Decomposers
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Decomposers play an important role in nutrient cycles by breaking down dead or waste organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the environment. There are many types of decomposers including bacteria, fungi, and various invertebrate and vertebrate animals. Decomposers thrive in warm, moist environments like forests and grasslands where decomposition rates are highest.
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Ns4 presentation-u1
This document provides information about different kingdoms of living things: animal, plant, and fungi. It describes key characteristics of different types of organisms within each kingdom, such as how plants reproduce sexually or asexually, how animals breathe and reproduce, and what they eat. Examples are given of invertebrate and vertebrate animals. The document also discusses ecosystems and how plants, animals, and other organisms interact within communities and habitats.
Classification_of_Living_Things.ppt
Scientists have classified over 1.7 million species into a hierarchy with 3 domains (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya), 6 kingdoms, and lower taxonomic ranks. The kingdoms are Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Scientists continue to identify and classify approximately 13,000 new species each year to improve our understanding of life on Earth.
6kingd0m g8 FNHS
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. Light is important to algae because most algae use photosynthesis to produce their own food, requiring light as an energy source.
2. When red tide occurs, it is dangerous to eat clams because red tide is caused by an algal bloom of certain dinoflagellates that produce toxins which can accumulate in shellfish and cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning if the shellfish are eaten.
3. Five uses of protists include: as food sources for other organisms in aquatic ecosystems, as decomposers to break down organic matter, as pathogens that cause diseases in humans and other organisms, as sources of antibiotics and medicines, and some prot
The6 Kingdoms.ClassificationNotes#4
The document discusses the six kingdom classification system for organizing living things. It describes the key characteristics of the six kingdoms: Bacteria, Archaea, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia. Prokaryotes like bacteria have no nucleus, while eukaryotes in the other five kingdoms have cells with nuclei. Fungi and Animalia contain only heterotrophic organisms, while Plantae contains only autotrophic organisms. The kingdoms are important for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.
Grade 11
1. The document discusses the biodiversity of plants, classifying them into four kingdoms: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms.
2. It explains the characteristics of each kingdom, including their reproductive structures and cycles. Bryophytes reproduce via spores while vascular plants like ferns, conifers, and flowering plants reproduce via spores or seeds.
3. Angiosperms have evolved the closest relationship with other organisms through flower pollination and fruit/seed dispersal. Their seeds are protected within an ovary and later fruit structure.
Soil microbiology
This document describes the diversity of organisms found in soil and their roles in the ecosystem. It shows that bacteria are the most abundant, numbering in the tens of billions per gram of soil. Larger organisms like earthworms, beetles and spiders become fewer in number as size increases. All organisms contribute to nutrient cycling through decomposition of organic matter and predation on one another. The document explores key organisms like fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and mites under a microscope to show their forms and functions in soil.
Fungus Among Us
There are 3 main forms of fungi: sac fungi, club fungi, and zygospore fungi. Fungi obtain energy as heterotrophs through carnivorous, parasitic, or symbiotic relationships. Most fungi are multicellular with cell walls, though some yeasts are unicellular. Fungi reproduce through spores or budding. They can cause disease in plants and humans, but also have helpful relationships with plants through mycorrhizae and aid decomposition.
Period 7 2016
The document summarizes several kingdoms of living organisms:
1. Archaea live in extreme environments like hot springs and salt lakes. They are prokaryotes that reproduce asexually.
2. Bacteria are prokaryotes that can live in soil, water, and other organisms. They reproduce through binary fission and are important both beneficially and harmfully to humans.
3. Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms including algae, protozoa, and slime molds. They can live in water and soil and have various modes of nutrition and reproduction.
Identification of Fungi
Basic steps towards identification of filamentous fungi by cultural and morphological characteristics.
notes-protistfungi2012.ppt
The document summarizes the Kingdom Protista, which contains the most diverse eukaryotic organisms. Protists can be photosynthetic like plants (algae), heterotrophic like animals (protozoa), or fungus-like. Algae are important primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Protozoa include amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans, some of which are disease-causing parasites. Fungus-like protists include slime molds. Fungi form important symbiotic relationships with plants and other organisms through lichens and mycorrhizae.
