Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vlsi design process for low power design methodology using reconfigurable fpgaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH SWITCHING MECHANISM AND COURSE RE...ijesajournal
The proposed work presents an Energy-efficient, low dropout (LDO) regulator with switching mechanism reduces the energy consumption of IoT devices when the sensors are in idle time. Based on the analysis of IoT devices and sensors, modern power management designs for IoT demands for fully integrated solutions to decrease power consumption while maintaining the quick transient response to signal variations. LDO voltage regulators, as power management devices should adjust to modern technological and industrial trends. To increase the current capability with a minimum standby quiescent current under small-signal operation, the proposed work has a switching circuit acting as an ON and OFF switch. To reduce the dropout a course regulator and loop filter is added and circuit is enhanced for maximum reduced dropout. As a result, the efficiency gets increased.
Note : To get more understanding Recommending to see first section - Low power in vlsi with upf basics part 1
With Increase in Portable devices, VLSI chips has to consider about Power usages in VLSI silicon chips. So Power Aware design and verification is so important in Industry. To get basic knowledge on Low Power Design and Verification with UPF basics Go through this Slides.
Design of a 45nm TIQ Comparator for High Speed and Low Power 4-Bit Flash ADCIDES Editor
The continued speed improvement of serial links
and appearance of new communication technologies, such as
ultra-wideband (UWB), have introduced increasing demands
on the speed and power specifications of high-speed low-tomedium
resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).This
paper presents the design of high speed and ultra low power
comparator of a 4-bit ADC. The comparator used is Threshold
Inverter Quantization (TIQ) consuming less than 145μW power
with the input frequency of 1GHz and is designed using
standard CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) technology. The power supply voltage is 0.7V
minimum which makes this design adaptable to wide variety
of System-on-Chip (SoC) applications. The complete design of
ADC is clockless which reduces the electromagnetic
interference and gives better modularity. The ADC is targeted
for 45nm as it was the mainstream CMOS technology, at the
beginning of this research. However, the circuit should be
portable to smaller feature size CMOS technologies with lower
supply voltages.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vlsi design process for low power design methodology using reconfigurable fpgaeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
ENERGY-EFFICIENT LOW DROPOUT REGULATOR WITH SWITCHING MECHANISM AND COURSE RE...ijesajournal
The proposed work presents an Energy-efficient, low dropout (LDO) regulator with switching mechanism reduces the energy consumption of IoT devices when the sensors are in idle time. Based on the analysis of IoT devices and sensors, modern power management designs for IoT demands for fully integrated solutions to decrease power consumption while maintaining the quick transient response to signal variations. LDO voltage regulators, as power management devices should adjust to modern technological and industrial trends. To increase the current capability with a minimum standby quiescent current under small-signal operation, the proposed work has a switching circuit acting as an ON and OFF switch. To reduce the dropout a course regulator and loop filter is added and circuit is enhanced for maximum reduced dropout. As a result, the efficiency gets increased.
Note : To get more understanding Recommending to see first section - Low power in vlsi with upf basics part 1
With Increase in Portable devices, VLSI chips has to consider about Power usages in VLSI silicon chips. So Power Aware design and verification is so important in Industry. To get basic knowledge on Low Power Design and Verification with UPF basics Go through this Slides.
Design of a 45nm TIQ Comparator for High Speed and Low Power 4-Bit Flash ADCIDES Editor
The continued speed improvement of serial links
and appearance of new communication technologies, such as
ultra-wideband (UWB), have introduced increasing demands
on the speed and power specifications of high-speed low-tomedium
resolution analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).This
paper presents the design of high speed and ultra low power
comparator of a 4-bit ADC. The comparator used is Threshold
Inverter Quantization (TIQ) consuming less than 145μW power
with the input frequency of 1GHz and is designed using
standard CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide
Semiconductor) technology. The power supply voltage is 0.7V
minimum which makes this design adaptable to wide variety
of System-on-Chip (SoC) applications. The complete design of
ADC is clockless which reduces the electromagnetic
interference and gives better modularity. The ADC is targeted
for 45nm as it was the mainstream CMOS technology, at the
beginning of this research. However, the circuit should be
portable to smaller feature size CMOS technologies with lower
supply voltages.
Design of Low Power High Speed 4-Bit TIQ Based CMOS Flash ADCAman JanGra
The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an essential part of systemon-
chip (SoC) products because it bridges the gap between the analog physical
world and the digital logical world. In the digital domain, low power and low
voltage requirements are becoming more important issues as the channel length
of MOSFET shrinks below 0.25 sub-micron values. SoC trends force ADCs to
be integrated on the chip with other digital circuits. These trends present new
challenges in ADC circuit design. This paper investigates high speed, low
power, and low voltage CMOS flash ADCs for SoC applications.
