The objective of the present investigation was to study the protective role of High dietary protein on arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity in rats was caused by arsenic tri oxide at a dose of 3mg- /ml/kg body weight. Hepamerz, a drug used as standard hepatoprotective agent, was administered orally as standard hepatoprotective agent for 14 consecutive days prior to arsenic treatment at a dose of 10mg- /ml/kg body weight. This drug has many side effects. These side effects have prompted the scientific world for the search of alternative natural remedies of liver damage. The High dietary protein was administered orally to rats along with arsenic. The biochemical parameters were investigated. The results indicated that biochemical changes produced by arsenic were restored to almost normal by High protein diet. The High protein diet produced hepatoprotective effect through the modulation of antioxidant - mediated mechanism by altering serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels - against arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.
Effect of Antioxidant status on liver following Atrazine exposure and its pro...IOSR Journals
The efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extract was studied on atrazine induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract of AP (150mg/kg body weight) was found to protect the male wistar rats from hepato toxic action of atrazine as evidence by significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant defense system activity in the atrazine intoxicated rats. However, AP treatment ameliorated the effects of atrazine suggesting it as potential antioxidant against atrazine induced oxidative stress.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
The document discusses the anti-tumor activity of the ethanolic extract of Epipremnum aureum (Money Plant) leaves. It aims to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of the extract against Dalton's lymphoma in mice. The methodology involves preparation of the ethanolic extract, acute toxicity testing in mice, in vitro MTT and trypan blue assays on DAL cell lines, and in vivo anticancer studies using DAL tumor-induced mice models. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and other compounds in the extract. In vitro antioxidant assays showed good nitric oxide and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
This document provides information about a PhD scholar named Haseeb Ahsan who is exploring the therapeutic potential of Naproxen derivatives in treating rheumatoid arthritis under the supervision of Dr. Alamgeer. It introduces rheumatoid arthritis and issues with current treatments. The scholar hypothesizes that newly synthesized Naproxen derivatives will have anti-arthritic effects and safety. The document outlines plans to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vitro and in animal models of arthritis, and to assess toxicity.
Effect of Antioxidant status on liver following Atrazine exposure and its pro...IOSR Journals
The efficacy of Andrographis paniculata (AP) extract was studied on atrazine induced hepatic damage in rats. Ethanolic extract of AP (150mg/kg body weight) was found to protect the male wistar rats from hepato toxic action of atrazine as evidence by significant reduction in the level of lipid peroxidation and increased the antioxidant defense system activity in the atrazine intoxicated rats. However, AP treatment ameliorated the effects of atrazine suggesting it as potential antioxidant against atrazine induced oxidative stress.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The study investigated the effects of methoxychlor (MXC), an organochlorine pesticide, on liver and kidney function in rats and the potential protective effects of propolis. Rats were exposed to MXC, propolis, or both for 6 or 12 months. MXC exposure significantly increased liver enzymes and oxidative stress markers in the liver and caused histological damage. It also increased kidney dysfunction biomarkers and caused tubular degeneration. Co-administration of propolis with MXC ameliorated many of the toxic effects of MXC on the liver and kidney, decreasing oxidative stress and normalizing biomarker levels. The study suggests that propolis has protective effects against MXC-induced toxicity in
Effect of astaxanthin on ethylene glycol induced nephrolithiasisIOSR Journals
Nephrolithiasis is one of the most common and painful of urological disorders with a high prevalence rate. The role of calcium oxalate crystals, which are the predominant component of kidney stones in generating oxidative stress, have been clearly demonstrated in previous studies. Astaxanthin, found in marine organisms is a dietary xanthophyll carotenoid with enhanced antioxidative properties and pharmacological effects. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this natural antioxidant, at a daily dose of 25mg/kg in experimental calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in male Wistar rats. Liver function markers, hepatic antioxidants, albumin creatinine ratios, renal calcium content and changes in body and kidney weight have been studied to evaluate the effect of this carotenoid in vivo. The effect of citrate, a component of most pharmaceutical drugs for management of nephrolithiasis has also been evaluated for the purpose of comparison with astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin is seen to exert a protective effect on the liver and kidney tissues in ethylene glycol treated rats by improving the liver function, restoring the activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the albumin creatinine ratios and calcium levels and maintaining the organ to body weight ratio. Our results also indicate that astaxanthin administration is more beneficial than citrate treatment
The document discusses the anti-tumor activity of the ethanolic extract of Epipremnum aureum (Money Plant) leaves. It aims to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of the extract against Dalton's lymphoma in mice. The methodology involves preparation of the ethanolic extract, acute toxicity testing in mice, in vitro MTT and trypan blue assays on DAL cell lines, and in vivo anticancer studies using DAL tumor-induced mice models. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and other compounds in the extract. In vitro antioxidant assays showed good nitric oxide and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the extract.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
This document provides information about a PhD scholar named Haseeb Ahsan who is exploring the therapeutic potential of Naproxen derivatives in treating rheumatoid arthritis under the supervision of Dr. Alamgeer. It introduces rheumatoid arthritis and issues with current treatments. The scholar hypothesizes that newly synthesized Naproxen derivatives will have anti-arthritic effects and safety. The document outlines plans to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of compounds in vitro and in animal models of arthritis, and to assess toxicity.