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The document provides information about Earth's spheres, biomes, ecosystems, and natural resources. It discusses the following:
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This document provides information about fossils and methods used to date the age of fossils. It discusses the different types of fossils that can form like molds, casts, carbon films, and trace fossils. Living fossils are described as organisms that have survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Transitional fossils are discussed as evidence of evolution but are noted to be rare. Methods for dating fossils include relative dating based on positioning in rock layers and absolute dating techniques like radiometric dating which provide numeric ages but have assumptions and margins of error.
Work & Simple Machines
This document discusses simple machines and how they make work easier. It defines work as a force moving an object over a distance. The six basic simple machines that reduce the force needed for work are the inclined plane, wedge, screw, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley. Each machine works by either changing the size or direction of the applied force. Compound machines combine two or more simple machines to accomplish work.
Science Inquiry: Conclusion and Presentation
This document discusses key aspects of scientific inquiry including conclusions and presentations. It provides examples of scientific facts, theories, and laws. Facts are objective observations that can be verified, theories are explanations for how natural phenomena work that can be observed and tested, and laws are descriptions of observable phenomena that always apply under the same conditions. The document also addresses forming hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and sharing findings.
Science Inquiry: Data Collection and Analysis
This document provides instructions for an experiment to test whether eggs can float in water with added salt. The scientific method is followed, beginning with making observations and forming a hypothesis that eggs will float if enough salt is dissolved in water. Materials are listed and procedures described for conducting trials adding increasing amounts of salt to water and recording if the egg sinks or floats. Data is organized in a table and graph showing that eggs begin to float when salt reaches 25-30 ml added to 300 ml water. The conclusion supports the hypothesis and results are shared with the class.
Science Inquiry: Experiment Design
This document provides information about science experiments, including the scientific method, variables, controls, hypotheses, procedures, data collection, analysis, and conclusions. It discusses key parts of an experiment like the independent and dependent variables, controls, developing hypotheses, designing procedures, collecting objective versus subjective data, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. Examples are provided to illustrate these scientific experiment concepts.
Science Inquiry: Question and Hypothesis
This document provides an overview of the scientific method process, including:
1) Observation and forming a testable question, which should have one variable and measurable outcomes.
2) Developing a hypothesis in an "if...then...because" format to make an educated guess about what will happen during the experiment.
3) Designing and performing an experiment to test the hypothesis by manipulating the variable and collecting objective data.
4) Analyzing the results to determine if the hypothesis was supported or needs revising, and drawing a conclusion.
Human Senses
The document summarizes several key human body systems and the five senses. It includes review questions about the nervous system and its major divisions of the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. Experiments are described to test sight, smell, taste, touch and reflexes. Step-by-step instructions for a bovine eye dissection are provided to examine the anatomy of vision.
The Nervous System: CNS & PNS
This document provides information about the human nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves that connect all body parts to the spinal cord, including somatic nerves (voluntary movement and senses) and autonomic nerves (involuntary functions).
- Key parts of the brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem and their functions.
- How the nervous system uses neurons, synapses, and neural pathways to collect sensory input, integrate it in the brain, and result in motor outputs to the body's muscles and glands.
Immune and Endocrine Systems
Here are the major human body systems and some of their key organs:
- Digestive system: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder
- Circulatory/Cardiovascular system: heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
- Respiratory system: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, diaphragm
- Urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
- Integumentary system: skin, hair, nails
- Skeletal system: bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
- Muscular system:
Respiration
This document summarizes key aspects of the respiratory system and the effects of smoking. It describes the major parts of the respiratory system including the nose, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi, and alveoli. It explains how gas exchange occurs in the alveoli and the composition of inhaled and exhaled air. It also details the mucus elevator defense system and effects of smoking such as increased risk of various diseases, cancer, and overall shortened lifespan.
Cardiovascular System
The cardiovascular system circulates blood throughout the body via the heart and blood vessels. The heart has four chambers and pumps around 4,000 gallons of blood per day through arteries, veins, and capillaries to deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and remove carbon dioxide and waste. Blood contains plasma, red blood cells to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells to fight infection, and platelets to help clotting.
Human Nutrition
This document provides information about the human digestive system and nutrition. It defines the major parts of the digestive system and their functions. It also explains the three main types of nutrients - carbohydrates, lipids (fats), and proteins. For each nutrient, it identifies food sources and describes the digestion process. Additionally, it distinguishes between good and bad types of each nutrient and provides examples. The document aims to educate about nutrition and how the body breaks down and uses different foods.