Design and Implementation of Refresh and Timing Controller Unit for LPDDR2 Me...Editor IJCATR
this paper presents a “Implementation of “Refresh And Timing Controller” unit for low power double data rate 2 memory
controller (LPDDR2 MEMORY CONTROLLER). “Refresh and Timing Controller” unit plays a vital role for LPDDR2 memory
controller .It maintains different timing parameters to handle various commands for memory like refresh, read and write operations and
also performs Memory Initialization. Since it is low power DDR2 the maximum duration in power-down mode and deep power down
mode is maintained by “Refresh and Timing Controller” unit. The refresh rate period is programmable using the Refresh Period
Register. It supports “All Bank Refresh”. The unit has timers to accommodate Refresh, Read/Write, and Power down modes. The RTL
is done using the System Verilog. The design is simulated
This paper proposes a single-bit ADC system based Proportional and Integral (PI) controller to maintain a desired level of power transfer efficiency in Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) systems. In this paper, a simple single-bit ADC system i.e., Single-Bit Modulator (SBM) is considered as an alternative to the commonly used multi-bit ADC systems. Unique features of employing SBM are 1) its ability to convert analog signals into single-bit signals and 2) its easy integrability in digital chips with linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) such as FPGAs. A SBM based PI (SBM-PI) controller is designed to judicially interface with the single-bit output of SBM. The proposed (SBM-PI) controller guarantees less hardware resources, latency and regulates the output voltage to provide the desired power transfer efficiency. The behavior of SBM-PI controller is compared to that of a conventional multi-bit controller, with the results of both controllers being identical. The effectiveness of the proposed controller with SBM is further demonstrated using the experimental prototype of CPT by implementing a SBM-PI controller using $16$ MHz ATmega8 microcontroller. The experimental results from a laboratory prototype illustrate that SBM-PI controller successfully regulates the output voltage of CPT to control the power flow.
Design and Implementation of Low Power 3-Bit Flash ADC Using 180nm CMOS Techn...IJERA Editor
Analog-to-digital converter has become a very important device in today’s digitized world as they have a very
wide variety of applications. Among all the ADC’s available, the Flash ADC is the fastest one but a main
disadvantage of Flash ADC is its power consumption. So, this paper aims at implementing a low power high
speed Flash ADC. A 3-bit Flash ADC has been designed using CMOS technology. A two stage open loop
comparator and a priority encoder have been implemented using which the ADC has been designed. All the
circuits are simulated using 180nm technology in Tanner EDA environment. The supply voltage Vdd is
1.8v.Analog output of each comparator depending upon the comparison between the input and the reference
voltage is fed to the encoder and finally the compressed digital output is obtained. The power dissipation of
each circuit implemented is calculated individually including other parameters like are, resolution gain and
speed.
Design and Simulation of First Order Sigma-Delta Modulator Using LT spice ToolIJERA Editor
A switched-capacitor single-stage Sigma-Delta ADC with a first-order modulator is proposed. Efficient low power first Order 1-Bit Sigma-Delta ADC designed which accepts input signal bandwidth of 10 MHz. This circuitry performs the function of an analog-to-digital converter. A first-order 1-Bit Sigma-Delta (Σ-Δ) modulator is designed, simulated and analyzed using LTspice standard 250nm CMOS technology power supply of 1.8V. The modulator is proved to be robustness, the high performance in stability. The simulations are compared with those from a traditional analog-to-digital converter to prove that Sigma-Delta is performing better with low power and area.
