-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
The Effects of Copper Addition on the compression behavior of Al-Ca AlloyIOSR Journals
The Al-Ca-Cu alloys containing varying amount of Cu are used to study the effect of Cu addition on
their deformation behavior at varying strain rate (0.001/s, 0.01/s, 0.1/s, 1/s).The material is prepared using stir
casting technique The yield stress, flow stress and elastic limit are measured from the true stress-strain graph
.The Strain Rate sensitivity and strain hardening exponent are also determined for each material at different
strain rate. The Strain Rate Sensitivity of this alloy is very low. These values strongly demonstrate that
compressive deformation of Al-Ca-Cu alloys almost independent to the strain rate at room temperature
deformation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of M30 Grade concrete with confinement under axial compressionIJERA Editor
The strength and durability of concrete have undergone continuous improvement. Over the years and these
improved materials are now commonly used. In the present experimental investigation the behaviour of M30
grade concrete with and without confinement for different percentages of replacement of silica fume is studied
under axial compression as per IS mix design. The 150mm x 300mm cylindrical specimens were cast with and
without confinement and investigating the mechanical properties like axial compressive strength and stress –
strain behaviour. It was observed that the confinement of concrete has increased the 28days strength for
different percentages of confinement and that the peak stress and corresponding strain at peak stress increased
with increase in percentages of confinement
Reducing Corrosion Rate by Welding DesignIJERD Editor
The paper addresses the importance of welding design to prevent corrosion at steel. Welding is
used to join pipe, profiles at bridges, spindle, and a lot more part of engineering construction. The
problems happened associated with welding are common issues in these fields, especially corrosion.
Corrosion can be reduced with many methods, they are painting, controlling humidity, and also good
welding design. In the research, it can be found that reducing residual stress on the welding can be
solved in corrosion rate reduction problem.
Preheating on 500oC and 600oC give better condition to reduce corosion rate than condition after
preheating 400oC. For all welding groove type, material with 500oC and 600oC preheating after 14 days
corrosion test is 0,5%-0,69% lost. Material with 400oC preheating after 14 days corrosion test is 0,57%-0,76%
lost.
Welding groove also influence corrosion rate. X and V type welding groove give better condition to reduce
corrosion rate than use 1/2V and 1/2 X welding groove. After 14 days corrosion test, the samples with
X welding groove type is 0,5%-0,57% lost. The samples with V welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is
0,51%-0,59% lost. The samples with 1/2V and 1/2X welding groove after 14 days corrosion test is 0,58%-
0,71% lost.
The Effects of Copper Addition on the compression behavior of Al-Ca AlloyIOSR Journals
The Al-Ca-Cu alloys containing varying amount of Cu are used to study the effect of Cu addition on
their deformation behavior at varying strain rate (0.001/s, 0.01/s, 0.1/s, 1/s).The material is prepared using stir
casting technique The yield stress, flow stress and elastic limit are measured from the true stress-strain graph
.The Strain Rate sensitivity and strain hardening exponent are also determined for each material at different
strain rate. The Strain Rate Sensitivity of this alloy is very low. These values strongly demonstrate that
compressive deformation of Al-Ca-Cu alloys almost independent to the strain rate at room temperature
deformation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of M30 Grade concrete with confinement under axial compressionIJERA Editor
The strength and durability of concrete have undergone continuous improvement. Over the years and these
improved materials are now commonly used. In the present experimental investigation the behaviour of M30
grade concrete with and without confinement for different percentages of replacement of silica fume is studied
under axial compression as per IS mix design. The 150mm x 300mm cylindrical specimens were cast with and
without confinement and investigating the mechanical properties like axial compressive strength and stress –
strain behaviour. It was observed that the confinement of concrete has increased the 28days strength for
different percentages of confinement and that the peak stress and corresponding strain at peak stress increased
with increase in percentages of confinement
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
Present study is focused on the fabrication of aluminium 6061 based metal matrix composites, Reinforced with
silicon carbide and Al2O3 by stir casting technique. The percentage of one reinforcement particulate is kept
constant and varying other and vice versa, namely typeI and typeII composites. The various mechanical tests like
tensile strength test, hardness test, wear test and Impact strength performed on the samples obtained by stir
casting technique for comparison purpose. The result indicated that the developed method is quite successful and
there is an increase in the value of tensile strength, hardness value and Impact strength of newly developed
composite having (SiC + Al2O3) particulates in comparison to the Aluminium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to Establish a Relati...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a
relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals
along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the
toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical
experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding
period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters.
Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness
The position of the joints with angle of 90° at friction stir welding (FSW)UniversitasGadjahMada
This research used aluminum 6061 with 150 mm length, 50 mm wide, and 10 mm thick. The probe was made from EMS 45 simple design. Three variations used of feedrate speed is 10 mm/min, 15 mm/min, and 30 mm/min. Spindle rotation was constantly set at 2000 rpm, the heat generated was recorded. Corner-Butt (C-B)joint determined, the lowest heat generated from 220°C-320°C and the tensile test was60 MPa. The highest tensile test was 163 MPa, achieved by Corner-butt 45 (C-B 45) joint on 10 mm/min feedrate speed. It was verified by the heat temperature from 300°C-420°C and clarified by its micro and macrostructure.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Characteristics of Feed grizzly
1.Smooth vibration
2.Reliable operation
3.Long service life
4.Low noise
5.Low power consumption
6.Easy to adjust
7.Simple structure
8.Easy to install
9.Light weight
10.Small volume
11.Simple maintenance
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Based Metal Matrix Compos...IJERA Editor
Present study is focused on the fabrication of aluminium 6061 based metal matrix composites, Reinforced with
silicon carbide and Al2O3 by stir casting technique. The percentage of one reinforcement particulate is kept
constant and varying other and vice versa, namely typeI and typeII composites. The various mechanical tests like
tensile strength test, hardness test, wear test and Impact strength performed on the samples obtained by stir
casting technique for comparison purpose. The result indicated that the developed method is quite successful and
there is an increase in the value of tensile strength, hardness value and Impact strength of newly developed
composite having (SiC + Al2O3) particulates in comparison to the Aluminium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental and Numerical Assessment of Crash Behavior of Welded Thin Wall R...IDES Editor
The crash behavior of Cold Rolled Mild Steel
(CRMS) closed form thin section produced by stitch welding
at periodic intervals of length was studied by conducting axial
compressive tests at loading velocities of 5 mm/min and 6000
mm/min. The deformation shape, peak forces and energy
absorption capacity of the sections estimated numerically
showed a good correlation with the experimental data.
Serviceability behavior of Reinforcement Concrete beams with polypropylene an...IJERA Editor
Serviceability Limit States (SLS) may lead to the design of concrete elements internally reinforced with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP).In many types of concrete structure loss the serviceability due to wide cracks, number of cracks or large deflection is not uncommon behaviour in concrete structures or concrete beams.The flexural ductility affects the serviceability deflection of RC beams once flexural cracking take place.Imprvement will be focused on the use of polypropilene fibres , which is the subject of thispaper. The performance of concrete with fibers is judged by the flexural toughness obtained by load-deflection curves. The flexural toughness of concrete is depend on different types of fibersin use.Its tougness will be reperesent in the behaviour of RC memebres at failure. Sometimes, it is difficult to use the flexural toughness to judge the behavior of concrete structures under service load. The result of cracking on concrete beam due to the applied load and the method of loading to monitor and check the performance of concrete with different types of fiber arediscussed in this paper. The reductionin the dimension of cracks and the effect of energy disipations of polypropilene fibres will be the main aim of this research work.