This study examined the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure on the uterus of adult female rats. Rats were orally administered DEHP at doses of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Key findings include:
1) Serum estradiol levels were unchanged in the 1 and 10 mg groups but marginally increased in the 100 mg group. Progesterone levels increased in the 1 and 10 mg groups.
2) Histological examination found structural abnormalities in the uterus such as decreased diameter and thinning of layers in the 10 and 100 mg groups.
3) mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha decreased in the 100 mg
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the ameliorative effects of Murraya Koenigii (curry leaves) on arsenic-induced toxicity in mice. The study found that mice exposed to arsenic for 4 weeks exhibited elevated levels of liver and kidney biomarkers as well as lipid peroxidation. However, administering an aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii to arsenic-exposed mice for 4-6 weeks significantly reduced the elevated levels of these biochemical markers and lipid peroxidation, indicating that Murraya Koenigii has antidote effects and can effectively treat arsenic toxicity.
The study aimed to examine the protective effects of taxifolin on cisplatin-induced kidney damage in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a healthy control group, a cisplatin group, and a taxifolin-cisplatin group. The cisplatin group was given cisplatin only, while the taxifolin-cisplatin group was given both taxifolin and cisplatin. After 14 days, biomarkers of kidney damage were measured in blood and tissue samples. Histological examination of kidney tissue was also performed. The results showed that cisplatin increased oxidative stress markers and kidney damage, while taxifolin prevented these effects of cisplatin and reduced kidney damage. The study demonstrated
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Tenderization of camel meat by using fresh ginger (zingiber officinale) extractAlexander Decker
- The document examines using ginger extract to tenderize aged camel meat. Camel meat chunks were marinated with different concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45% v/w) of ginger extract for 48 hours.
- The 30% ginger extract treatment showed the best results in improving water holding capacity, tenderness, and sensory attributes compared to the control.
- Samples treated with 30% ginger extract were then gamma irradiated at doses from 0-4.5 kGy to extend shelf-life while maintaining quality and safety during refrigerated storage.
In-Vitro and In-Vitro antiinflammtory activity of proton pump inhibitorsShital Magar
This study evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects of various proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole. In-vitro, the PPIs reduced viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages and inhibited release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 when stimulated with LPS. In-vivo, the PPIs reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and pain responses in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting nitric oxide and cytokine production. The results demonstrate the PPIs have significant anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of cytokines both
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
1) The study characterized the hypoglycemic effects of a glycoprotein purified from the edible brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (UPGP).
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent inhibition of yeast and rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.29 mg/mL, respectively.
3) UPGP inhibition of alpha-glucosidase was stable under different temperatures and when exposed to metal ions. UPGP inhibition decreased slightly during gastric digestion but increased during duodenal digestion.
This document discusses antioxidative properties of kefir, a fermented milk product. It begins with an introduction that provides background on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the body. It then describes what kefir is and previous research showing some of its health benefits. The objectives of the study were to investigate various antioxidative properties of cow and goat milk kefirs, including radical scavenging ability, reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and enzyme activity. A series of experiments were conducted to measure these properties and compare kefirs to unfermented cow and goat milks. The results demonstrated that kefirs have significantly greater antioxidative effects than milks in areas like scavenging DPPH and superoxide
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
Objective(s):
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their potential applications in aerospace engineering, nanoelectronics, and environmental remediation, medicine and consumer products. More importantly is the potential for the application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the treatment of diseases that require maintenance of circulating drug concentration or targeting of specific cells or organs the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of Ag NP antioxidative biomarkers in rats. Ag NPs are used to investigate the potential risks for the environment and health.
Materials and Methods:
Rats received Ag NP, 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day IP. After two week of treatment, the activity of enzymatic scavengers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of blood samples were measured.
Results:
Ag NP in 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced activities of CAT, SOD and increased TAC in plasma.