Vlsi implementation of a programmable low drop out voltage regulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract LDO voltage regulators compose a small subset of the power supply arena. Low-drop-out (LDO) voltage regulators are used in analog applications that generally require low noise and high accuracy power rails. Voltage regulators provide a constant voltage supply rail under certain loading conditions. Circuits that are not performing tasks are temporarily turned off lowering the overall power consumption. The LDO voltage regulator, therefore, must respond quickly to system demands and power up connected circuits. To motivate new aspect of power management towards a design of a low drop-out voltage regulator that fulfils the present industry requirements as well as the upcoming demands of the future, it becomes necessary to design the LDO regulator which gives overall performance. A low-voltage low-dropout regulator that uses an Vdd of 1 V to an output of 0.8–0.74 V, with 32-nm CMOS technology is proposed. By scaling down the technology, we can get lower power consumption. More emphasis is given on the compactness and low drop-out voltage. The latest power management unit concept inside the system on chip (Soc) scheme inspires the digital control potential for the design of a novel LDO regulator. A simple operational transconductance amplifier is used as the error amplifier (EA), with a current splitting technique which is able to boost the gain. In the rail-to-rail output stage of the EA, a power noise cancellation mechanism is adopted. Programmability is added by applying two external control signals. These advantages allow the proposed LDO regulator to achieve a 60-mV output variation for low load transient, area efficient architecture with low power consumption. Keywords: low drop-out,32nm,low power consumption, programmability
Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC), is widely used in portable electronic products. An operational
transconductance amplifier (OTA) is one of the most important components of ADC. This paper presents a
new design of two stages OTA. The design incorporates Sleep insertion technique and leakage feedback current
approach for improving design parameters such as gain, and power as compared to earlier work. The design is
simulated in 0.18µm CMOS technology with supply voltage 1.8V.
The 7SR191 Capa is a numerical protection device with a highly comprehensive functional software package.
The market for power capacitors is continually growing due to the expanding power network driven by increased customer demand. Power capacitors improve the performance, quality and efficiency of the system and minimize power loss.
Design of subthreshold dml logic gates with power gating techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and simulation of Arduino Nano controlled DC-DC converters for low and...IJECEIAES
This paper mainly focuses on the controller of portable direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter which may be simple, low cost and efficient. Nowadays, proportional integral (PI) controller and opto-isolator based circuits are used for switching control. The switching control through the controller makes the DC-DC converter into larger circuit and less efficient. This problem will be rectified using the Arduino Nano controller which is small and low cost-effective controller. It is useful for low and medium power applications like residential solar power system, electronic gadgets, and academic laboratories. Arduino Nano-based DC chopper has been developed, and the Proteus software used for simulation. The different topologies of DC choppers like buck, boost, and buck-boost converter have been designed with mathematical calculations and simulated.
Design of Low Power High Speed 4-Bit TIQ Based CMOS Flash ADCAman JanGra
The analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an essential part of systemon-
chip (SoC) products because it bridges the gap between the analog physical
world and the digital logical world. In the digital domain, low power and low
voltage requirements are becoming more important issues as the channel length
of MOSFET shrinks below 0.25 sub-micron values. SoC trends force ADCs to
be integrated on the chip with other digital circuits. These trends present new
challenges in ADC circuit design. This paper investigates high speed, low
power, and low voltage CMOS flash ADCs for SoC applications.
Design and Implementation of Refresh and Timing Controller Unit for LPDDR2 Me...Editor IJCATR
this paper presents a “Implementation of “Refresh And Timing Controller” unit for low power double data rate 2 memory
controller (LPDDR2 MEMORY CONTROLLER). “Refresh and Timing Controller” unit plays a vital role for LPDDR2 memory
controller .It maintains different timing parameters to handle various commands for memory like refresh, read and write operations and
also performs Memory Initialization. Since it is low power DDR2 the maximum duration in power-down mode and deep power down
mode is maintained by “Refresh and Timing Controller” unit. The refresh rate period is programmable using the Refresh Period
Register. It supports “All Bank Refresh”. The unit has timers to accommodate Refresh, Read/Write, and Power down modes. The RTL
is done using the System Verilog. The design is simulated
This paper proposes a single-bit ADC system based Proportional and Integral (PI) controller to maintain a desired level of power transfer efficiency in Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) systems. In this paper, a simple single-bit ADC system i.e., Single-Bit Modulator (SBM) is considered as an alternative to the commonly used multi-bit ADC systems. Unique features of employing SBM are 1) its ability to convert analog signals into single-bit signals and 2) its easy integrability in digital chips with linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) such as FPGAs. A SBM based PI (SBM-PI) controller is designed to judicially interface with the single-bit output of SBM. The proposed (SBM-PI) controller guarantees less hardware resources, latency and regulates the output voltage to provide the desired power transfer efficiency. The behavior of SBM-PI controller is compared to that of a conventional multi-bit controller, with the results of both controllers being identical. The effectiveness of the proposed controller with SBM is further demonstrated using the experimental prototype of CPT by implementing a SBM-PI controller using $16$ MHz ATmega8 microcontroller. The experimental results from a laboratory prototype illustrate that SBM-PI controller successfully regulates the output voltage of CPT to control the power flow.
