This paper proposes a single-bit ADC system based Proportional and Integral (PI) controller to maintain a desired level of power transfer efficiency in Capacitive Power Transfer (CPT) systems. In this paper, a simple single-bit ADC system i.e., Single-Bit Modulator (SBM) is considered as an alternative to the commonly used multi-bit ADC systems. Unique features of employing SBM are 1) its ability to convert analog signals into single-bit signals and 2) its easy integrability in digital chips with linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) such as FPGAs. A SBM based PI (SBM-PI) controller is designed to judicially interface with the single-bit output of SBM. The proposed (SBM-PI) controller guarantees less hardware resources, latency and regulates the output voltage to provide the desired power transfer efficiency. The behavior of SBM-PI controller is compared to that of a conventional multi-bit controller, with the results of both controllers being identical. The effectiveness of the proposed controller with SBM is further demonstrated using the experimental prototype of CPT by implementing a SBM-PI controller using $16$ MHz ATmega8 microcontroller. The experimental results from a laboratory prototype illustrate that SBM-PI controller successfully regulates the output voltage of CPT to control the power flow.
In recent years, there is an immensely huge demand to power due to industrialization and modernization, butcorrespondingly the amplification of generation and transmission has not been done due to constrained resources and environmental limitations. The huge growth in demand leads to various problems in power systems. Heavy growth in semiconductor technology made power electronics plays a key role in solving these problems. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are used for fixing various problems in power system. They are used for enhancing the existing transmission capabilities and improving the system dynamic performance so that to make transmission system flexible and efficient in operation. Inter line power flow controller (IPFC) is a latest generation series connected FACTS device, having capability of controlling power flow among multi line in a transmission network. In this paper cascaded 5 level inverter is used as the inverter module for IPFC. Control techniques play a vital role in power flow control in the system, with the main objective of minimization of harmonics and obtaining a variable output with maximum fundamental component. This paper discusses various comparative case studies on IPFC with cascaded 5 level inverter using SPWM and SVM control techniques.
In this paper, a Sigma-Delta Quantizer (∑∆-Q) based Proportional and Integral control is proposed for a wireless power transfer control system, namely inductive power transfer system. The proposed control topology employs ∑∆-Qs to convert the conventional signals (analog/digital signals) into bitsreatm signals (1-bit per sample time). Considering the oversampling feature of ∑∆-Q, field programmable gate array is utilized in the implementation of the control system. To evaluate the effectiveness of the presented control topology, it is compared with an inductive power transfer control system using the conventional proportional and integral controller. For the sake of simplicity, the comparison is carried out using hardware in Loop. Both control systems exhibit almost identical responses. However, the bitstream feature of the proposed PI controller significantly helps in reducing the hardware resources (logic elements) in field programmable gate array. In addition, less wire routing and computational complexity is achieved due to absence of multipliers.
This paper proposes a new voltage frequency converter (VFC) that converts both voltage and frequency to the required level of voltage and frequency in low voltage networks used in various countries. The proposed converter could be used as a universal power supply for sensitive AC loads. The converter is composed of, input voltage and frequency detection circuitry, full bridge boost rectifier and a DC to AC inverter. In addition, to improve the feasibility and performance of the converter, synchronous reference based PI (SRFPI) controller is adopted, where the system behaves similar to a DC-DC converter. The parameter selection of PI controller is done using a recent optimisation technique called Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA). The simulation of VFC is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results shows that LSA based PI controller provides better output voltage regulation with respect to the reference value under various load and input conditions.
Solar Photovoltaic Generators with MPPT and Battery Storage in MicrogridsIAES-IJPEDS
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with
different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be
explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are
presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods
to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated.
Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium
voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place.
In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably
and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to
take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy
has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV
systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen
significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency
and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept.
High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity
in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach
of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control
to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid.
The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test
system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT
of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed
and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GS...IAES-IJPEDS
GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress
over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for
very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart
Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design
and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully
done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK
modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC
Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.
In recent years, there is an immensely huge demand to power due to industrialization and modernization, butcorrespondingly the amplification of generation and transmission has not been done due to constrained resources and environmental limitations. The huge growth in demand leads to various problems in power systems. Heavy growth in semiconductor technology made power electronics plays a key role in solving these problems. Flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices are used for fixing various problems in power system. They are used for enhancing the existing transmission capabilities and improving the system dynamic performance so that to make transmission system flexible and efficient in operation. Inter line power flow controller (IPFC) is a latest generation series connected FACTS device, having capability of controlling power flow among multi line in a transmission network. In this paper cascaded 5 level inverter is used as the inverter module for IPFC. Control techniques play a vital role in power flow control in the system, with the main objective of minimization of harmonics and obtaining a variable output with maximum fundamental component. This paper discusses various comparative case studies on IPFC with cascaded 5 level inverter using SPWM and SVM control techniques.
In this paper, a Sigma-Delta Quantizer (∑∆-Q) based Proportional and Integral control is proposed for a wireless power transfer control system, namely inductive power transfer system. The proposed control topology employs ∑∆-Qs to convert the conventional signals (analog/digital signals) into bitsreatm signals (1-bit per sample time). Considering the oversampling feature of ∑∆-Q, field programmable gate array is utilized in the implementation of the control system. To evaluate the effectiveness of the presented control topology, it is compared with an inductive power transfer control system using the conventional proportional and integral controller. For the sake of simplicity, the comparison is carried out using hardware in Loop. Both control systems exhibit almost identical responses. However, the bitstream feature of the proposed PI controller significantly helps in reducing the hardware resources (logic elements) in field programmable gate array. In addition, less wire routing and computational complexity is achieved due to absence of multipliers.