Conclusion:
In this study, Ag NP with 500mg/kg induced activities of CAT, SOD and decreased TAC. It is concluded that antioxidative properties of Ag NP is dose dependent.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
Biochemical and pharmacological study of biologically active preparation of p...inventionjournals
Our aim was to perform some biochemical and pharmacological studies of bioactive bovine placental preparation via digestion of cow placenta using enzyme contained in swine stomach. Amino acid compositions and contents in biologically active preparation of placenta, obtained by digestion of cow placenta with enzyme contained in swine stomach were measured by HPLC technique and it was found that contents of such amino acids as glycine, proline and lysine were highest and 9 essential amino acids, including valine, histidine, methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, phenylalanine, leucine and isoleucine were measured. In pharmacological study, acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation and effect of the preparation on immune response to sheep erythrocyte were investigated in white mice, weighing 18 to 20 g each. The study revealed acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation was 60 ml per kg. Spleen index of the first and second experimental group animals treated by the preparation during both provoked and unprovoked immune responses increased by 1.2 to 3.09 times as compared to that of negative control animals, while splenocyte count elevated by 1.2 to 2.2 times than negative control animals. Higher contents of essential amino acids of the biologically active preparation of cattle placenta shows its biologically higher nutritive value, as well as pharmacological study reveals the preparation has minimal toxicity and higher effect to stimulate immune responses.
Simple Thinking Makes Chemistry Metabolic and Interesting - A Review ArticleIOSR Journals
First of all I give my love to all the students who reside in ‘Chemistry Phobia zone’. In this short article I shall try to share my simple thinking that I achieved during my last 16 years of journey in the route of Chemical Education. Before starting my journey it was a big encounter for me to change the conventional methods and makes chemistry easier and interesting to such student who belongs to Chemistry Paranoia Zone. I believe that students are just like flowers and it is our duty to nourish them properly as a gardener. In my infinitely small area of knowledge, I just try to innovate fourteen (14) teaching methodologies by including thirty four (34) completely new formulae in the chemistry world which were followed by different eminent writers in their books since last 90-95 years namely Sir G.Wilkinson, Prof. F. Albert Cotton, Prof. I.L.Finar, Prof. R.T. Morrison, Prof. R.N. Boyd, Prof. Solomons and Prof. Fryhle, Prof. J.G. Smith etc..
The document evaluates the environmental impact of parts made from different materials used in the transmission group of a scooter called Activa. It conducts a life cycle assessment from cradle to gate of parts made from plastic, steel, rubber, and aluminum. The major impacts were found to be ecotoxicity in water (both chronic and acute) and human toxicity from air emissions. Parts made from rubber showed the highest impact in these categories due to some substances with very high emission values, though steel parts had the highest overall impact. The study concludes there is scope to improve environmental impacts by selecting more suitable materials at the design stage without affecting functionality.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
The document discusses using Six Sigma methodology to identify the root causes of lining thickness variation defects in brake shoes during production. Six Sigma is a quality improvement process used to reduce defects by minimizing variation and improving manufacturing processes. The company was experiencing high rejection rates due to lining thickness variation defects, resulting in increased rework and scrap costs. The author aims to apply the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control phases of Six Sigma to identify the root causes of the defects and reduce rejection levels. Data on production volumes and defects over the last six months was collected and analyzed. An Ishikawa diagram was created to identify potential causes of the defects related to materials, machines, methods, measurements and personnel.
This document summarizes an approach to enhance security in a content-based publish/subscribe system using identity-based encryption. It discusses using identity-based encryption to generate public and private keys for publishers and subscribers. When a publisher encrypts an event using attribute-based encryption, the encrypted event can only be decrypted by a subscriber if their private key matches the credential embedded in the encrypted event. This allows the encrypted event to be routed to the correct subscriber without revealing the event contents. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed approach through simulation studies.
This study examined the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure on the uterus of adult female rats. Rats were orally administered DEHP at doses of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Key findings include:
1) Serum estradiol levels were unchanged in the 1 and 10 mg groups but marginally increased in the 100 mg group. Progesterone levels increased in the 1 and 10 mg groups.
2) Histological examination found structural abnormalities in the uterus such as decreased diameter and thinning of layers in the 10 and 100 mg groups.
3) mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha decreased in the 100 mg
1. The study investigated the preventive and curative effects of Artemisia absinthium extract on acetaminophen- and CC14-induced hepatic damage in mice and rats.
2. Pretreatment with the plant extract prevented the rise in serum transaminase levels caused by acetaminophen and CC14, indicating a protective effect against hepatic injury.