Design and Implementation of Low Power 3-Bit Flash ADC Using 180nm CMOS Techn...IJERA Editor
Analog-to-digital converter has become a very important device in today’s digitized world as they have a very
wide variety of applications. Among all the ADC’s available, the Flash ADC is the fastest one but a main
disadvantage of Flash ADC is its power consumption. So, this paper aims at implementing a low power high
speed Flash ADC. A 3-bit Flash ADC has been designed using CMOS technology. A two stage open loop
comparator and a priority encoder have been implemented using which the ADC has been designed. All the
circuits are simulated using 180nm technology in Tanner EDA environment. The supply voltage Vdd is
1.8v.Analog output of each comparator depending upon the comparison between the input and the reference
voltage is fed to the encoder and finally the compressed digital output is obtained. The power dissipation of
each circuit implemented is calculated individually including other parameters like are, resolution gain and
speed.
Design and Simulation of First Order Sigma-Delta Modulator Using LT spice ToolIJERA Editor
A switched-capacitor single-stage Sigma-Delta ADC with a first-order modulator is proposed. Efficient low power first Order 1-Bit Sigma-Delta ADC designed which accepts input signal bandwidth of 10 MHz. This circuitry performs the function of an analog-to-digital converter. A first-order 1-Bit Sigma-Delta (Σ-Δ) modulator is designed, simulated and analyzed using LTspice standard 250nm CMOS technology power supply of 1.8V. The modulator is proved to be robustness, the high performance in stability. The simulations are compared with those from a traditional analog-to-digital converter to prove that Sigma-Delta is performing better with low power and area.
Vlsi implementation of a programmable low drop out voltage regulatoreSAT Journals
Abstract LDO voltage regulators compose a small subset of the power supply arena. Low-drop-out (LDO) voltage regulators are used in analog applications that generally require low noise and high accuracy power rails. Voltage regulators provide a constant voltage supply rail under certain loading conditions. Circuits that are not performing tasks are temporarily turned off lowering the overall power consumption. The LDO voltage regulator, therefore, must respond quickly to system demands and power up connected circuits. To motivate new aspect of power management towards a design of a low drop-out voltage regulator that fulfils the present industry requirements as well as the upcoming demands of the future, it becomes necessary to design the LDO regulator which gives overall performance. A low-voltage low-dropout regulator that uses an Vdd of 1 V to an output of 0.8–0.74 V, with 32-nm CMOS technology is proposed. By scaling down the technology, we can get lower power consumption. More emphasis is given on the compactness and low drop-out voltage. The latest power management unit concept inside the system on chip (Soc) scheme inspires the digital control potential for the design of a novel LDO regulator. A simple operational transconductance amplifier is used as the error amplifier (EA), with a current splitting technique which is able to boost the gain. In the rail-to-rail output stage of the EA, a power noise cancellation mechanism is adopted. Programmability is added by applying two external control signals. These advantages allow the proposed LDO regulator to achieve a 60-mV output variation for low load transient, area efficient architecture with low power consumption. Keywords: low drop-out,32nm,low power consumption, programmability
Sigma-Delta Analog-to-Digital converter (ADC), is widely used in portable electronic products. An operational
transconductance amplifier (OTA) is one of the most important components of ADC. This paper presents a
new design of two stages OTA. The design incorporates Sleep insertion technique and leakage feedback current
approach for improving design parameters such as gain, and power as compared to earlier work. The design is
simulated in 0.18µm CMOS technology with supply voltage 1.8V.
The 7SR191 Capa is a numerical protection device with a highly comprehensive functional software package.
The market for power capacitors is continually growing due to the expanding power network driven by increased customer demand. Power capacitors improve the performance, quality and efficiency of the system and minimize power loss.
Design of subthreshold dml logic gates with power gating techniqueseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Design and simulation of Arduino Nano controlled DC-DC converters for low and...IJECEIAES
This paper mainly focuses on the controller of portable direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter which may be simple, low cost and efficient. Nowadays, proportional integral (PI) controller and opto-isolator based circuits are used for switching control. The switching control through the controller makes the DC-DC converter into larger circuit and less efficient. This problem will be rectified using the Arduino Nano controller which is small and low cost-effective controller. It is useful for low and medium power applications like residential solar power system, electronic gadgets, and academic laboratories. Arduino Nano-based DC chopper has been developed, and the Proteus software used for simulation. The different topologies of DC choppers like buck, boost, and buck-boost converter have been designed with mathematical calculations and simulated.
DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING ON-OFF CONTROLLER BY PIC16F877A MICROCONTROLLERTridib Bose
This presentation consists the speed control of a dc motor using hardware (microcontroller) by changing the reference voltages logically and minimising errors.
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Intelligent Electric Power Management Using Zigbee with Advanced Metering Inf...Akbar Badusha
This project mainly focuses on reduction of power cut and power theft. The main reason for the power cut is shortage of power in the generation unit. We can rectify this problem through our project.
Whenever the generation falls behind a particular limit (it is set initially by EB) the power management system will automatically switched on. Power will be supplied to only the basic necessary equipment (as stated in the priority list) power to other load will be stopped so that huge amount of power can be saved without power cut.
In our project, this is achieved using NS2 software and using ZIGBEE. Whenever generation falls below the particular value, then the load will be automatically switched off based on priority. And it can also be done through an interrupt. Through ZIGBEE command the interrupt will be sent to microcontroller to cut the power to the particular load.
When microcontroller receiving the command, the relay will cut the power to the equipment. So the power will be saved.
In this project,the method to detect and to control the power theft is also stated. Other methods of power theft like damaging, by passing electrical power meter can also be detected and can be punished.
Man power can also be reduced. The power usage of the customer will be automatically updated in the EB station so there is no need of man power to take meter reading in the user side. After every two months the reading will be automatically resetted.
Arm Processor Based Speed Control Of BLDC MotorUday Wankar
The project is designed to control the speed of a DC motor using an ARM series processor. The speed of DC motor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across its terminals. Hence, if voltage across motor terminal is varied, then speed can also be varied. This project uses the above principle to control the speed of the motor by varying the duty cycle of the pulse applied to it (popularly known as PWM control). The project uses input button interfaced to the processor, which are used to control the speed of motor. PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) is generated at the output by the microcontroller as per the program. The program is written in Embedded C. The average voltage given or the average current flowing through the motor will change depending on the duty cycle (ON and OFF time of the pulses), so the speed of the motor will change. A motor driver IC is interfaced to the STM32 board for receiving PWM signals and delivering desired output for speed control of a small DC motor. Further the project can be enhanced by using power electronic devices such as IGBTs to achieve speed control higher capacity industrial motors.
Switching pulse generation for DC-DC boost converter using Xilinx-ISE with FP...IJECEIAES
This paper explains steps to generate switching pulse using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA processor for DC-DC boost converter. The switching pulse generated using Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) with Xilinx-ISE. VHDL is a programming language, which is used to model and design any complex circuits in a dynamic environment. This paper gives the course of action for generation of switching pulses for dc-dc boost converter using Xilinx-ISE and matlab simulink. The switching pulse generated using Xilinx-ISE with FPGA-Spartan 6 processor compared with switching pulse generated using matlab.
A DAPTIVE S UPPLY V OLTAGE M ANAGEMENT F OR L OW P OWER L OGIC C IRCU...VLSICS Design
With the rise in demand of portable hand held devic
es and with the rise in application of wireless sen
sor
networks and RFID reduction of total power consumpt
ion has become a necessity. To save power we
operate the logic circuitry of our devices at sub-t
hreshold. In sub-threshold the drain current is
exponentially dependent on the threshold voltage he
nce the threshold variation causes profound variati
on
of I
ON
and I
OFF
the ratio of which affect the speed of a circuit d
rastically. So to mitigate this problem we
present a adaptive power management circuit which w
ill determine the minimum required supply voltage
to meet the timing requirement. Also to reduce the
power overhead and avoid bulky coil and EMI noise
we used the switch capacitor power regulator to reg
ulate and manage power instead of linear dropout
(LDO) and Inductor base switch mode power converter
A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC DC Boost...YogeshIJTSRD
A new version of the new Hybrid Boost DC DC ready to draw power from two different DC sources for standard DC bus feeds is presented in this paper. An important feature of the proposed converter is that both sources provide simultaneous power to a lower load than the reduced current rate. This feature is very attractive for DC grid applications. With the analysis of the time zone, steady state performance is established and the transformational power correction parameters are obtained. In this paper, a powerful converter is introduced, with its operating principles based on charging pumps and converters of reinforcement series. In addition, although three switches are used, no separate gate driver is required instead of one bridge gate driver and one gate driver on the lower side. As such, the proposed converter is easy to analyze and easy to operate. In addition, additional test results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed converter. Mukesh Kuma | Manoj Kumar Dewangan | Maheedhar Dubey "A Review on Modeling and Analysis of Multi Stage with Multi Phase DC-DC Boost Converter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39985.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/39985/a-review-on-modeling-and-analysis-of-multi-stage-with-multi-phase-dcdc-boost-converter/mukesh-kuma
Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using ...IAES-IJPEDS
Rapid increase of consumers in electronics devices and the use of mains rectification circuits inside these electronic devices is the root cause of mains harmonic distortion. Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and households to make them stable inturns increases the efficiency of system as well as the apparatus. This paper deals with the hardware design of active power factor correction circuit employing boost converter which is used to boost the DC voltages with a controller based on PID control strategy. The pulses given to power switches by pulse width modulation techniques generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thus obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK was used to design and tune the PID controller parameters. The simulation results are matching with the predictions and the same was implemented as hardware. The waveforms various test points and across capacitors were obtained, studied and compared with the theoretical waveforms and are found to be in precise proximity of theoretical waveforms.