This paper proposes a new voltage frequency converter (VFC) that converts both voltage and frequency to the required level of voltage and frequency in low voltage networks used in various countries. The proposed converter could be used as a universal power supply for sensitive AC loads. The converter is composed of, input voltage and frequency detection circuitry, full bridge boost rectifier and a DC to AC inverter. In addition, to improve the feasibility and performance of the converter, synchronous reference based PI (SRFPI) controller is adopted, where the system behaves similar to a DC-DC converter. The parameter selection of PI controller is done using a recent optimisation technique called Lightning Search Algorithm (LSA). The simulation of VFC is conducted in MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results shows that LSA based PI controller provides better output voltage regulation with respect to the reference value under various load and input conditions.
Solar Photovoltaic Generators with MPPT and Battery Storage in MicrogridsIAES-IJPEDS
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of a photo voltaic system with
different temperature and insolation conditions used for Micro grids can be
explained in this paper. The different steps of the design of this controller are
presented together with its simulation and the feasibility of control methods
to be adopted for the operation of a micro grid when it becomes isolated.
Normally, the micro grid operates in interconnected mode with the medium
voltage network; however, scheduled or forced isolation can take place.
In such conditions, the micro grid must have the ability to operate stably
and autonomously. An evaluation of the need of storage devices and load to
take off strategies is included in this paper. Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy
has witnessed double-digit growth in the past decade. The penetration of PV
systems as distributed generators in low-voltage grids has also seen
significant attention. In addition, the need for higher overall grid efficiency
and reliability has boosted the interest in the microgrid concept.
High-efficiency PV-based microgrids require maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controllers to maximize the harvested energy due to the nonlinearity
in PV module characteristics. This paper proposes an approach
of coordinated and integrated control of solar PV generators with the
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control and battery storage control
to provide voltage and frequency (V-f) support to an islanded microgrid.
The simulation studies are carried out with the IEEE 13-bus feeder test
system in grid connected and islanded microgrid modes. The MPPT
of a Photovoltaic System for Micro Grid operation is successfully designed
and simulated by using MATLAB/Simulink Software in this paper.
BPSK Modulation and Demodulation with Power Line Carrier Communication and GS...IAES-IJPEDS
GSM/GPRS and PLC communication are used for Automatic Meter Reading
(AMR) applications. These AMR systems have made substantial progress
over the recent years in terms of functionality, scalability, performance
and openness such that they can perform remote metering applications for
very demanding and complex systems. By using BPSK (Binary Phase Shift
Keying) modulation with Power Line Carrier Communication, Smart
Metering can be done in Rural Smart Micro-grids. The design
and Simulation of BPSK Modulation and Demodulation are successfully
done by using MATLAB/Simulink software. The advantages of using BPSK
modulation over the QPSK modulation and the advantages of PLC
Communication over the GSM Communication is identified in this paper.
Development and implementation of two-stage boost converter for single-phase ...IJECEIAES
This paper offers a two-stage boost converter for a single-phase inverter without transformer for PV systems. Each stage of the converter is separately controlled by a pulse width modulated signal. A Simulink model of the converter using efficient voltage control topology is developed. The proposed circuit performance characteristics are explained and the obtained simulation results are confirmed through the applied experiments. Moreover, this paper has examined the control circuit of a single-phase inverter that delivers a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the identical value and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller supported an innovative technology is utilized to come up with a sine wave with fewer harmonics, much less price and an easier outline. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used by a microcontroller. The developed inverter integrated with the twostage boost converter has improved the output waveform quality and controlled the dead time as it decreased to 63 µs compared to 180 µs in conventional methods. The system design is reproduced in Proteus and PSIM Software to analyze its operation principle that is confirmed practically.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using ...IAES-IJPEDS
Rapid increase of consumers in electronics devices and the use of mains rectification circuits inside these electronic devices is the root cause of mains harmonic distortion. Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and households to make them stable inturns increases the efficiency of system as well as the apparatus. This paper deals with the hardware design of active power factor correction circuit employing boost converter which is used to boost the DC voltages with a controller based on PID control strategy. The pulses given to power switches by pulse width modulation techniques generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thus obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK was used to design and tune the PID controller parameters. The simulation results are matching with the predictions and the same was implemented as hardware. The waveforms various test points and across capacitors were obtained, studied and compared with the theoretical waveforms and are found to be in precise proximity of theoretical waveforms.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has attracted a wide variety of subjects in various disciplines and has also become a highly active research field due to its capacity to facilitate charging systems. Wireless power transmission will be compulsory to use soon as this technology enables electrical energy to be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load over an air gap without connecting wires. Wireless power transmission has been developed in the low power (1W to 10W) and high power (100W-500W) region. While the low power region development focuses on powering medical transplants and mobile charging, the higher end of the power spectrum is being developed for the electric vehicle (EV) applications. However medium power range (10W to 100W) is relatively unexplored due to lack of proper applications. The commercial WPT scheme is mainly used for the charging of lithium-ion batteries. Sensitive medium power loads like Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries do not have a wireless modular charging system. This paper discusses a proposed scheme for wireless charging of medium-range loads. LiPo batteries are used as the targeted charging load. A minimalistic approach has been considered while designing the electronics for efficiency improvement and a compact, modular scheme. The proposed scheme has been developed for drone and robotics applications and the results are validated.
DTC Scheme for a Four-Switch Inverter-Fed PMBLDC Motor Emulating the Six-Swit...IJRST Journal
The paper deals with the direct torque control (DTC) of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives fed by four-switch three phase inverters (FSTPI) rather than six-switch inverters (SSTPI) in conventional drives. For any three phase inverter require six switches, but these switches are reduced to four. This reduction of power switches from six to four improves the reliability of the inverter, size of the inverter is reduced and cost of the inverter is also reduces. The FSTPI could be regarded as a reconfigured topology of the SSTPI in case of a switch/leg failure which represents a crucial reliability benefit for many applications especially in electric and hybrid propulsion systems. The DTC of FSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives is treated considering two strategies, such as: 1) DTC-1: a strategy inspired from the one intended to SSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives; 2) DTC-2: a strategy that considers a dedicated vector selection subtable in order to independently control the torques developed by the phases connected to the FSTPI legs during their simultaneous conduction. The operational principle of the four-switch BLDC motor drive and the developed control scheme are theoretically analyzed and the performance is demonstrated by simulation.