Effect of Coarse Aggregate Size on the Compressive Strength and the Flexural ...IJERA Editor
Concrete structures deflect, crack, and loose stiffness when subjected to external load. Loss of flexural strength of concrete is largely responsible for cracks in structure. In reinforced concrete structures, the mix proportions of the materials of the concrete and aggregate type determine the compressive strength while the composite action of concrete and steel reinforcement supplies the flexural strength. In occasion of loss of stiffness, steel reinforcement no longer supports flexural stresses; concrete in turn is subjected to flexure. The compressive strength and flexural strength therefore play a crucial role. Effect of varying coarse aggregate size on the flexural and compressive strengths of concrete beam was investigated. Concrete cubes and beams were produced in accordance with BS 1881-108 (1983) and ASTM C293 with varying aggregate sizes 9.0mm, 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm, using a standard mould of internal dimension 150x150x150 for the concrete cubes and a mould of internal dimension of 150 x 150 x 750mm for the reinforced concrete beam. The water cement ratio was kept at 0.65 with a mix proportion of 1:2:4. The specimen produced were all subjected to curing in water for 28days and were all tested to determine the compressive strength and flexural strength using Universal Testing Machine. Compressive strength of cubes is 21.26N/mm2, 23.41N/mm2, 23.66N/mm2, and 24.31N/mm2 for coarse aggregate sizes 13.2mm, 19mm, 25.0mm and 37.5mm respectively. That of flexural strength of test beams is 4.93N/mm2, 4.78N/mm2, 4.53N/mm2, 4.49N/mm2, 4.40N/mm2 respectively. In conclusion, concrete to be used mostly to resist flexural stresses should be made of finer coarse aggregates.
Implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to Establish a Relati...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents implementation of Generalized Regression Neural Network to establish a
relation between vibration parameters and properties of vibration welded joints. During the welding of metals
along with mechanical vibrations, uniform and finer grain structures can be produced. This increases the
toughness and hardness of the metals, because of solidification effects at the weld pool surface. So, physical
experiments have been conducted on the homogeneous welded joints by providing vibrations during the welding
period. The voltage used to generate the vibration and the time of vibration are used as vibration parameters.
Hardness of the welded joint is considered as one of the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
Keywords: Vibratory welding, Neural Networks, Hardness
The position of the joints with angle of 90° at friction stir welding (FSW)UniversitasGadjahMada
This research used aluminum 6061 with 150 mm length, 50 mm wide, and 10 mm thick. The probe was made from EMS 45 simple design. Three variations used of feedrate speed is 10 mm/min, 15 mm/min, and 30 mm/min. Spindle rotation was constantly set at 2000 rpm, the heat generated was recorded. Corner-Butt (C-B)joint determined, the lowest heat generated from 220°C-320°C and the tensile test was60 MPa. The highest tensile test was 163 MPa, achieved by Corner-butt 45 (C-B 45) joint on 10 mm/min feedrate speed. It was verified by the heat temperature from 300°C-420°C and clarified by its micro and macrostructure.
Effect of prism height on strength of reinforced hollow concrete block masonryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Characteristics of Feed grizzly
1.Smooth vibration
2.Reliable operation
3.Long service life
4.Low noise
5.Low power consumption
6.Easy to adjust
7.Simple structure
8.Easy to install
9.Light weight
10.Small volume
11.Simple maintenance
Router 1X3 – RTL Design and VerificationIJERD Editor
Routing is the process of moving a packet of data from source to destination and enables messages
to pass from one computer to another and eventually reach the target machine. A router is a networking device
that forwards data packets between computer networks. It is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks (as opposed to a network switch, which connects data lines from one single network). This paper,
mainly emphasizes upon the study of router device, it‟s top level architecture, and how various sub-modules of
router i.e. Register, FIFO, FSM and Synchronizer are synthesized, and simulated and finally connected to its top
module.
Gold prospecting using Remote Sensing ‘A case study of Sudan’IJERD Editor
Gold has been extracted from northeast Africa for more than 5000 years, and this may be the first
place where the metal was extracted. The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) is an exposure of Precambrian
crystalline rocks on the flanks of the Red Sea. The crystalline rocks are mostly Neoproterozoic in age. ANS
includes the nations of Israel, Jordan. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Somalia.
Arabian Nubian Shield Consists of juvenile continental crest that formed between 900 550 Ma, when intra
oceanic arc welded together along ophiolite decorated arc. Primary Au mineralization probably developed in
association with the growth of intra oceanic arc and evolution of back arc. Multiple episodes of deformation
have obscured the primary metallogenic setting, but at least some of the deposits preserve evidence that they
originate as sea floor massive sulphide deposits.
The Red Sea Hills Region is a vast span of rugged, harsh and inhospitable sector of the Earth with
inimical moon-like terrain, nevertheless since ancient times it is famed to be an abode of gold and was a major
source of wealth for the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt. The Pharaohs old workings have been periodically
rediscovered through time. Recent endeavours by the Geological Research Authority of Sudan led to the
discovery of a score of occurrences with gold and massive sulphide mineralizations. In the nineties of the
previous century the Geological Research Authority of Sudan (GRAS) in cooperation with BRGM utilized
satellite data of Landsat TM using spectral ratio technique to map possible mineralized zones in the Red Sea
Hills of Sudan. The outcome of the study mapped a gossan type gold mineralization. Band ratio technique was
applied to Arbaat area and a signature of alteration zone was detected. The alteration zones are commonly
associated with mineralization. The alteration zones are commonly associated with mineralization. A filed check
confirmed the existence of stock work of gold bearing quartz in the alteration zone. Another type of gold
mineralization that was discovered using remote sensing is the gold associated with metachert in the Atmur
Desert.
Design Modification of Failure Mode Effect Analysis of Vibrating Feeder used ...ijsrd.com
Vibratin feeder technology is common in material handling applications in numerous industries. This review paper examines a problem with fatigue in the support structure of a specific type of vibrating feeder. It also reviews the theory behind vibrating feeder technology and considerations that engineers who design them need to be aware of. The finite element method is used to replicate a fatigue problem in the support structure and various design configurations are then analyzed to reduce the risk of the conditions that caused the fatigue. The results are reviewed and recommendations are made to improve the design and modify the component dimensional parameters vibrating feeder.
A Novel Method for Prevention of Bandwidth Distributed Denial of Service AttacksIJERD Editor
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks became a massive threat to the Internet. Traditional
Architecture of internet is vulnerable to the attacks like DDoS. Attacker primarily acquire his army of Zombies,
then that army will be instructed by the Attacker that when to start an attack and on whom the attack should be
done. In this paper, different techniques which are used to perform DDoS Attacks, Tools that were used to
perform Attacks and Countermeasures in order to detect the attackers and eliminate the Bandwidth Distributed
Denial of Service attacks (B-DDoS) are reviewed. DDoS Attacks were done by using various Flooding
techniques which are used in DDoS attack.