Development of Digital Controller for DC-DC Buck ConverterIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a design & implementation of 3P3Z (3-pole 3-zero)
digital controller based on DSC (Digital Signal Controller) for low voltage
synchronous Buck Converter. The proposed control involves one voltage
control loop. Analog Type-3 controller is designed for Buck Converter using
standard frequency response techniques.Type-3 analog controller transforms
to 3P3Z controller in discrete domain.Matlab/Simulink model of the Buck
Converter with digital controller is developed. Simualtion results for steady
Keyword: state response and load transient response is tested using the model.
Similar to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (20)
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear c...IJERD Editor
-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 4 (April 2014), PP.35-42
35
Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on
Synchronous Rectifier
Kishori V. Sangani1
, Vinod P. Patel2
, Sunil B. Bhatt3
1,3
B. H. Gardi College of Engg. & Technology, Rajkot, India.
2
AMTECH Electronics (I) Ltd, Gandhinagar, India.
Abstract:- Synchronous rectification is a commonly used technique to improve the efficiency of DC/DC
converters with low (30V) output voltages and high output currents. Use of a synchronous rectifier in place of
diode bridge rectifier because in low voltage application the conduction losses of diode bridge contributes
significantly to the overall power loss in a power supply compared to synchronous rectifier. Control of the
synchronous rectifiers in forward converters has been accomplished in many different ways, from self-driven to
complexly controlled techniques. Most existing control techniques allow the synchronous rectifier’s body diode
to conduct for some small time interval, thus degrading efficiency. In this synchronous rectifier the PWM
techniques are used so the power switches are switched at high frequency which is reduce the size of
transformer and overall size, weight and cost. The AC/DC converters called also PWM rectifiers provide
synchronous rectification or active filtering improving electrical power quality. The design process of the PWM
(pulse width modulation) rectifier has been described. The practical realization of the voltage and current
sensors as well as control electronics and the protection systems has been presented. Voltage Oriented Control
has been implemented into the DSP to control the synchronous rectifier. The simulation of whole system will do
in PSIM (power simulation) software and after examine the simulation results the whole scheme will implement
in hardware. PWM waveform generated using CCS (code composer studio) software for DSP (digital signal
processing) programming.
Keywords:-. Synchronous rectification, low voltage high current, DSP based controlling, voltage control
method, PI controller, phase shifted full bridge IGBT inverter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Active rectification, or synchronous rectification, is a technique for improving the efficiency
of rectification by replacing diodes with actively controlled switches such as transistors, usually power
MOSFETs or power BJTs. Synchronous rectifiers can improve the efficiency of switched –mode power
supplies, particularly in low –voltage low power application. The next generation of portable products, such as
personal communicators and digital assistants, will have to provide at least 12 hours of operation between
battery chargers. Most of the progress toward this 12 hours goal must come from radio frequency (RF),
computer and battery technology, because power supply performance is approaching a limit. Typical conversion
efficiencies already exceed 95%. Still the power supply must squeeze a battery for all it is worth. A key element
in this task, especially at the low output voltages that future microprocessor and memory chips will need, is the
synchronous rectifier. A synchronous rectifier is an electronic switch that improves power conversion efficiency
by placing a low resistance conduction path across the diode rectifier in a switched mode regulator. Metal oxide
semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFETs) usually serves this purpose but bipolar transistors and other
semiconductor switches can be considers for typical applications. The forward voltage drop across a switched
mode rectifier is in series with the output voltage, so losses in this rectifier determine efficiency almost entirely.
As supply voltage decreases the degrees the design of rectifiers requires more attention because the forward
voltage drop constitutes an increasing fraction of the output voltage. The race to new voltage levels proceeds in
jumps as each major chip manufacture brings successive fabrication processes on line. Currently, research
indicates a Vcc of 1.1 V [2].