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Integrated cmos rectifier for rf-powered wireless sensor network nodesjournalBEEI
This article presents a review of the CMOS rectifier for radio frequency energy harvesting application. The on-chip rectifier converts the ambient low-power radio frequency signal coming to antenna to useable DC voltage that recharges energy to wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes and radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags, therefore the rectifier is the most important part of the radio frequency energy harvesting system. The impedance matching network maximizes power transfer from antenna to rectifier. The design and comparison between the simulation results of one- and multi-stage differential drive cross connected rectifier (DDCCR) at the operating frequencies of 2.44GHz, and 28GHz show the output voltage of the multi-stage rectifier doubles at each added stage and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of rectifier at 2.44GHz was higher than 28GHz. The (DDCCR) rectifier is the most efficient rectifier topology to date and is used widely for passive WSN nodes and RFID tags.
A DAPTIVE S UPPLY V OLTAGE M ANAGEMENT F OR L OW P OWER L OGIC C IRCU...VLSICS Design
With the rise in demand of portable hand held devic
es and with the rise in application of wireless sen
sor
networks and RFID reduction of total power consumpt
ion has become a necessity. To save power we
operate the logic circuitry of our devices at sub-t
hreshold. In sub-threshold the drain current is
exponentially dependent on the threshold voltage he
nce the threshold variation causes profound variati
on
of I
ON
and I
OFF
the ratio of which affect the speed of a circuit d
rastically. So to mitigate this problem we
present a adaptive power management circuit which w
ill determine the minimum required supply voltage
to meet the timing requirement. Also to reduce the
power overhead and avoid bulky coil and EMI noise
we used the switch capacitor power regulator to reg
ulate and manage power instead of linear dropout
(LDO) and Inductor base switch mode power converter
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
Development and implementation of two-stage boost converter for single-phase ...IJECEIAES
This paper offers a two-stage boost converter for a single-phase inverter without transformer for PV systems. Each stage of the converter is separately controlled by a pulse width modulated signal. A Simulink model of the converter using efficient voltage control topology is developed. The proposed circuit performance characteristics are explained and the obtained simulation results are confirmed through the applied experiments. Moreover, this paper has examined the control circuit of a single-phase inverter that delivers a pure sine wave with an output voltage that has the identical value and frequency as a grid voltage. A microcontroller supported an innovative technology is utilized to come up with a sine wave with fewer harmonics, much less price and an easier outline. A sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique is used by a microcontroller. The developed inverter integrated with the twostage boost converter has improved the output waveform quality and controlled the dead time as it decreased to 63 µs compared to 180 µs in conventional methods. The system design is reproduced in Proteus and PSIM Software to analyze its operation principle that is confirmed practically.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hardware Implementation of Single Phase Power Factor Correction System using ...IAES-IJPEDS
Rapid increase of consumers in electronics devices and the use of mains rectification circuits inside these electronic devices is the root cause of mains harmonic distortion. Automatic power factor correction techniques can be applied to the industries, power systems and households to make them stable inturns increases the efficiency of system as well as the apparatus. This paper deals with the hardware design of active power factor correction circuit employing boost converter which is used to boost the DC voltages with a controller based on PID control strategy. The pulses given to power switches by pulse width modulation techniques generated by utilizing micro-controller board, Arduino thus obviating the need of complex hardware circuitry. MATLAB/SIMULINK was used to design and tune the PID controller parameters. The simulation results are matching with the predictions and the same was implemented as hardware. The waveforms various test points and across capacitors were obtained, studied and compared with the theoretical waveforms and are found to be in precise proximity of theoretical waveforms.
Wireless power transmission (WPT) has attracted a wide variety of subjects in various disciplines and has also become a highly active research field due to its capacity to facilitate charging systems. Wireless power transmission will be compulsory to use soon as this technology enables electrical energy to be transmitted from a power source to an electrical load over an air gap without connecting wires. Wireless power transmission has been developed in the low power (1W to 10W) and high power (100W-500W) region. While the low power region development focuses on powering medical transplants and mobile charging, the higher end of the power spectrum is being developed for the electric vehicle (EV) applications. However medium power range (10W to 100W) is relatively unexplored due to lack of proper applications. The commercial WPT scheme is mainly used for the charging of lithium-ion batteries. Sensitive medium power loads like Lithium Polymer (LiPo) batteries do not have a wireless modular charging system. This paper discusses a proposed scheme for wireless charging of medium-range loads. LiPo batteries are used as the targeted charging load. A minimalistic approach has been considered while designing the electronics for efficiency improvement and a compact, modular scheme. The proposed scheme has been developed for drone and robotics applications and the results are validated.
DTC Scheme for a Four-Switch Inverter-Fed PMBLDC Motor Emulating the Six-Swit...IJRST Journal
The paper deals with the direct torque control (DTC) of brushless DC (BLDC) motor drives fed by four-switch three phase inverters (FSTPI) rather than six-switch inverters (SSTPI) in conventional drives. For any three phase inverter require six switches, but these switches are reduced to four. This reduction of power switches from six to four improves the reliability of the inverter, size of the inverter is reduced and cost of the inverter is also reduces. The FSTPI could be regarded as a reconfigured topology of the SSTPI in case of a switch/leg failure which represents a crucial reliability benefit for many applications especially in electric and hybrid propulsion systems. The DTC of FSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives is treated considering two strategies, such as: 1) DTC-1: a strategy inspired from the one intended to SSTPI-fed BLDC motor drives; 2) DTC-2: a strategy that considers a dedicated vector selection subtable in order to independently control the torques developed by the phases connected to the FSTPI legs during their simultaneous conduction. The operational principle of the four-switch BLDC motor drive and the developed control scheme are theoretically analyzed and the performance is demonstrated by simulation.