Digestive System
This document provides information about the human digestive and excretory systems. It describes the major organs involved in digestion, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, and pancreas. It explains the physical and chemical processes of digestion that break down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body. These include mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth, stomach acid and enzymes, and nutrient absorption in the small intestine. The document also covers the role of the kidneys and urinary system in filtering waste from the blood and excreting it from the body as urine.
The Musculoskeletal System
This document provides information about the human body systems, specifically bones and muscles. It begins with a review quiz about the skin and its layers (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis). It then discusses the chicken wing dissection and homologous features in the human body. The document lists and describes various bones and their functions. It also covers bone cells, tissues, and shapes. Finally, it discusses the three types of muscle tissues and their roles in voluntary and involuntary movement.
Intro to Human Anatomy
The document summarizes the human body systems, beginning from the cellular level up to full organ systems. It describes that cells make up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs work together in organ systems to carry out functions. As an example, it focuses on the integumentary system and skin, describing the three layers of the skin (epidermis, dermis, hypodermis), their components and functions, as well as common skin problems like acne, dermatitis, skin cancer and burns.
Patterns of Evolution
The document discusses several key concepts relating to evolution and the fossil record, including:
- Microevolution involves small changes within a species over short time periods, while macroevolution describes large changes over millions of years that result in new species through speciation events.
- The geologic column provides evidence of evolution through its layered fossil and rock formations arranged from oldest to youngest, though it has gaps and inconsistencies that are puzzling.
- The Cambrian explosion saw a sudden appearance of many animal phyla without clear precursor fossils, challenging gradual evolution theories.
- Comparative anatomy and embryology provide evidence of common ancestry through homologous structures, though their interpretation differs between evolutionary and creationist viewpoints.
Classification
This document discusses the classification of living things. It begins by explaining that Carolus Linnaeus developed the first scientific classification system in the 1700s, grouping organisms into three kingdoms: Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral. It then discusses how modern taxonomy further classifies organisms using a hierarchical system of domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. The rest of the document provides details on the six kingdoms of life - Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia - and examples of major groups within each kingdom.
Intro to Genetics
This document discusses basic concepts of genetics and inheritance, including:
- Germ cells undergo meiosis to form gametes like eggs and sperm, which are haploid.
- Gregor Mendel conducted experiments on pea plants in the 1800s and discovered dominant and recessive traits are inherited based on predictable ratios.
- Traits are determined by alleles, or variations of genes. Dominant alleles are expressed over recessive alleles in heterozygotes based on genotypes.
- Meiosis and fertilization allow for genetic variation through independent assortment and recombination of parental chromosomes.
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Decomposers
- 1. Decomposers Earth's Recyclers What did the girl mushroom say to the boy mushroom? "You look like a fungi."
Editor's Notes
- What is an organism? - a living thing Producers - energy from sun, but also nutrients (vitamins/minerals & other molecules necessary for photosynthesis) from the soil/water Only 10% of energy is passed to an organism that eats a living thing. 50% goes to life processes (cellular respiration, movement, etc. where heat is given off) and growth/storage 40% goes to waste (excreted feces)
- The existence of detritivores feeding on carrion has also led to the creation of a field called forensic entomology . It is frequently possible to determine when and where a person died or was murdered by identifying the species of detritivores that have colonize d the body. --Conrad Toepfer, "Detritivore Review."* Rainforests have the highest decomposition rate because of the warm, moist climate.
- What's the first thing you think of when you hear "bacteria?" Disease? Infection? pathogenic = disease-causing, like E. coli and Strep throat beneficial: acidophilus bacteria in yogurt, cheese, human digestive tract (aid in digestion & even produce some vitamins) Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira , which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals (including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread; bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known, nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.
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- More sophisticated than bacteria (prokaryotes) - cells have membrane-wrapped nucleus and organelles
- Mushroom gills - spore-producing stage of fungus Mold on plant fruits, in cheese, antibiotics (penicillin Mildew on showers, paper, fabric, plants Yeast (bread, beer) (asexually reproduce by budding in some conditions) Diseases: Athlete's Foot, Ringworm
- freshly-dead (died due to natural causes like environment, disease or old age OR killed by predator) predator = animal that hunts and kills its prey for food fish - catfish, carp, sharks, eels birds - vultures, crows, seagulls, California condor mammals - lions, hyenas, rats, black bears, raccoons and coyotes