The main purpose of this paper is to design an architecture which can reduce the Bandwidth
Distributed Denial of service Attack and make the victim site or server available for the normal users by
eliminating the zombie machines. Our Primary focus of this paper is to dispute how normal machines are
turning into zombies (Bots), how attack is been initiated, DDoS attack procedure and how an organization can
save their server from being a DDoS victim. In order to present this we implemented a simulated environment
with Cisco switches, Routers, Firewall, some virtual machines and some Attack tools to display a real DDoS
attack. By using Time scheduling, Resource Limiting, System log, Access Control List and some Modular
policy Framework we stopped the attack and identified the Attacker (Bot) machines
Active Power Exchange in Distributed Power-Flow Controller (DPFC) At Third Ha...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a component within the flexible ac-transmission system (FACTS) family, called
distributed power-flow controller (DPFC). The DPFC is derived from the unified power-flow controller (UPFC)
with an eliminated common dc link. The DPFC has the same control capabilities as the UPFC, which comprise
the adjustment of the line impedance, the transmission angle, and the bus voltage. The active power exchange
between the shunt and series converters, which is through the common dc link in the UPFC, is now through the
transmission lines at the third-harmonic frequency. DPFC multiple small-size single-phase converters which
reduces the cost of equipment, no voltage isolation between phases, increases redundancy and there by
reliability increases. The principle and analysis of the DPFC are presented in this paper and the corresponding
simulation results that are carried out on a scaled prototype are also shown.
Hearing loss is one of the most common human impairments. It is estimated that by year 2015 more
than 700 million people will suffer mild deafness. Most can be helped by hearing aid devices depending on the
severity of their hearing loss. This paper describes the implementation and characterization details of a dual
channel transmitter front end (TFE) for digital hearing aid (DHA) applications that use novel micro
electromechanical- systems (MEMS) audio transducers and ultra-low power-scalable analog-to-digital
converters (ADCs), which enable a very-low form factor, energy-efficient implementation for next-generation
DHA. The contribution of the design is the implementation of the dual channel MEMS microphones and powerscalable
ADC system.
Mitigation of Voltage Sag/Swell with Fuzzy Control Reduced Rating DVRIJERD Editor
Power quality has been an issue that is becoming increasingly pivotal in industrial electricity
consumers point of view in recent times. Modern industries employ Sensitive power electronic equipments,
control devices and non-linear loads as part of automated processes to increase energy efficiency and
productivity. Voltage disturbances are the most common power quality problem due to this the use of a large
numbers of sophisticated and sensitive electronic equipment in industrial systems is increased. This paper
discusses the design and simulation of dynamic voltage restorer for improvement of power quality and
reduce the harmonics distortion of sensitive loads. Power quality problem is occurring at non-standard
voltage, current and frequency. Electronic devices are very sensitive loads. In power system voltage sag,
swell, flicker and harmonics are some of the problem to the sensitive load. The compensation capability
of a DVR depends primarily on the maximum voltage injection ability and the amount of stored
energy available within the restorer. This device is connected in series with the distribution feeder at
medium voltage. A fuzzy logic control is used to produce the gate pulses for control circuit of DVR and the
circuit is simulated by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Nonlinear fe modelling of anchorage bond in reinforced concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract The transfer of forces from the surrounding concrete to the reinforcing bars in reinforced concrete (RC) can be influenced by several parameters. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the influence of specimen geometry, bar diameter, strength of concrete, lateral confinement and embedment length on the bond properties of concrete. The embedment length of the bar was varied between 50mm and 400mm by varying the diameter of the bar, strength of concrete and lateral confinement. The different bar diameters of 16, 20 and 25mm were selected along with three different concrete strengths of 25, 40 and 65MPa. The specimens with the above parameters were modeled by using a nonlinear finite element analysis package. It has been found that for the same geometry, the specimens with small bond length exhibited high bond strength. With the range of bar diameters considered the bond strength of concrete decreases as the diameter of the bar increases. The splitting failure has been observed in unconfined concrete, while the pullout failure was predominant when the concrete laterally confined. In case of large embedment length, the post peak plateau is prolonged with small diameter bars when compared to the large diameter bars. The descending branch of the bond stress-slip response with large diameter bars has been found to be steep. Keywords: Bond Stress, FE Analysis, Embedment Length, Confinement, Bar Diameter, Pull-out Specimens.
System shear connector digunakan sebagai aplikasi dalam konstruksi bangunan untuk menghasilkan kekuatan coran beton lebih kuat dan stabil sesuai dengan perhitungan engineering civil. Dalam hal ini ada 2 hal perhitungan kekuatan secara umum yaitu kekuatan kelengketan stud pada batang baja sesudah dilas. Dan yang kedua adalah kekuatan stud bolt yang digunakan.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Review on the Effect of Shear Connectors on Composite Deck SlabsIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper presents a review on the effect of shear connectors on composite deck slabs. Composite deck slabs consist of profile deck sheet and concrete. Several researchers have been studying the behaviour of composite slab but due to its complex behaviour yet it is not completely understood. The behaviour of composite slab directly depends on the deformability and contact strength. Here, some important literature reviews regarding composite slab behavior incorporating different profiles were discussed.
Kinerja RBS Balok Kastella akibat beban siklikNini Aswad
The study used an experimental test to analyze the performance of Reduced Beam Section (RBS) on castellated beam column with exterior connection structure model subjected to cyclic load gradually until collapse. The study used two specimens, which were models with and without RBS. The experiment was aimed to evaluate the performance of castellated beam structure with and without RBS affected by the position of castellated beam opening and RBS position on the beam-to-column connection. The results show that the maximum drift ratios of the specimens without RBS (WRBSC) and RBSC-1 were 3.2% and 3.15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the respective ductility performance was 2.45 and 2.56 while the respective stiffness was 0.09 and 0.08.
Analysis of failure behavior of shear connection in push-out specimen by thre...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- This study analyzes the failure mechanism of shear connection by three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) of push-out specimens that was practically unaffordable experimentally or by twodimensional FEA. For the analysis of the failure behavior of the compression strut formed in the loaded concrete member, the three-dimensional principal stress space is transformed into two-dimensional space by means of the relation between the hydrostatic stress and the deviatoric stress. The analysis of the stress state in the compression strut revealed that the deviatoric stress increases with larger load particularly in the concrete surrounding the lower part of the shear stud. Accordingly, bearing failure of concrete occurred locally within a limited region in the slab. The steep increase of the deviatoric stress accompanying the increase of the load resulted in the failure of concrete around the lower part of the shear stud, which in turn provoked the deformation and the development of bending moment of the shear stud. Finally, plastic hinge formed in the shear stud leading it to reach its limit state. The proposed finite element model can also be used to model the shear connection of the composite beam and, the proposed stress analysis method can be applied to analyze its composite action behavior.
