services and education about
contraception.
Contraception and other methods of
family planning may not be culturally or
religiously acceptable.
Children are a valuable source of labour
and income for a family.
They can work on the land from a young
age and as they get older they can earn
money in other jobs.
Children can help to care for younger
children and elderly family members.
23. High rates of infant mortality (infant
deaths) mean that women need to have
many children in order to ensure that
some survive through to adulthood.
It may be traditional or culturally
important to have a large family.
LEDCs have a high population growth
rate which means that they have many
young dependants.
Governments in LEDCs, international
bodies and charities are working to
reduce birth rates and slow down rates
of population growth.
24. The high birth rate in LEDCs results in a
high proportion of the population under
15.
This youthful population gives a country
specific problems.
The problems include:
• Young children need health care - for
example, immunisations. This is
expensive for a country to provide.
• Young people need to be educated -
providing schools and teachers are
expensive. Resources for lessons are
difficult to access, and costly to buy.
• In the future, more children will reach
child bearing age, putting more
pressure on the health service.
25. In the late 1970s, the Chinese government
introduced a number of measures to reduce the
country's birth rate and slow the population
growth rate.
The most important of the new measures was a
one-child policy, which decreed that couples in
China could only have one child.
26. In 1950 the rate of population change in
China was 1.9% each year.
If this doesn't sound high, consider that a
growth rate of only 3% will cause the
population of a country to double in less
than 24 years!
Previous Chinese governments had
encouraged people to have a lot of children
to increase the country's workforce.
But by the 1970s the government realised
that current rates of population growth
would soon become unsustainable.
27.
28. In 1950 the rate of population change in
China was 1.9% each year.
If this doesn't sound high, consider that a
growth rate of only 3% will cause the
population of a country to double in less
than 24 years!
Previous Chinese governments had
encouraged people to have a lot of children
to increase the country's workforce.
But by the 1970s the government realised
that current rates of population growth
would soon become unsustainable.
29. The one-child policy, established
in 1979, meant that each couple
was allowed just one child.
Benefits included increased access
to education for all, plus childcare
and healthcare offered to families
that followed this rule.
30. Those who had more than one child didn't
receive these benefits and were fined.
The policy was keenly resisted in rural areas,
where it was traditional to have large families.
In urban areas, the policy has been enforced
strictly but remote rural areas have been harder
to control.
Many people claim that some women, who
became pregnant after they had already had a
child, were forced to have an abortion and many
women were forcibly sterilised.
There appears to be evidence to back up these
claims.
31. The birth rate in China has fallen since 1979, and
the rate of population growth is now 0.7%.
There have been negative impacts too - due to a
traditional preference for boys, large numbers of
female babies have ended up homeless or in
orphanages, and in some cases killed.
In 2000, it was reported that 90% of foetuses
aborted in China were female.
As a result, the gender balance of the Chinese
population has become distorted.
Today it is thought that men outnumber women by
more than 60 million.
32. China's one-child policy has been
somewhat relaxed in recent years. Couples
can now apply to have a second child if
their first child is a girl, or if both parents
are themselves only-children.
01
While China's population is now rising
more slowly, it still has a very large total
population (1.3 billion in 2008) and China
faces new problems, including:
•the falling birth rate - leading to a rise in the relative
number of elderly people
•fewer people of working age to support the growing
number of elderly dependants - in the future China
could have an ageing population
02
33. Most MEDCs are experiencing slow rates of
population growth and some are experiencing
population decline.
Most MEDCs are in stage 4 of the demographic
transition model - the population is high, but
not growing.
Some countries have a declining population and
could be said to be entering stage 5.
This means that the birth rate in their country
has fallen below the death rate.
Most MEDCs have a very low rate of natural
increase.
34. The average life expectancy in MEDCs is rising.
This is due to:
• improvements in health care and medicine
• increased leisure and recreation time
• improved knowledge about the importance of
a balanced diet and regular exercise
• improved living standards and quality of life
Birth rates in MEDCs are falling as people choose
to have smaller families later in life.
Contraception is easily available and well
understood.
35. As people live longer, the structure of a
population changes.
Many MEDCs are now experiencing a significant
increase in the number of elderly people as a
proportion of the population.
As birth rates fall and people have smaller
families, the number of young dependants is
falling and the number of elderly dependants is
rising.
36. In the near future this will mean that there are
fewer economically active people to support the
elderly population.
To try to balance out an ageing population,
some countries adopt a pro-natalist policy - that
is, they encourage people to have more children
by offering them benefits, such as access to
childcare and maternity leave.
37. Many areas of Europe have a low
fertility rate because of the
following reasons:
• education - people are more
aware of the availability of
contraception and
consequences an unplanned
pregnancy can have on their
career
• women in careers - women
may choose to follow their
career choice rather than start
a family while young
• later marriages
• state benefits - couples no
longer need children to help
care for them when older
38. France was a country with concerns that
professional women were choosing not to have
children.
The government was worried that the population
was not going to replace itself over time.
39. The policies that were put in place to encourage
three-children families were:
• a cash incentive of £675 monthly (nearly the
minimum wage) for a mother to stay off work for
one year following the birth of her third child
• the 'carte famille nombreuse' (large family card),
giving large reductions on train fares
• income tax based on the more children the less
tax to pay
• three years paid parental leave, which can be used
by mothers or fathers
• government-subsidised daycare for children
under the age of three, and full time school places
for over threes paid for by the government
40. This has resulted in mothers
considering having children and
remaining in work.
The fertility rate in France is one
of Europe's highest.
41. What are the issues?
There are decreasing numbers of economically
active people in the population and more elderly
dependents.
What can be done about it?
People are encouraged to save for their
retirement in pensions and investments.
The retirement age is increasing.
Facilities such as nursing homes and care workers
will be needed, perhaps in preference to schools
and nurseries, as the population gets older.
Economically active skilled and unskilled
migrants could be encouraged.
42. The population structure can vary within
a country.
In England a census is conducted every
10 years to find out more about the
population characteristics.
The results help to show how the
population changes over time and in
different areas.
Councils also collect data.
43. There are areas in England which attract
people in retirement age.
Dorset, Devon and Cornwall are three
areas which attract retirement migrants.
There are more elderly there than the
national average.
45. Bristol's population is made up of 13.9% black
and minority ethnicity residents.
This is similar to the national average of 12.5%.
However the different ethnic groups are not
spread evenly across the city.
Bristol has a large student population. It also
has a higher than average percentage of
qualified residents (35.1% in Bristol compared
to 29.5% nationally).
20.2% of people travel to work on foot or by
bike, whereas the national average is only
12.8%.
The census can therefore tell us a lot about local
population characteristics.
46.
47. ageing population
When the average age of a
population is rising.
census
An official count of the population. It
may hold details such as ethnicity,
occupation and age.
demographic transition model
A measure of population change over
time which tracks birth and death
rates.
fertility rate
The average number of babies born
to each woman.
48. MEDC
A more economically developed
country (MEDC) has high level of
development based on economic
indicators such as gross domestic
product (the country's income).
natural increase
The natural growth of a population
due to the number of births
exceeding deaths.
pro-natalist
Countries are described as pro-
natalist if they adopt policies which
encourage people to have children.