Embedded based sensorless control of pmbldc motor with voltage controlled pfc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Integrated cmos rectifier for rf-powered wireless sensor network nodesjournalBEEI
This article presents a review of the CMOS rectifier for radio frequency energy harvesting application. The on-chip rectifier converts the ambient low-power radio frequency signal coming to antenna to useable DC voltage that recharges energy to wireless sensor network (WSN) nodes and radiofrequency identification (RFID) tags, therefore the rectifier is the most important part of the radio frequency energy harvesting system. The impedance matching network maximizes power transfer from antenna to rectifier. The design and comparison between the simulation results of one- and multi-stage differential drive cross connected rectifier (DDCCR) at the operating frequencies of 2.44GHz, and 28GHz show the output voltage of the multi-stage rectifier doubles at each added stage and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of rectifier at 2.44GHz was higher than 28GHz. The (DDCCR) rectifier is the most efficient rectifier topology to date and is used widely for passive WSN nodes and RFID tags.
A DAPTIVE S UPPLY V OLTAGE M ANAGEMENT F OR L OW P OWER L OGIC C IRCU...VLSICS Design
With the rise in demand of portable hand held devic
es and with the rise in application of wireless sen
sor
networks and RFID reduction of total power consumpt
ion has become a necessity. To save power we
operate the logic circuitry of our devices at sub-t
hreshold. In sub-threshold the drain current is
exponentially dependent on the threshold voltage he
nce the threshold variation causes profound variati
on
of I
ON
and I
OFF
the ratio of which affect the speed of a circuit d
rastically. So to mitigate this problem we
present a adaptive power management circuit which w
ill determine the minimum required supply voltage
to meet the timing requirement. Also to reduce the
power overhead and avoid bulky coil and EMI noise
we used the switch capacitor power regulator to reg
ulate and manage power instead of linear dropout
(LDO) and Inductor base switch mode power converter
Many wireless sensor network (WSN) applications, nowadays, require real-time communication, which demands cautious design consideration to resolve inherent conflicts between energy efficiency and the need to meet Quality of Services (QoS), such as end-to-end delay communications. Numerous innovative solutions are proposed such as Real-time Power-Aware Routing (RPAR) protocol, which dynamically adapts transmission power to meet specified communication delays at low energy cost. Hence, to enable real-time communication with RPAR protocol, an adaptive Power Management Circuit (PMC) using hybrid energy harvester to support WSN real-time communication is proposed. In this paper, a high-level architecture of the proposed PMC is discussed, which consists of Thermal Energy Generator (TEG), and Piezoelectric Energy Harvester (PEG) as energy providers, with low-power Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) feature enabled. Preliminary simulations which analyze and characterize TEG and PEG system are conducted separately to determine the optimal design parameters to support the conventional WSN QoS requirement. Next, both systems will be integrated into a single PMC implementation prior to fabrication and lab characterization.
Design and control technique for single phase bipolar H-bridge inverter conne...IJECEIAES
The power quality injected into the grid and the performance of the converter system depend on the quality of the inverter current control. This paper proposes a design and control technique for a photovoltaic inverter connected to the grid based on the digital pulse-width modulation (DSPWM) which can synchronise a sinusoidal output current with a grid voltage and control a power factor. The current injected must be sinusoidal with reduced harmonic distortion. The connected PV system is based on H-Bridge inverter controlled by bipolar PWM Switching. The current control technique and functional structure of this system are presented and simulated. Detailed analysis, Simulations results of output voltage and current waveform demonstrate the contribution of this approach to determinate the suitable control of the system. A digital design of a generator PWM using VHDL is proposed and implemented on a Xilinx FPGA and it has been validated with experimental results. As a result, the proposed inverter implementation is simple, and it becomes an attractive solution for low power grid connected applications.
A Integrated Technique of SIDO PFC Fly back Converter in power systemIJMTST Journal
Energy saving is the major international efforts to control down the global warming .Power electronics based devices has being improving day by day for saving the electrical energy in the power grids. The govt. of India is also contributing several projects based on energy conservation. The Designing of a single-inductor dual output (SIDO) fly-back power factor correction (PFC) converter is proposed, in which the PFC and power conversion are done at the same time, multiplexing of a single-inductor is implemented through which each output can be regulated independently. The converter will be operating under in critical conduction mode (CRM). A SIDO PFC converter is a system of dual efficient DC output obtained from the AC source, it can also be replaced by solar panel and our system is capable of running a dc motor also, fly back converter can be used in both ac-dc and dc-dc conversion process. The efficiency along with power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD), settling time and output accuracy of this converter will be improved by implementing the neural network as controllers in the system
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
STATCOM is one of the shunt type FACTS controllers which can supply reactive power and improve bus voltage. STATCOM, a controlling device used on alternating current transmission networks, has advantages like transient free switching and smooth variation of reactive power. This paper proposes a cascaded multilevel inverter type DSTATCOM and DVR to compensate voltage sag in utilities in power distribution network. The proposed DSTATCOM is implemented using multilevel topology with isolated dc energy storage and reduced number of switches. A DVR injects a voltage in series with the system voltage and a D-STATCOM implant a current into the system to correct the voltage sag, swell and interruption. The phase shifter PWM technique is described to generate firing pulse to cascaded inverter. The proposed neuro-fuzzy controller follow itself to the sag and provides effective means of mitigation. The voltage sag with the minimum harmonic at the efficacy end. The proposed technique is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink.