SEISMIC BEHAVIOR OF STEEL RIGID FRAME WITH IMPERFECT BRACE MEMBERSIAEME Publication
Model of a steel rigid frame made of thin-walled box section with existence of I-section brace member with initial overall and local imperfection adopted to investigate buckling effects on steel structural behavior as it was subjected to earthquake excitation. In order to take into account of the influence of local deflections on structural response, shell elements were employed to model brace member as well as base columns. Cross sections components with relatively high amplitude of
buckling parameters were considered in different case studies to make it susceptible to develop local deflection. Beam elements were also utilized to develop models with the same specification. FEM method applied to conduct nonlinear time history analysis using earthquake record in in-plane and
out-of-plane direction
The purpose of the experimental work presented in this study is to study the effect
of concrete compressive strength and steel reinforcement ratio on capacity and
deflection of reinforced concrete two-way slabs. Three steel reinforcement ratios are
considered which are minimum, maximum and average of them in addition to two
concrete compressive strength
values of 20 and 30 MPa. The results from
experimental work show that increasing the reinforcing steel ratio leads to increase the
ultimate capacity of the slab in addition to decrease the maximum deflection. For slabs
with
= 20 MPa, increasing the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the
maximum, i.e. 600 %, leads to increase ultimate capacity by about 156 % and decrease
maximum deflection by about 52 %. Wheras, For slabs with
= 30 MPa, increasing
the reinforcing steel ratio from the minimum to the maximum, i.e. 900 %, leads to
increase ultimate capacity by about 155 % and decrease maximum central deflection
by about 27 %. In addition, matmatical expresions for load-deflection relationships are
presented in the current study
Similar to Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear connection in composite Beam subjected to hogging moment (20)
Study on the Fused Deposition Modelling In Additive ManufacturingIJERD Editor
Additive manufacturing process, also popularly known as 3-D printing, is a process where a product
is created in a succession of layers. It is based on a novel materials incremental manufacturing philosophy.
Unlike conventional manufacturing processes where material is removed from a given work price to derive the
final shape of a product, 3-D printing develops the product from scratch thus obviating the necessity to cut away
materials. This prevents wastage of raw materials. Commonly used raw materials for the process are ABS
plastic, PLA and nylon. Recently the use of gold, bronze and wood has also been implemented. The complexity
factor of this process is 0% as in any object of any shape and size can be manufactured.
Spyware triggering system by particular string valueIJERD Editor
This computer programme can be used for good and bad purpose in hacking or in any general
purpose. We can say it is next step for hacking techniques such as keylogger and spyware. Once in this system if
user or hacker store particular string as a input after that software continually compare typing activity of user
with that stored string and if it is match then launch spyware programme.
A Blind Steganalysis on JPEG Gray Level Image Based on Statistical Features a...IJERD Editor
This paper presents a blind steganalysis technique to effectively attack the JPEG steganographic
schemes i.e. Jsteg, F5, Outguess and DWT Based. The proposed method exploits the correlations between
block-DCTcoefficients from intra-block and inter-block relation and the statistical moments of characteristic
functions of the test image is selected as features. The features are extracted from the BDCT JPEG 2-array.
Support Vector Machine with cross-validation is implemented for the classification.The proposed scheme gives
improved outcome in attacking.
Secure Image Transmission for Cloud Storage System Using Hybrid SchemeIJERD Editor
- Data over the cloud is transferred or transmitted between servers and users. Privacy of that
data is very important as it belongs to personal information. If data get hacked by the hacker, can be
used to defame a person’s social data. Sometimes delay are held during data transmission. i.e. Mobile
communication, bandwidth is low. Hence compression algorithms are proposed for fast and efficient
transmission, encryption is used for security purposes and blurring is used by providing additional
layers of security. These algorithms are hybridized for having a robust and efficient security and
transmission over cloud storage system.
Application of Buckley-Leverett Equation in Modeling the Radius of Invasion i...IJERD Editor
A thorough review of existing literature indicates that the Buckley-Leverett equation only analyzes
waterflood practices directly without any adjustments on real reservoir scenarios. By doing so, quite a number
of errors are introduced into these analyses. Also, for most waterflood scenarios, a radial investigation is more
appropriate than a simplified linear system. This study investigates the adoption of the Buckley-Leverett
equation to estimate the radius invasion of the displacing fluid during waterflooding. The model is also adopted
for a Microbial flood and a comparative analysis is conducted for both waterflooding and microbial flooding.
Results shown from the analysis doesn’t only records a success in determining the radial distance of the leading
edge of water during the flooding process, but also gives a clearer understanding of the applicability of
microbes to enhance oil production through in-situ production of bio-products like bio surfactans, biogenic
gases, bio acids etc.
Gesture Gaming on the World Wide Web Using an Ordinary Web CameraIJERD Editor
- Gesture gaming is a method by which users having a laptop/pc/x-box play games using natural or
bodily gestures. This paper presents a way of playing free flash games on the internet using an ordinary webcam
with the help of open source technologies. Emphasis in human activity recognition is given on the pose
estimation and the consistency in the pose of the player. These are estimated with the help of an ordinary web
camera having different resolutions from VGA to 20mps. Our work involved giving a 10 second documentary to
the user on how to play a particular game using gestures and what are the various kinds of gestures that can be
performed in front of the system. The initial inputs of the RGB values for the gesture component is obtained by
instructing the user to place his component in a red box in about 10 seconds after the short documentary before
the game is finished. Later the system opens the concerned game on the internet on popular flash game sites like
miniclip, games arcade, GameStop etc and loads the game clicking at various places and brings the state to a
place where the user is to perform only gestures to start playing the game. At any point of time the user can call
off the game by hitting the esc key and the program will release all of the controls and return to the desktop. It
was noted that the results obtained using an ordinary webcam matched that of the Kinect and the users could
relive the gaming experience of the free flash games on the net. Therefore effective in game advertising could
also be achieved thus resulting in a disruptive growth to the advertising firms.
Hardware Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Isolated Circuits And...IJERD Editor
-LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region[5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits.
Simulated Analysis of Resonant Frequency Converter Using Different Tank Circu...IJERD Editor
LLC resonant frequency converter is basically a combo of series as well as parallel resonant ckt. For
LCC resonant converter it is associated with a disadvantage that, though it has two resonant frequencies, the
lower resonant frequency is in ZCS region [5]. For this application, we are not able to design the converter
working at this resonant frequency. LLC resonant converter existed for a very long time but because of
unknown characteristic of this converter it was used as a series resonant converter with basically a passive
(resistive) load. . Here, it was designed to operate in switching frequency higher than resonant frequency of the
series resonant tank of Lr and Cr converter acts very similar to Series Resonant Converter. The benefit of LLC
resonant converter is narrow switching frequency range with light load[6] . Basically, the control ckt plays a
very imp. role and hence 555 Timer used here provides a perfect square wave as the control ckt provides no
slew rate which makes the square wave really strong and impenetrable. The dead band circuit provides the
exclusive dead band in micro seconds so as to avoid the simultaneous firing of two pairs of IGBT’s where one
pair switches off and the other on for a slightest period of time. Hence, the isolator ckt here is associated with
each and every ckt used because it acts as a driver and an isolation to each of the IGBT is provided with one
exclusive transformer supply[3]. The IGBT’s are fired using the appropriate signal using the previous boards
and hence at last a high frequency rectifier ckt with a filtering capacitor is used to get an exact dc
waveform .The basic goal of this particular analysis is to observe the wave forms and characteristics of
converters with differently positioned passive elements in the form of tank circuits. The supported simulation
is done through PSIM 6.0 software tool
Amateurs Radio operator, also known as HAM communicates with other HAMs through Radio
waves. Wireless communication in which Moon is used as natural satellite is called Moon-bounce or EME
(Earth -Moon-Earth) technique. Long distance communication (DXing) using Very High Frequency (VHF)
operated amateur HAM radio was difficult. Even with the modest setup having good transceiver, power
amplifier and high gain antenna with high directivity, VHF DXing is possible. Generally 2X11 YAGI antenna
along with rotor to set horizontal and vertical angle is used. Moon tracking software gives exact location,
visibility of Moon at both the stations and other vital data to acquire real time position of moon.
“MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to Extract Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chrom...IJERD Editor
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR), also known as Microsatellites, have been extensively used as
molecular markers due to their abundance and high degree of polymorphism. The nucleotide sequences of
polymorphic forms of the same gene should be 99.9% identical. So, Microsatellites extraction from the Gene is
crucial. However, Microsatellites repeat count is compared, if they differ largely, he has some disorder. The Y
chromosome likely contains 50 to 60 genes that provide instructions for making proteins. Because only males
have the Y chromosome, the genes on this chromosome tend to be involved in male sex determination and
development. Several Microsatellite Extractors exist and they fail to extract microsatellites on large data sets of
giga bytes and tera bytes in size. The proposed tool “MS-Extractor: An Innovative Approach to extract
Microsatellites on „Y‟ Chromosome” can extract both Perfect as well as Imperfect Microsatellites from large
data sets of human genome „Y‟. The proposed system uses string matching with sliding window approach to
locate Microsatellites and extracts them.
Importance of Measurements in Smart GridIJERD Editor
- The need to get reliable supply, independence from fossil fuels, and capability to provide clean
energy at a fixed and lower cost, the existing power grid structure is transforming into Smart Grid. The
development of a smart energy distribution grid is a current goal of many nations. A Smart Grid should have
new capabilities such as self-healing, high reliability, energy management, and real-time pricing. This new era
of smart future grid will lead to major changes in existing technologies at generation, transmission and
distribution levels. The incorporation of renewable energy resources and distribution generators in the existing
grid will increase the complexity, optimization problems and instability of the system. This will lead to a
paradigm shift in the instrumentation and control requirements for Smart Grids for high quality, stable and
reliable electricity supply of power. The monitoring of the grid system state and stability relies on the
availability of reliable measurement of data. In this paper the measurement areas that highlight new
measurement challenges, development of the Smart Meters and the critical parameters of electric energy to be
monitored for improving the reliability of power systems has been discussed.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
One of the major environmental concerns is the disposal of the waste materials and utilization of
industrial by products. Lime stone quarries will produce millions of tons waste dust powder every year. Having
considerable high degree of fineness in comparision to cement this material may be utilized as a partial
replacement to cement. For this purpose an experiment is conducted to investigate the possibility of using lime
stone powder in the production of SCC with combined use GGBS and how it affects the fresh and mechanical
properties of SCC. First SCC is made by replacing cement with GGBS in percentages like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and
by taking the optimum mix with GGBS lime stone powder is blended to mix in percentages like 5, 10, 15, 20 as
a partial replacement to cement. Test results shows that the SCC mix with combination of 30% GGBS and 15%
limestone powder gives maximum compressive strength and fresh properties are also in the limits prescribed by
the EFNARC.
Seismic Drift Consideration in soft storied RCC buildings: A Critical ReviewIJERD Editor
Reinforced concrete frame buildings are becoming increasingly common in urban India. Many such
buildings constructed in recent times have a special feature – the ground storey is left open for the purpose of
parking, i.e., columns in the ground floor do not have any partition walls (of either masonry or
Reinforced concrete) between them. Such buildings are often called open ground storey buildings. The
relative horizontal displacement in the ground storey is much larger than storeys above it. The total horizontal
earthquake force it can carry in the ground storey is significantly smaller than storeys above it. The soft or weak
storey may exist at any storey level other than ground storey level. The presence of walls in upper storeys
makes them much stiffer than the open ground storey. Still Multi storey reinforced concrete buildings are
continuing to be built in India which has open ground storeys. It is imperative to know the behavior of
soft storey building to the seismic load for designing various retrofit strategies. Hence it is important to
study and understand the response of such buildings and make such buildings earthquake resistant based
on the study to prevent their collapse and to save the loss of life and property.
Post processing of SLM Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in accordance with AMS 4928 standardsIJERD Editor
This Research work was done to find out the impact of AMS 4928 standard heat treatment on
Selective Laser Melted (SLM) Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 alloy. Ti-6Al-4V Grade 23 is an Extra Low Interstitial
version of Ti alloy with lower impurities and is α+β type alloy at room temperature. SLM is one type of method
in Additive Manufacturing based on Powder bed system. Each powder layer of few microns is coated and a laser
beam is scanned to melt the metal powder according to the specification of the part and subsequently moved
downwards layer by layer. The test coupons were first heat treated according to the above mentioned standard.
The tensile testing and the microstructural analysis were done to compare the results with that of mentioned in
the AMS 4928.The yield stress andPercentage elongation in the test coupons achieved are better than the
minimum requirement by AMS 4928 standard. Coarse lamellar grain structures were obtained with no
continuous network of alpha at prior beta grain boundaries.
Treatment of Waste Water from Organic Fraction Incineration of Municipal Soli...IJERD Editor
Evaporation is one of treatment alternatives of waste water from condensation of vapour in flue gas
or from flue gas scrubber system of an incinerator. The waste water contains tar and heavy metals which are
toxic and must be separated, before discharged to environment or recycled. Due to the relatively low efficiency
of the evaporation process, a combination of the evaporation-absorption process is developed to increase the
efficiency. The aim of this research is to study the separation efficiency of tar from the tar-water mixture from
organic fraction incineration of garbage by evaporation-absorption process, and compared it with the
evaporation process. The evaporation process was performed by evaporating the waste water directly, while the
evaporation-absorption process was carried out by evaporating the waste water before it had been mixed with
palm oil as an absorbent. The results showed that the efficiency to separate the heavy tar of the evaporation
process was 73.27% compared to the combination of evaporation-absorption that was 98.82%. Meanwhile, for
the separation of the light tar, the efficiencies of both process types were almost the same. This system can be
integrated with the incinerator for the treatment of flue gases and waste water generated from the burning of
organic fraction of MSW
Content Based Video Retrieval Using Integrated Feature Extraction and Persona...IJERD Editor
Traditional video retrieval methods fail to meet technical challenges due to large and rapid growth of
multimedia data, demanding effective retrieval systems. In the last decade Content Based Video Retrieval
(CBVR) has become more and more popular. The amount of lecture video data on the Worldwide Web (WWW)
is growing rapidly. Therefore, a more efficient method for video retrieval in WWW or within large lecture video
archives is urgently needed. This paper presents an implementation of automated video indexing and video
search in large videodatabase. First of all, we apply automatic video segmentation and key-frame detection to
extract the frames from video. At next, we extract textual keywords by applying on video i.e. Optical Character
Recognition (OCR) technology on key-frames and Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) on audio tracks of that
video. At next, we also extractingcolour, texture and edge detector features from different method. At last, we
integrate all the keywords and features which has extracted from above techniques for searching
purpose.Finallysearch similarity measure is applied to retrieve the best matchingcorresponding videos are
presented as output from database. Additionally we are providing Re-ranking of results as per users interest in
original result.