The increasing number of the modern power electronics converters is controlled by microprocessor-
based systems. The dynamic development of the microprocessor techniques results from the numerous
advantages of the digital systems. Stability of the parameters, easy modifications of the control algorithms, the
possibility of implementation of advanced control techniques as well as providing diagnostic functions are the
major features of digital control devices. Nowadays modern digital control units have overtaken all control
tasks. In contrary to diffuse analog electronics, digital processing devices are integrated on one small evaluation
board. Besides the fast digital signal processor (DSP), the evaluation boards include analog-to-digital converter,
input/output systems and memory. The DSP- based kits are specialized to realize control algorithms mostly for
2. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
36
the intelligent motion control applications. Hence they are equipped with the peripheral PWM modules to
provide the firing pulses for the power converters. Because of their small size and high functionality the DSP
boards have become the integral part of the controlled device, being the unified, self-sufficient, embedded
system [3].
The paper presents a detailed analysis of the modulation scheme, discusses results on a three- phase
415 V, 1 Kw laboratory prototype converters [4].
II. DSP BASED CONTROLLED POWER SUPPLY ON SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER
Linear regulator often plays important role in implementing synchronous rectifier in power supply
capable of constant voltage/current control. It always provides lots of advantage such as low ripple noise, low
EMI, good regulation, ease control strategy. However due to bulky size, low efficiency switch mode technique
has become an inevitable development trend for raising the power density, power efficiency and dynamic
performance. The full bridge converter is one of the isolated converter topology that use in high power rating.
The block diagram of it is shown in fig 1. The feedback signal of voltage is given to the DSP control card for
control and protection purpose.
Fig. 1: DSP based controlled Power supply on synchronous rectifier
III. DSP BASED CONTROL UNIT
For the realization of the control tasks in the experimental setup of the AC/DC converter the evaluation
board PCA-2014 F2812 by Spectrum Digital® based on the TMS320F2811 Digital Signal Processor by Texas
Instruments® has been chosen. Fig.2 presents the DSP-based control unit applied to the proposed laboratory
setup of the PWM rectifier. The block diagram shows the signal processing routine. The TMS320F2812 DSP
stems from the C28x family of TI® microprocessors and has been design to execute programs written in C/C++.
This is the fixed-point, 32-bit data word microprocessor with two overlapping data and program address spaces.
The major features of the presented DSP are: 18K words on-chip RAM, 128K words on-chip FLASH, 64K
words off-chip SRAM, 30MHz clock (operating frequency up to 150MHz), 56 multiplexed digital
Inputs/Outputs, 12-bit 16-channel Analog-to-Digital converter (80ns) with the input voltage range from 0 to 3V,
45 interrupts divided into 8 levels of priority, 5V of supplying voltage .Besides the DSP includes two Event
3. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
37
Man-ager systems for the applications to power electronics devices (PWM modulator to control three-phase
two-level and three-level power converters. Before the TMS320F2812 DSP processes and executes a program it
is required to configure manually all necessary registers and the ranges of the used memory since the
microprocessor does not provide the ready-implemented CLS-type libraries. There is a large variety of the free
environments helpful by configuring and programming the TMS microprocessors. The advanced programming
environment for TI® microprocessors is Code Composer Studio™. There are also the coupling platforms for
rapid prototyping and coding like Embedded Target for TI C2000 Toolbox™. The executable C code based on
the Simulink™ graphical model is then generated automatically [3].
There are many consideration factors in the selection of a microprocessor in the design of a digital control
system .After a thorough consideration of performance, price, simplicity in hardware design, and software
support [1].
Fig. 2: PCA-2014 board based on TMS320F2811 DSP by Texas Instruments®
IV. DESIGN EXAMPLE
In this Section, a design example is presented for the following input/output specifications.
To facilitate calculate in per unit, the following base quantities are defined.
Pbase = Po = 1KW
Vbase = Vdc = 30V
Ibase = Idc = 33.34A
0.89998=
Ibase
Vbase
=Zbase Ω (1)
Input line voltage Vin=13.8333 V per unit
The phase-shifted full-Bridge output current Io is given by
Idc*
N
1
=Io (2)
Where N is the transformer turn ratio
4. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
38
Select N=12:9,Io=0.08337 A per unit.
Neglecting losses, the utility line current can be expressed as
Vi*
3
Po
=Ia (3)
The input current Ia=0.050 per unit.