Limitations of DC injection into the AC network is an important operational requirement for grid connected photovoltaic systems. There is one way to ensure that this issue needs a power transformer as a connection to the AC network. However, this solution adds cost, volume, mass, and power losses. Ideally there shouldn't be any DC at the output of the inverter, but practically, a small amount of DC current is present. Therefore, in this paper there are techniques for the DC offset elimination are proposed. Some have drawbacks which was treated by another technique. Also there are best solutions for eliminating DC offset as in section 17, and 18 as it explains how to reduce the DC offset in a transformerless operation with reducing the power losses, mass and the cost effect.
Duty Cycle Corrector Using Pulse Width ModulationVLSICS Design
In circuits, clocks usually play a very important role. Whenever data needs to be sampled, it is done with respect to clock signals. It uses the edges of the clock to sample the data. So, it becomes very much necessary to see to it that the clock signals are properly received specially in receiver circuits where data sampling is done, mainly in Double data rate(DDR) circuits. Due to effects such as jitter, skew, interference, device mismatches etc., duty cycle gets affected. We come up with duty cycle correctors that ensure 50% duty cycle of the clock signals. A duty cycle corrector (DCC) with analog feedback is proposed and simulated in 45nm process technology node. The duty cycle corrector operates for MHz frequency range covering the duty cycle from 35%-65%, with +/- 1.5% accuracy. The design is simple and the power consumption is 1.01mW.
International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) VLSICS Design
In circuits, clocks usually play a very important role. Whenever data needs to be sampled, it is done with respect to clock signals. It uses the edges of the clock to sample the data. So, it becomes very much necessary to see to it that the clock signals are properly received specially in receiver circuits where data sampling is done, mainly in Double data rate(DDR) circuits. Due to effects such as jitter, skew, interference, device mismatches etc., duty cycle gets affected. We come up with duty cycle correctors that ensure 50% duty cycle of the clock signals. A duty cycle corrector (DCC) with analog feedback is proposed and simulated in 45nm process technology node. The duty cycle corrector operates for MHz frequency range covering the duty cycle from 35%-65%, with +/- 1.5% accuracy. The design is simple and the power consumption is 1.01mW.
DUTY CYCLE CORRECTOR USING PULSE WIDTH MODULATIONVLSICS Design
In circuits, clocks usually play a very important role. Whenever data needs to be sampled, it is done with
respect to clock signals. It uses the edges of the clock to sample the data. So, it becomes very much
necessary to see to it that the clock signals are properly received specially in receiver circuits where data
sampling is done, mainly in Double data rate(DDR) circuits. Due to effects such as jitter, skew,
interference, device mismatches etc., duty cycle gets affected. We come up with duty cycle correctors that
ensure 50% duty cycle of the clock signals. A duty cycle corrector (DCC) with analog feedback is proposed
and simulated in 45nm process technology node. The duty cycle corrector operates for MHz frequency
range covering the duty cycle from 35%-65%, with +/- 1.5% accuracy. The design is simple and the power
consumption is 1.01mW.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Similar to Single-bit modulator for wireless power transfer system (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
More from International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (20)
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
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Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 r 1271
Conventional digital controllers manipulate discrete multi-bit signals in order to provide control to
a particular system. A significant disadvantage of the conventional controller is the method in which the
desired analog information is processed, sampled and converted into the discrete-time domain. Multi-bit analog
to Digital Converters (ADC’s) increase the complexity of hardware implementation and latency in order to
accurately convey analog signals digitally. The hardware resources of the conventional multi-bit converters
i.e., wires, input/output ports, etc., increase with resolution in order to maintain the high accuracy required in
many control systems [17-21]. Multi-bit ADC’s encompass additional limitations; such as the limitation of
the finite word length of particular processors, setting further boundaries to the maximum available resolution
and hardware resources. Furthermore, some multi-bit systems require a DAC which increases the required
hardware even further.
As an effort to mitigate the demerits of large number of wires, complexity of implementations and
maintenance, one technique known as Sigma-Bit Modulation (SBM), has become quite popular for achieving
concise data transmissions and signal processing [22]. This technique uses SBM to convert the analog signal
or multi-bit digital signal to single bit signal, which is known as single-bit signal, providing several advantages
over the conventional control scheme and signal processing technique. First and the most obvious advantage
of SBM is that the signal is represented by single bit, which simplifies transmission route to one wire per
signal. Second, employing SBM reduces the hardware resources, complexity of implementation and remove
the latency caused by the decimation filters in multi-bit ADC. Similar to discrete controllers with multi-bit
inputs, discrete controllers with single-bit inputs manipulate discrete single-bit signals as opposed to multi-
bit signals in order to provide control to a particular system. Single-bit controllers have the advantage of
having the ability to use multiplexers as gains as opposed to the conventional multiplication gains. Thus, the
processors with single-bit inputs are built simpler than conventional Nyquist rate processor due to the less usage
of logic gates [18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 30]. The aforementioned features of single-bit control techniques make SBM
is suitable many applications [30, 31]. In particular, it becomes suitable to replace multi-bit ADC in power
electronic systems controlled by high operating frequency; CPT is a prime example [28].
This paper proposes a SBM-PI controller to regulate the output voltage a CPT system. The effec-
tiveness of the proposed control system will be examined by the regulating ability of a SBM-PI controller and
comparing the performance against a conventional multi-bit controller executing the same task. The robustness
of the controller will also be examined to fully identify the feasibility of a SBM based controllers on a WPT
system.
The layout of this paper is as follows; Section 2 contains an overview of the CPT system to be con-
trolled in this paper. Section 3 introduces the control problem, information about the single-bit signal, its
generation, SBM and SBM-PI controller. Section 4 briefly covers the simulation and experimental results of
CPT system controlled by SBM-PI controller. Finally, sections 5 and 6 will cover future recommendations and
conclusions respectively.
2. CAPACITIVE POWER TRANSFER
This section encompasses the WPT system chosen to be controlled, i.e., a CPT. Briefly discussing the
system, how it works, how it was designed and the response of the system.