Planar Internal Antenna Design for Cellular Applications & SAR AnalysisIJERD Editor
This paper presents a new design of direct-fed Multi band printed Planar Internal Antenna (PIA), for
cellular applications. The PIA antenna is composed of ground plane, meander radiating strip and two other
parasitic strips are printed on a common substrate. The designed antenna has been simulated in CST
environment. The simulated results for the resonant frequency, return loss, radiation pattern and gain are
presented and discussed. The bandwidths for three resonance achieved on the basis of -6 dB return loss.These
Bandwidths can be utilized for GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900, LTE 2300 and Bluetooth/WLAN as an
acceptable reference in mobile phones applications. Further the antenna was placed in proximity to the SAR
head on CST environment. The simulated results of SAR analysis are presented in this paper with acceptable
range.
Intelligent learning management system startersIJERD Editor
learning management system (lms) is increasingly gaining popularity in the academic community as
a means of delivering e-learning contents. Simply placing lecture notes and videos among other contents on
lmss do not particularly train the best. This situation could be improved with intelligent tutoring systems (itss)
integration into preferred lms to make it more adaptive and effective, through enhanced student participation
and learning. This work aims, therefore, to create a starter model and a model java its integrated preferred lms.
The its integrated lms starter model was proposed through augmentation and a fluid iterative cycle of
awareness, suggestion, development, evaluation and conclusion. Known open/inexpensive, tried and tested
popular lmss were evaluated at cms matrix site, and complemented. Java its integrated moodle (preferred),
employing certain architectural framework of its integrated lms, was created following the spiral model of
software development
Joint State and Parameter Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) techniqueIJERD Editor
In order to increase power system stability and reliability during and after disturbances, power grid
global and local controllers must be developed. SCADA system provides steady and low sampling density. To
remove these limitation PMUs are being rapidly adopted worldwide. Dynamic states of power system can be
estimated using EKF. This requires field excitation as input which may not available. As a result, the EKF with
unknown inputs proposed for identifying and estimating the states and the unknown inputs of the synchronous
machine.
Experimental Study of Material Removal Efficiency in EDM Using Various Types ...IJERD Editor
The machining process in electrical discharge machining (EDM) consists of a melting process and a
removal process. A region of the workpiece surface heated by the discharge plasma is melted and a portion of
the melted region is removed from the workpiece body. The rest of the melted region remains on the workpiece
surface and re-solidified as a white layer. In previous research, to evaluate the removal ability, a ratio of the
removal volume to the melted volume is defined as the material removal efficiency.
In this study, the material removal efficiency was investigated to develop an understanding of the
machining mechanism in EDM. As a result of experiments, it is found that the material removal efficiencies
show almost the same value, whereas the removal volume varies with the type of dielectric oil or the discharge
duration. To advance the study about the machining mechanism in EDM, the simulation for the workpiece
temperature distribution, considering the effect of the type of dielectric oil or the discharge duration, should be
conducted further
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
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Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural Behaviour of shear connection in composite Beam subjected to hogging moment
1. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development
e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 11, Issue 09 (September 2015), PP.06-15
6
Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural
Behaviour of shear connection in composite
Beam subjected to hogging moment
Hyun-Seop Shin1
1
Structural Engineering Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology,
283 Goyangdae-Ro, ilsanseo-Gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, 411-712, South Korea
Abstract:-A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors
like studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to form a structure behaving monolithically. This study
analyzes the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear connection like slip
stiffness and maximum shear force in composite beams subjected to hogging moment. The results show that the
shear studs located in the crack-concentration zones due to large hogging moments sustain significantly smaller
shear force and slip stiffness than the other zones. Moreover, the reduction of the slip stiffness in the shear
connection appears also to be closely related to the change in the tensile strain of rebar according to the increase
of the load. Further experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables such as the
reinforcement ratio and the arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection
in composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
Keywords:-steel-concrete composite beam, push-out test, shear connection, horizontal shear behaviour
I. INTRODUCTION
A composite beam is composed of a steel beam and a slab connected by means of shear connectors like
studs installed on the top flange of the steel beam to realize monolithic behavior. Thanks to the numerous
studies that have been conducted to date, the stiffness and deformation characteristics relative to the composite
action brought by the shear connector is well known for composite beams subjected to positive moments [1-5].
Besides, research results are relatively poor on the behavior of shear connectors installed on composite beams
subjected to hogging moments. The following gives a summary of the survey of dedicated literature.
According to previous studies [6-9], the slip stiffness of the shear connection in hogging moment zone
where the slab is in tension is lower than that observed in push-out test, and the maximum shear force sustained
by the shear connector is also reduced. Bode [8] reported that this reduction runs around 10% to 20%. Shariati et
al. [10] stated that the shear strength and slip stiffness of the shear connection depend not only on the strength of
the shear connector itself but also on the cracking behavior and tensile strength of the slab. Furthermore,
Johnson [11] reported that the extent of reduction of the shear strength is not significantly great, but the slip
stiffness of the shear connection is reduced approximately twice.
In view of this survey, the structural behavior of the shear connector in composite beams subjected to
hogging moment is not in agreement with the one that can be obtained through push-out test. It appears that the
structural behavior of the shear connector in composite beams subjected to hogging moment is significantly
influenced by the cracking and tensile behaviors of the slab.
However, it is difficult to find detailedresearch analyzing the effects of the tensile behavior of the slab
in hogging moment zone on the behavior of the shear connectors as well as on their causes. This can be
explained by the extreme complexity in evaluating experimentally the effect of the loss of stiffness of the slab
on the composite action of the longitudinally arranged shear connectors with respect to the initiation and
propagation of tensile cracks in the slab of the composite beam subjected to hogging moment. In addition, the
finite element analysis using the load-slip curves obtained from push-out test evaluates the flexural behavior of
the whole structural system assuming that the load-slip relation is known. Consequently, this approach cannot
analyze the behavior of the shear connector in a strict sense.
Accordingly, this study develops a 3D-finite element model enabling to analyze the composite action
of the composite beam subjected to hogging moment by modeling as realistically as possible the shape and
properties of the components of the composite beam that are its slab, steel beam and shear studs. This finite
element model is applied to analyze the local and flexural behaviors of the entire composite beam. The
corresponding results are compared to the experimental results of previous studies [12, 13] so as to evaluate
analytically the influence of the tensile behavior of the slab and structural behavior of the shear connectors on
the composite action of the composite beam subjected to hogging moment.
2. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
7
II. COMPOSITE BEAM FOR ANALYSIS
In order to evaluate the effect of the tensile behavior of the slab on the structural behavior of the shear
connection by finite element analysis, need is to verify if the analytical model is fitted to this purpose. In this
study, results from finite element analysis are compared to previous experimental results [12, 13] for the
composite beam B400 as shown in table 1 and Fig. 1.
Table 1: Details of specimen B400 [13].