A. Input filter design
high frequency current components in the input current of the phase shifted full bridge inverter can be
filtered via a Capacitive C filter .The value of filter capacitor selected by following equation [5].
Wi*vm*3
P*2
=Cf (4)
Where P is the power rating, Vm is the peak of input voltage, and Wi is angular input frequency.
B. Output filter design
Transformers and inductors both are magnetic components but there is difference in their functioning
and design aspect. In a transformer, the core flux is decided by the magnetizing current .Where as in an inductor,
the core flux is decided by the load current. Thus if the load current increases, there is possibility that the core
may saturate and inductance will come down. So before decide the value of inductor maximum load current
must be known and have the core which does not saturate at this current.
sfI
DVo
L
*
)1(*
(5)
Vo = 30 volt.
D = 0.85.
ΔI = Ripple current = 40% of output Current
fs = Switching frequency
V. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, simulation results of the proposed approach are discussed. Fig 3 shows High frequency
output voltage Vpri of the phase-shifted full-Bridge inverter and input voltage Vsec of Synchronous rectifier. Fig
4 shows the output dc voltage (30V) at full load and maximum duty cycle. Fig 5 shows 3-phase input line
voltage and Diode Bridge input current.
Table I: Design specification of proposed approach
No. Parameter Specification Unit
1 Po (Output Power) 1000 W
2 Vo (Output Voltage) 30 V
3 Io (Output Current) 33.34 A
4 fs ( Switching Frequency) 18000 Hz
5 Vin (Input voltage) 415±15% V
6 Iin (Input Current) 2 A
5. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
39
Fig. 3: High frequency output voltage Vpri of the phase-shifted full-Bridge inverter and input
voltage Vsec of Synchronous rectifier.
Fig. 4: output dc voltage (30V) at full load and maximum duty cycle
6. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
40
Fig. 6: Prototype of power supply based on synchronous rectification
Fig. 7: 3-phase input power supply
Fig. 8: Transformer primary voltage Vpri (200V per Division)
7. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
41
Fig. 9: Transformer secondary voltage Vsec (50V per Division)
Fig. 10: Output dc voltage Vdc
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A laboratory prototype of the proposed DSP or digitally controlled power supply was constructed to
meet the specifications detailed in section IV. A digital signal processor (TMS320F2011) was used for
generating PWM gating signals and performing closed loop functions. Fig 1 shows the prototype of power
supply based on synchronous rectification unit. The unit is connected to the LR filter and RC filter to produce
power supply voltage of 30 V dc. Fig 8 shows Transformer primary voltage Vpri. Fig 9 shows Transformer
secondary voltage Vsec. Fig 10 shows Output dc voltage Vdc.
VII. CONCLUSIONS
The proposed prototype of the PWM synchronous rectifier is based on the 1kW power module and the
DSP-based control unit. For the proper operation the PWM rectifier requires the feedback information about all
state variables. Hence the necessary voltage and current sensors have been constructed and examined. The
supporting and protective electronic devices have been designed to enhance the safety of the AC/DC converter
and its control system during the different conditions.
Voltage Oriented Control of the PWM rectifier has been implemented into the DSP-based control
system. The advanced programming environment has facilitated coding in C language and provided the user-
friendly interface between the host computer and the DSP evaluation board while executing the control
programs. The simulation results have confirmed the proper approach to the design process showing the
precious advantages of the synchronous rectifier AC/DC converter in the real applications.
8. Design of DSP Base Controlled Power Supply on Synchronous Rectifier
42
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It would be my proud privilege to tender the lexes of appreciation in respect of my honourable guide
Prof. S.B. Bhatt, of B.H. Gardi College of Engineering and Technology for his erudite instruction, guidance, and
support. It gives me immense contentment to accolade respected Prof. C.D. Parmar, HOD, Prof M.P.Patel PG
Co-coordinator of the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of B.H.Gardi College of
Engineering and Technology, Rajkot, Mr. Vinod patel of Amtech Electronics (I) LTD, Gandhinagar for their
erudite instruction, guidance, and support.
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[3]. Michal and Krysztof : “Hardware Application of AC/DC Converter based on Intelligent Power Module
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wrocławskiej ,Nr 26 ,2006.
[4]. Somnida Ratanapanachote, Han Ju Cha, and Prasad N. Enjeti :”A Digitally controlled switch
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[6]. Wangfeng Zhang, Guang Feng, Yan-Fei Liu and Bin wu :” Adigital Power factor correction (PFC)
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