2.1. Overview
Capacitive power transfer (CPT) systems take advantage of the principle of electric coupling in or-
der to successfully maintain WPT. CPT system advantages include high voltage based efficiency, the ability
to transfer between metal and low electromagnetic radiation. However, they are also associated with the dis-
advantages of being difficult to operate over large distances and having poor electric coupling safety which
can be overcome with adequate insulation. The most critical disadvantage is the inability for a CPT system to
naturally regulate their output voltage to a high degree of accuracy. Hence, a controller is implemented in order
for accurate regulation of system output voltage. For a more in-depth discussion on CPT refer to [29].
For this paper, a simplistic CPT topology was chosen to allow for ease of analysis and is shown in
Figure 1. As can be seen in the figure, the structure of the utilized CPT system includes a half-bridge inverter,
an inductor L in series with a capacitive coupling interface consisting of two pairs of coupling plates, and a
full-bridge rectifier followed by a DC load.
Single-bit modulator for... (Dhafer J. Almakhles)
3. 1272 r ISSN: 2088-8694
o
V
dc
V
NOT
PWM
ref
V
L 1
C
2
C
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
D
R
3
C
Figure 1. CPT system design
2.2. Design principles
In order to ensure the CPT is operating appropriately a few basic design principles must be followed.
The first being that ‘shoot-through’ of the switches does not occur. Shoot-through occurs when the two switches
are both turned on (closed) which effectively shorts the supply to ground. For simulations, in order to ensure
this procedure does not occur the switches are controlled by a single PWM signal along with a simple NOT
conductor. As for the hardware design, a half-bridge driver with a single input ensured that the switches never
turned on simultaneously. This driver responded to a single PWM input signal and produced the appropriate
signals which incorporated dead time to enable switches to successfully turn completely off.
The second design principle is to design for LC resonance within the system. Resonance optimizes
efficiency by matching the capacitor and inductor voltage magnitudes allowing for maximum power to the
resistive load. The impedance of inductor and the two capacitors are opposite and directly related to frequency
XL = jωL , XC =
1
jωC/2
where XL and XC are the inductor and capacitor impedance respectively, ω = 2πf where f denotes the
operating frequency of the half-bridge inverter, L is the inductance and C is the capacitance of each capacitor.
Generally, the inductor value L is chosen dependent on the system frequency f and the capacitance C of the
electrically coupled metal plates. Due to the infinite reactance of capacitors at zero frequency, the two switches
operating out of phase are required to act as a DC to AC inverter enabling current flow through the electrically
coupled metal plates. The AC/DC rectifier then converts the signal back into DC for the load to consume.
3. CONTROL SYSTEMS DESIGN
This section encompasses the controller aspect of this paper, primarily designed to remove the error
of the steady state value for applications that require precision in the power transferred. The section will cover
the type of controller design and how the conventional controller is manipulated for single-bit based controller.
3.1. Open loop control for CPT system
The control scheme for the CPT systems is described as follow. A reference voltage Vref is used to
determine the duty cycle of the PWM switches ranging from 0V to 5V, representing 0% to 50% duty cycle,
respectively. The output voltage Vo is directly proportional to the duty cycle of the PWM signals controlling
the DC to AC inverter. The maximum output voltage can be obtained when Vref = 2.5V (or 50% duty cycle)
and described as
Vo = Vdc/2γ
where γ > 1 denotes uncertainties due to variation of operating frequency f, system parameters, distance
between conductive plates, load changing in the CPT system, etc. The presence of the nonlinear components
i.e., diodes and the uncertainties factors denoted by γ in CPT often introduces high steady state error i.e.,
e = Vref − Vo (1)
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4. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 r 1273
where CPT systems fail to accurately regulate voltage. Achieving exact or variable outputs for particular
applications is difficult as the exact duty cycle required needs to be known. This behavior is undesired and
attenuating steady state error is one of the main focuses for the upcoming controller where a PI is proposed in
order to reduce the steady state error e ≈ 0 along with the potential rise time.
3.2. Single-Bit Modulator and Single-bit based controller
This section encompasses the basics of the single-bit signal, briefly discussing its implementation and
generation through the chosen modulation along with some of its advantages.
In terms of the single-bit based controller for a CPT, a single-bit signal is a method of representing an
analog signal in the discrete time domain by using only one-bit of data per sample time. This signal consists of
only two possible values; ‘high − low’ or ‘on − off’; which interchanges between the two possible values at
a relatively high switching frequency. The average value of the single-bit signal is equivalent to the average or
root mean square (RMS) of the analog signal being replicated. Both the frequency and duty cycle are able to
vary in order for the single-bit signal to accurately resemble the analog signal. Demonstrated in Figure 2 is the
single-bit signal representation of a sine wave, with the sampling frequency reduced for clarity.
Figure 2. Single-bit representation of sine wave
3.3. Single-Bit Modulator
SBMs are type of single-bit ADCs where the input is an analog signal and the output is the corre-
sponding digital single-bit signal. Basic SBMs are extremely simplistic, comprising of only a few components
in comparison to multi-bit ADC. There are multiple topologies for producing a single-bit signal from an analog
signal. Three possible techniques of SBM are delta (4-M), delta-sigma (Σ4-M) or hybrid Σ4-M. Cascad-
ing these techniques produces multi-order topologies of single-bit converters which enables an increase in the
resolution of the digital signal. Figure 3 shows a simple SBM, which is used in this paper.
e
0
k
ˆ
ê
Q
1
Q
Low-Pass
Filter
clk
s
Figure 3. Single-bit modulator topology
This modulator comprises of a comparator, first order RC low-pass filter and a gain/multiplexer. Using
a simple feedback network, this system attempts to pull the error between the comparators inputs to 0, resulting
in a single-bit signal representing that of the input analog signal. The output of the modulator is either 1 or 0
due to δ function, which is given by
δk =
1
2
(1 + sgn (s)) =
(
1 ∀ s ≥ 0
0 ∀ s < 0
(2)
Single-bit modulator for... (Dhafer J. Almakhles)
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since sgn (s) =
(
+1 ∀ s ≥ 0
−1 ∀ s < 0
for all t ∈ [kTs, (k + 1)Ts] where 0 < Ts 1 denotes the sampling period.