Details B400
Steel beam HEA300 (290×300×8.5×14)
Concrete slab 1200×100
Longitudinal rebar 48∅8
Traverse rebar ∅8@200
Reinforcement ratio, ρ (%) 2
Arrangement of studs 1×27
Degree of shear connection (%) 100
Compressive strength of concrete (N/mm2
) 100
Tensile strength of concrete (N/mm2
) 5
Elastic modulus of concrete (N/mm2
) 32673
Yield strength of steel beam (N/mm2
) 525
Tensile strength of steel beam (N/mm2
) 617
Yield strength of rebar (N/mm2
) 616
Tensile strength of rebar (N/mm2
) 679
Fig. 1:Composite beam B400 considered in the analysis [13]
III. MATERIAL AND ANALYSIS MODEL FOR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
A. Material Model
The material model for steel is the common model used in plastic analysis. The concrete model
considers the stress-strain relationship of concrete in compressive and tensile states as shown in Fig. 2. Here, a
constant stress (0.4ft) is maintained after the initiation of tensile cracks to account analytically for the tension
stiffening [14]. The adopted failure criterion shown in Fig. 3 and Eq. (1) is the one proposed by Khan and Saugy
[15]. The uni-axial maximum compressive stress is chosen to be the compressive strength under multi-axial
stress condition [16]. As pictured in Fig. 4, the maximum strength under pure tension is defined by the failure
envelop connecting the points corresponding to the uni-axial compressive strength and uni-axial tensile strength
under multi-axial stress condition [17]. Moreover, the failure of the concrete element is set with reference to the
failure of smeared model occurring inside the element and not at the nodes of the 3D solid element [18-21].
3. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
8
Fig. 2: Stress-strain curve of concrete [18, 21]
α𝐼1 + 𝐽2 − 𝑘 = 0 (1)
in which,
𝐼1 = 𝜎1 + 𝜎2 + 𝜎3 = 3𝜎𝑜𝑐𝑡 (2)
𝐽2 =
1
6
(𝜎1 − 𝜎2)2
+ (𝜎2 − 𝜎3)2
+ (𝜎3 − 𝜎1)2
=
3
2
𝜏 𝑜𝑐𝑡
2
(3)
𝛼 =
𝑛−1
3(2𝑛−1)
, 𝑘 =
−𝑛
3(2𝑛−1)
,𝑛 =
𝑓 𝑏𝑐
𝑓𝑐
(4)
where I1 is stress invariant; J2 is deviatoric stress invariant;σoct is octahedral normal stress;τoct is the deviatoric
stress;σ1, σ2, and σ3 are principal stress; fc and fbc are uniaxial and biaxial compressive strength.
Fig. 3: Compressive failure envelope [15] Fig. 4: Tensile failure envelope [17]
B. Analytical Model
In case of the composite beam subjected to hogging moment, the flange of the steel beam buckles
through compression, from which the size of the maximum load of the composite beam can be determined.
Consequently, local buckling of the steel beam shall be considered to achieve relatively more accurate
simulation of the structural behavior of such composite beam by a finite element model. Besides, the overall
structural behavior of the composite beam can be evaluated even if the concrete part of the slab is ignored and
analysis is conducted only by modeling its tensile reinforcement. However, this approach cannot analyze the
change in the flexural rigidity caused by cracking. Moreover, analysis becomes difficult in the absence of
technique for modeling the composite action provided by the shear connector established through comparison
with experimental results.
In view of these facts, prior to modeling the entire composite beam system, need is to examine first the
accuracy of the analytical models in reflecting the actual behavioral characteristics of all the members
composing the composite beam. Supposing that the analytical models can reflect the behavioral characteristics
of each member, the nonlinear behavior of the structure will be simulated more accurately, which will enable to
evaluate analytically the composite action by means of the shear connectors.
4. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
9
(1) Steel Beam Model
The possibility to simulate local buckling by the finite element model of the steel beam to be used in
the analysis of the composite beam should be verified. To that goal, finite element analysis is conducted on the
steel beam experiencing local buckling similar to the steel beam of the composite beam B400. Comparison is
done with the experimental and analytical results of Spangemacher[22]. The steel beam used for the analysis
and test of Spangemacher[22] is a 3 m-long HEA280 beam and uses S460 steel (fy = 460 N/mm2
) identically to
the steel of the composite beam considered in this study.
Fig. 5 shows the analytical model of the steel beam adopted for the simulation of the behavior of the
steel beam in the composite beam [22]. Here, initial imperfection is introduced in the shells used for the web and
the flange subjected to flexural compression so as to enable the analysis of local buckling due to flexural
compression. The conditions at both end supports of the beam are fixed to prevent movement in the loading
direction and in the transverse direction. Loading is applied through displacement control method in the analysis
by increasing the displacement at mid-span.
Fig. 6 depicts the overall deformed shape of the beam given by the analysis. Fig. 7 compares the
analytical results obtained in this study with the analytical and experimental results of Spangemacher[22]. The
results are seen to be in good agreement with initial linear behavior until the peak load by buckling and followed
by the decrease of the load. This indicates that the finite element model established in this study is able to
analyze the local buckling of the steel beam flange under compression, and that this model can be applied for
the steel beam in the composite beam subjected to hogging moment.
Fig. 5:FE Model of steel beamFig. 6:Deformed shape of steel beam
Fig. 7: Moment-rotation curves
(2) Slab Model
In the reinforced concrete member, the tensile force in the cracked zone is mainly sustained by the
reinforcement. However, the concrete present between the cracks also sustains the tensile force to a certain
extent owing to the bond action between the reinforcement and concrete, and contributes thus to the stiffness of
the whole member. In order to search for a modeling method adapted to the analysis of the composite beam
subjected to hogging moment, analysis is carried out on a reinforced concrete bar member (20×20×400)
subjected to uni-axial tension and the results are compared to the experimental results of Bergner [23]. In the
5. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
10
analysis, the compressive and tensile strengths of concrete are respectively 108 N/mm2
and 3.1 N/mm2
, the yield
strength of the rebar is 500 N/mm2
with a reinforcement ratio of about 1.55%, and loading is applied through
displacement control.
Fig. 8 depicts the finite element model of the reinforced concrete bar. Only the half of the original
specimen is modeled considering its symmetry. The concrete part is modeled by three-dimensional 8-node
elements. Axial elements are used for the reinforcement to allow only tension or compression, and the nodes are
shared with those of the concrete elements.
Fig. 9 compares the analytical and experimental results. It can be seen that the overall tensile behavior
is comparatively well simulated by the finite element model with the linear region before the initiation of cracks
and the region after deformation of 1.5 mm/m. However, there is some difference in the region between 0.1 to
1.5 mm/m in which cracks develop continuously. The cause of such discrepancy can be found in the
impossibility of the simplified model to reproduce the continuous occurrence of brittle and irregular cracks and
simulate the corresponding deformation and stress redistribution.
Fig.8: FEModel of RC bar Fig. 9: FE analysis results.
(3) Model of the entire composite beam including shear connection
The model shown in Fig. 10 and developed for the analysis of the shear composite action in push-out
specimen is applied for the shear connection at the interface between the concrete slab and steel beam [18-21].
The studs are modeled by beam elements for simplicity. In addition, the contact area between the stud and
concrete in the FEM model is modeled so as to enable interaction by establishing a constraint equation for the
displacement occurring at the common node. The verification of the validity of the adopted model is skipped
here as it has been already provided in former research results [18-21]. Fig. 11 depicts the three-dimensional
finite element model of the entire composite beam including the shear connection. The modeling methods for
the steel beam and the slab are those analyzed in sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2. The composite interface between the
slab and the upper flange of the steel beam is modeled by contact surface element so as to enable load transfer
through contact between the members.