The input of the comparator is given by s = e − ê where e is defined in (1) and ê denotes the average value
(i.e., slow components) of the discontinuous function sgn (s) which is obtained by filtering it through first order
low-pass filter
ê := Qsgn (s) − τ ˙
ê (3)
where τ is the time constant and Q is known as quantization boundary [26].
3.4. Single-bit based controller
The single-bit based controller can be classified to conventional PI controller and hybrid PI controller
[26]. Implementing conventional single-bit PI controller is limited to which the proper Q values used in SBMs
of the proportional and the integral have to be carefully analyzed and selected in order to minimize the quanti-
zation noise. The SBM-PI controller which is used to control CPT system, is defined as
û = Qkpsgn (s) + kiQ
t
ˆ
0
sgn (s) dτ (4)
where û is the control signal, Q is the quantization boundary value of controller input SBM, kp is proportional
gain and ki is integral gain.
The requirement for the single-bit based controller is to have an input-output interface in single-
bit format, which means the multi-bits arithmetic elements in the digital controller are replaced by single-bit
function blocks. These blocks integrating SBM in arithmetic elements, such as adder, subtractor, and integrator,
have been used and tested in different papers [26, 27].
In this paper, SBM based PI is implemented on microcontroller. Thus, it is of importance to convert the
continuous-time system into its quasi-continuous approximation using the well-known Euler’s discretization
method. The discrete-time transformation of (4), which is shown in Figure 4, is given by ûk = ûp
k + ûi
k where
ûp
k =
(
KUp = +Qkp ∀ δ̂k = 1
KLp = −Qkp ∀ δ̂k = 0
and
ûi
k =
(
KUiρ−1
∀ δ̂k = 1
KLiρ−1
∀ δ̂k = 0
where KUi = QTski, KLi = −QTski, Ts denotes the sampling frequency and ρ = z − 1. The bold line is the
multi-bit signal and the unbold line is the single-bits signal. These signal processing elements are detailed in
[26].
Up
K
Lp
K
k
ˆ
Ui
K
Li
K
1
i
k
û k
û
p
k
û
Figure 4. Hybrid single-bit PI
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6. Int J Pow Elec Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 r 1275
4. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Contained within this section are the findings of this paper. It demonstrates the performance and
ability of the SBM-PI on a CPT system. Both simulation results and hardware results are presented.
4.1. Hardware prototype and specifications of CPT system
Multiple hardware prototypes were produced in the overall design process, with the final single-bit
based control CPT system shown in Figure 5. The system parameters of CPT system, which is described by
the equivalent circuit in Figure 1, are given in Table 1.
Figure 5. Prototype of the CPT system.
Table 1. Parameters of experimental prototype
Symbol Value
Vdc 12 V
L 27.6 µH
C1 470 nF
C2 470 nF
C3 470 µF
R 47 Ω
Controller ATmega8 (max clk = 16MHz)
PWM’s sampling frequency fs = 62.5 kHz (dead time of 0.5 µs)
half-bridge driver IR2183
MOSFETs S1 and S2 IRF3205
Diodes D1 − D4 1N4001
4.2. Simulation results
Simulations were conducted in Matlab’s simulink with the PLECS extension. Figure 6 (a) and (b)
show both the simulated results as well as the hardware results for the open loop CPT system, with 3V input
resulting in a 4V output. The system response has a steady-state error of approximately 1V with an input of
3V ’s. By examining the issues pertained within the open-loop response of the CPT system the type of controller
required to successfully achieve the desired response can be deduced. Although the system contained severe
steady state error there was no oscillations residing in the transient of the open-loop response.
In order to gauge the success of the single-bit controller it was first produced in a simulated envi-
ronment and compared to the performance of a simulated conventional multi-bit controller operating on the
exact same system. Simulations provided sufficient evidence that single-bit based controllers provided accu-
rate voltage regulating abilities. Figure 7 (a) shows the open loop system response to a 2V and 4V reference
while Figure 7 (b) shows the controlled responses of the CPT to the same reference voltage, i.e., 2V and 4V
reference using single-bit based PI controller with kp = 255 and ki = 55. As can be seen in Figure 7 (b), the
controller was able to successfully eliminate the steady state value error present in the open loop responses in
both cases for 2V and 4V input signals. Additionally, there was a decrease in both rise time and settling time
for both scenarios. Furthermore, both the conventional and single-bit controllers responded exactly the same
in simulations, this suggests that the single-bit controller performs at an equal level to that of the conventional
controller.
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7. 1276 r ISSN: 2088-8694
0.02 0.16
0.14
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04 0.12 0.20
0.18
Time (sec)
0.00
0.02 0.16
0.14
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04 0.12 0.20
0.18
Time (sec)
0.00
1
2
4
3
0
Voltage
(V)
1
2
4
3
0
Voltage
(V)
(a)
(b)
Figure 6. : Open loop CPT systems responce (a) Simulated resulted with 3V input, and (b) Hardware
response with 3V input.
0.5
Time (sec)
0.00
1
2
4
3
0
Voltage
(V)
(a)
5
1
2
4
3
0
Voltage
(V)
5
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 3.0
0.5
Time (sec)
0.00
(b)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 3.0
Figure 7. Simulation results for open and closed loop CPT systems responce (a) Simulated resulted for
open-loop CPT systems with 2V and 4V inputs, and (b) Simulated resulted for controlled CPT systems with
2V and 4V inputs and PI controller.
4.3. Experimental results
Due to the success of the simulations on the CPT system, both a conventional and a single-bit con-
troller were designed and implemented using hardware to prove the viability of the single-bit control methods
even further. The responses obtained from the hardware resembled the simulations closely. They maintained
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8. Int J Pow Elec Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694 r 1277
similar overshoot, rise time and settling time along with obtaining the same response in terms of steady state
voltage regulation. Demonstrated in Figure 8 is the controlled hardware response for a 2V , 3V and 4V refer-
ence voltage. Finally, observing the robustness of the controllers was undertaken. A well performing controller
is able to adequately regulate the response of a system even when system parameters are to venture away from
their optimal states. Examples of parameters that could vary are the values of original component values, the
DC supply, the operating frequency and the deterioration of components. The feature of a CPT system that is
the most susceptible to change is the equivalent capacitance of the electrically coupled metal plates due to the
potential air gap variances. The controller is able to successfully sustain the steady state voltage regulation with
both a large increase and decrease in equivalent capacitance values. This suggests that the system is adequately
robust.
1
0
0.5
Time (sec)
0.00 2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
2
4
3
Voltage
(V)
Figure 8. Controlled hardware response of the CPT system.
5. FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS
One of the largest flaws in this paper was the accuracy of the single-bit signal. The technique used as
a single-bit modulator was one of the simplest methods which reduced the overall accuracy slightly. However,
the most significant issue was the ATmega8 microcontroller chosen. The ATmega8’s limited clock speed was
a severe hindrance. For future work in this field I would recommend using a processor with a larger clock
speed. This improvement will result in a larger sampling frequency for the single-bit modulator which results
in an increase of the analog to digital conversion resolution. Additionally, a multi-order delta-sigma modulator
could be implemented in order to further increase the accuracy. The second flaw in this project is also related
to the chosen microcontroller. The ATmega8’s PWM feature, which is used to control the switches in the CPT
system, was limited to 62.5 kHz at 8-bits of accuracy which is much too low. Practical CPT Systems generally
operate at higher frequencies in order to operate successfully with the low capacitance of electrically coupled
metal plates. This issue would be rectified by using a faster processor and would allow for the controller to be
implemented on a more practical system. Finally, implementing the single-bit controller in a networked control
system. Networked control systems are becoming increasingly popular and single-bit is theorized to be a more
viable option due to the benefits of transmitting single-bit as opposed to multi-bit packages.
6. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, a proposed method to manipulating a single-bit controller for a CPT system has been
presented. This work included the design of both a conventional multi-bit controller and single-bit controller.
The single-bit controller’s performance was compared to that of the conventional multi-bit controller and the
results demonstrated that both controllers were able to successfully regulate the response of the specified CPT
system. This paper has proven the concept of using a single-bit controller on a CPT system and has provided
headway for further research on the topic.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank both Nathan Pyle and Hossein Mehrabi for the help during the prepa-
ration of this work.
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9. 1278 r ISSN: 2088-8694
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Dhafer Almakhles received B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia in 2006 and completed his Masters degree (Hons.)
and PhD from The University of Auckland, New Zealand in 2011 and 2016, respectively. Since
2016, he has been with Prince Sultan University - Saudi Arabia, where he is currently an assistant
professor with the department of Communications and Networks Engineering and the Director of
Science and Technology Unit. He has authored more than twenty published papers in the area of
control systems. He served as a reviewer for many journals including IEEE Transactions on: Fuzzy
Systems, Control of Network Systems, Industrial Electronics, Control Systems Technology as well
as IEEE Control Systems Letters and International Journal of Control. His research interests include
the hardware implementation of control theory, signal processing, networked control systems and
sliding mode.
Akshya Kumar received the B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering and the M.Sc. degree in elec-
tronic systems and communication from the Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India, in 1985 and
1988, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Automatic Control and Sys-
tems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K., in 1997.,From 1994 to 1996, he was
a Commonwealth Scholar in the United Kingdom. Since September 2002, he has been with the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand. His present research interests include nonlinear system identification and control, biomed-
ical signal processing, sensor networks, and control applications to power system and wireless
power transfer systems.,Dr. Swain is an Associate Editor of the IEEE Sensors Journal. He is a
Member of the Editorial Board of the International Journal of Automation and Control and the
International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control.
Single-bit modulator for... (Dhafer J. Almakhles)
11. 1280 r ISSN: 2088-8694
Umashankar Subramaniam is working as Associate Professor in Renewable Energy Lab, Col-
lege of Engineering, Prince Sultan University, Saudi Arabia has 15+ years of teaching, research
and industrial R and D experience. Previously, he worked as Associate Professor and Head, VIT
Vellore as well as Senior R and D and Senior Application Engineer in the field of power elec-
tronics, renewable Energy and electrical drives. He is a Senior member-IEEE, and Member of
IACSIT, IDES and ISTE. He has taken charge as Vice Chair - IEEE Madras Section and Chair -
IEEE Student Activities from 2018. He was executive member (2014-16) and Vice Chair of IEEE
MAS Young Professional from 2017 by IEEE Madras Section. He has published more than 250+
research papers in national and international journals and conferences. He has also authored/co-
authored/contributed 12 books/chapters and 12 technical articles on power electronics applications
in renewable energy and allied areas. He is an Editor of Heliyon, an Elsevier journal. He received
Danfoss Innovator Award-Mentor during 2014-15 and 2017-18, Research Award from VIT Univer-
sity during 2013-18. Also he received the INAE Summer Research Fellowship for the year 2014.
Under his guidance 24 P.G students and more than 25 U.G Students completed the senior design
project work. Also 6 PhD scholars completed Doctoral thesis as Research Associate. He is also in-
volved in collaborative research projects with various international and national level organizations
and research institutions.
Int J Pow Elec Dri Syst, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2019 : 1270 – 1280