Figs. 12 and 13 compare respectively the deflection at mid-span and the slip developed between the
steel beam and slab at 1/4 of the span with the experimental results [13]. The comparison of the load-deflection
curves reveals the accuracy of the model in simulating the loss of stiffness after the initiation of cracks and the
flexural compressive buckling of the upper flange of the steel beam after yielding of the reinforcement.
In Fig. 13, the experimental load-slip curves indicate that slip does practically not occur due to the
action of the chemical bond before load of about 290 kN but show comparatively good agreement between the
analytical and experimental results after fracture caused by repeated loading. As observed in the preparatory
steps of main experiment of Sedlacek et al. [13], the chemical bond developed at the composite interface was
seen to fail after 25 cycles under loading corresponding to approximately 40% of the peak load. Accordingly,
the composite action provided by this chemical bond is not considered in the finite element analysis.
6. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
11
Fig. 10:Model of the shear connection[18-21] Fig. 11: 3D FE model of the composite beam
Fig. 12:Comparison of load-deflection curve. Fig. 13:Comparison of load-slip curve
Fig. 14: Comparison of rebar strain Fig. 15: Comparison of steel beam strain
Figs. 14 and 15 compare the strains measured at mid-span in the tensile reinforcement and steel beam
to the analytical values. The load-strain curves obtained analytically show relatively good agreement with the
experimental results. The error in the ratio of the increase of the load relative to the enlargement of the strain is
seen to remain limited indicating that the analytical results are close to the experimental ones.
7. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
12
In view of these observations, we have seen that the analysis is able to reproduce adequately the overall
load-deflection behavior of the composite beam as well as the slip behavior at the composite interface. Similarly
to the comparison of the strain, local deformation can also be comparatively well simulated by the analysis.
Therefore, it can be presumed that the effect of the tensile behavior of the concrete slab on the composite action
provided by the studs can be evaluated through the examination of the analytical results.
IV. INFLUENCE OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOR OF THE SLAB ON THE BEHAVIOR
OF SHEAR CONNECTION
Since the resultant of the shear force developed in the shear connectors is in equilibrium with the
tensile force acting on the slab, the slip behavior of the shear connection is naturally closely related to the tensile
behavior of the slab. In order to investigate this relationship, comparison is done between the behavior of the
shear studs in the composite beam B400 and the experimental results from push-out test [13]. Figs. 16(a), (b)
and (c) compare respectively the analytical load-slip curves of the studs located near the supports, at L/4 and at
0.15L from mid-span with the push-out test results. Here, the comparison with the push-out test results intends
to take the corresponding load-slip relation as reference when comparing mutually the results obtained in this
study.
As shown in Fig. 16(a), slip behavior similar to the push-out test is realized for the shear studs located
near the supports where there is practically no occurrence of cracks compared to the other regions and with
small crack width when cracking occurs. However, in Figs. 16(b) and (c), the shear force sustained by the studs
located at L/4 and around 0.15L from mid-span appears to be comparatively smaller. It can be seen that the
shear studs nearby 0.15L from mid-span support shear force corresponding to 68% of the push-out test results.
(a) near support of composite beam
(b) at L/4 of span
8. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
13
(c) at 0.15L from center of composite beam
Fig. 16:Load-slip curves of studs and load-strain curvesof rebar
atrepresentativelocationsin the composite beam
The transient reduction of the load appearing in the analytical results of Figs. 16(b) and (c) can be
explained as follows. The load sustained by the concrete part of the slab decreases with the occurrence of cracks
in the slab and becomes gradually more supported by the rebar. The transient reduction of the load can be seen
as reflecting the tensile behavior of concrete owing to the direct contact between the studs and concrete as
shown in the analytical model of Fig. 10. For example, it can be assumed that continuous load-slip relation
would be achieved if the studs are modeled by 3D solid elements and if contact surface elements are applied for
the interface. However, such modeling method would be unaffordable in term of the efficiency of analysis.
In view of the change in the slip stiffness appearing in the load-slip curve, an initial stiffness of 381.3
kN/mm is developed for the studs at the supports and is similar to that observed for the studs at mid-span and
L/4 of the span. However, the stiffness after cracking of the slab drops down respectively to 251.3 and 251.8
kN/mm, which indicates a stiffness loss at identical loading stage. Thereafter and according to the increasing
load, the slip stiffness tends to experience clear decrease at each location compared to the initial values. For
example, in the push-out test, a stiffness of 140.9 kN/mm corresponding to approximately 37% of the initial
stiffness is observed under the action of a shear force of 85 kN. However, a stiffness of 62.6 kN/mm is
developed by the studs located near mid-span in loading stage supporting shear force running around 60 to 85
kN. This stiffness corresponds to 16.4% of the initial stiffness and 24.9% of the post-cracking stiffness.
The point to be stressed here is the quasi-synchronous occurrence of the start of the clear decrease in
the slip stiffness of the studs and the change in the increase of strain of the rebar as can be observed by
comparing the load-slip curves of the studs and load-strain curves of the rebar in Fig. 16. Consequently, the
load-slip behavior of the studs in the composite beam subjected to hogging moment appears to be influenced by
the tensile behavior of reinforced concrete. Compared to the supports with small bending moment and relatively
less occurrence of cracks, the studs located at L/4 and mid-span experience larger loss of stiffness. Especially,
the stiffness loss is more pronounced in the studs at mid-span.
In view of these results, the slip stiffness and shear force sustained by the studs appears to be
significantly smaller in regions with concentrated occurrence of cracks than in other regions. As reported in the
experimental works of Fabbrocino&Pecce [9]andLoh et al. [24], it seems favorable to conduct design so as to
avoid the arrangement of shear studs or to achieve partial composition by providing larger spacing between the
studs in regions with crack concentration not only in term of the ductility of the entire structure but also in term
of design efficiency.
V. CONCLUSIONS
This study developed a 3D finite element model reproducing as possible the actual shape and material
properties of the concrete slab, steel beam and shear studs composing the composite beam so as to analyze the
behavior of the composite beam subjected to hogging moment. With regard to the verification of the validity of
the adopted analytical model, the 3D model appeared to be also appropriate for the analysis of local behaviors
like the slip behavior of the shear connection. The analytical model enabled us to examine the influence of the
tensile behavior of the slab in the composite beam subjected to hogging moment on the structural behavior
including the slip stiffness and maximum shear force of the shear connection. From the analysis results, it was
seen that the shear studs located in regions with crack concentration sustained significantly smaller shear force
and developed smaller slip stiffness than the studs in other regions. Moreover, the reduction in the slip stiffness
of the shear connection appeared to be closely related to the change in the strain of tensile rebar according to the
9. Influence of tensile behaviour of slab on the structural behaviour of shear connection in composite...
14
increase of the load. In the future, experimental and analytical studies shall be conducted considering variables
such as the rebar ratio and arrangement of shear connectors to achieve efficient design of the shear connection in
composite beams subjected to hogging moment.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research was supported by a grant from Constructional Research & Development
Program(14SCIP-C078607-01), “Development of Korea Performance-Based Evaluation Techniques of
Performance-Centered Management and Operation for SOC Structures” funded by Ministry of Land,
Infrastructure and Transport(MOLIT) of Korea government and Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology
Advancement(KAIA).
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