3. Post-treatment with the extract after acetaminophen administration restricted hepatic damage, but had no effect on CC14-induced hepatotoxicity. The extract also prolonged pentobarbital-induced sleep, suggesting inhibitory effects on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the ameliorative effects of Murraya Koenigii (curry leaves) on arsenic-induced toxicity in mice. The study found that mice exposed to arsenic for 4 weeks exhibited elevated levels of liver and kidney biomarkers as well as lipid peroxidation. However, administering an aqueous extract of Murraya Koenigii to arsenic-exposed mice for 4-6 weeks significantly reduced the elevated levels of these biochemical markers and lipid peroxidation, indicating that Murraya Koenigii has antidote effects and can effectively treat arsenic toxicity.
The study aimed to examine the protective effects of taxifolin on cisplatin-induced kidney damage in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: a healthy control group, a cisplatin group, and a taxifolin-cisplatin group. The cisplatin group was given cisplatin only, while the taxifolin-cisplatin group was given both taxifolin and cisplatin. After 14 days, biomarkers of kidney damage were measured in blood and tissue samples. Histological examination of kidney tissue was also performed. The results showed that cisplatin increased oxidative stress markers and kidney damage, while taxifolin prevented these effects of cisplatin and reduced kidney damage. The study demonstrated
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Tenderization of camel meat by using fresh ginger (zingiber officinale) extractAlexander Decker
- The document examines using ginger extract to tenderize aged camel meat. Camel meat chunks were marinated with different concentrations (0, 15, 30, 45% v/w) of ginger extract for 48 hours.
- The 30% ginger extract treatment showed the best results in improving water holding capacity, tenderness, and sensory attributes compared to the control.
- Samples treated with 30% ginger extract were then gamma irradiated at doses from 0-4.5 kGy to extend shelf-life while maintaining quality and safety during refrigerated storage.
In-Vitro and In-Vitro antiinflammtory activity of proton pump inhibitorsShital Magar
This study evaluated the in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects of various proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) including omeprazole, lansoprazole, and esomeprazole. In-vitro, the PPIs reduced viability of RAW 264.7 macrophages and inhibited release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 when stimulated with LPS. In-vivo, the PPIs reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats and pain responses in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting nitric oxide and cytokine production. The results demonstrate the PPIs have significant anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of cytokines both
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
Antioxidant Activity of Indian Medicinal Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv. NjavaraIJAEMSJORNAL
A study was conducted to find out the antioxidant activity of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv. Njavara. Two eco types of Njavara rice Njavara black (NB) and Njavara yellow (NY) were procured from RRS, Moncompu and one eco type of Hraswa was obtained from ARS, Mannuthy. Hraswa was treated as the control. Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, total antioxidant activity, total phenols, zinc and selenium (Se) were estimated. The results of the antioxidant properties revealed that for DPPH scavenging activity and hydroxyl radical activity NY had highest antioxidant activity. For superoxide radical scavenging activity, NB had the highest activity. Present investigation showed that as the concentration increased, the reducing power of all the rice varieties increased and the highest reducing power was shown by NB. NY had shown the highest total antioxidant activity. Present study revealed that among the three rice varieties NB had the highest total phenol content. Zn content was slightly higher in NY than NB. The present study revealed that control variety Hraswa had the highest Se content.
1) The study characterized the hypoglycemic effects of a glycoprotein purified from the edible brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida (UPGP).
2) UPGP showed dose-dependent inhibition of yeast and rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 values of 0.11 and 0.29 mg/mL, respectively.
3) UPGP inhibition of alpha-glucosidase was stable under different temperatures and when exposed to metal ions. UPGP inhibition decreased slightly during gastric digestion but increased during duodenal digestion.
This document discusses antioxidative properties of kefir, a fermented milk product. It begins with an introduction that provides background on reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the body. It then describes what kefir is and previous research showing some of its health benefits. The objectives of the study were to investigate various antioxidative properties of cow and goat milk kefirs, including radical scavenging ability, reducing power, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and enzyme activity. A series of experiments were conducted to measure these properties and compare kefirs to unfermented cow and goat milks. The results demonstrated that kefirs have significantly greater antioxidative effects than milks in areas like scavenging DPPH and superoxide
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
Objective(s):
Nanotechnology and nanoparticles are increasingly recognized for their potential applications in aerospace engineering, nanoelectronics, and environmental remediation, medicine and consumer products. More importantly is the potential for the application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in the treatment of diseases that require maintenance of circulating drug concentration or targeting of specific cells or organs the aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective role of Ag NP antioxidative biomarkers in rats. Ag NPs are used to investigate the potential risks for the environment and health.
Materials and Methods:
Rats received Ag NP, 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day IP. After two week of treatment, the activity of enzymatic scavengers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of blood samples were measured.
Results:
Ag NP in 5, 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg reduced activities of CAT, SOD and increased TAC in plasma.
Conclusion:
In this study, Ag NP with 500mg/kg induced activities of CAT, SOD and decreased TAC. It is concluded that antioxidative properties of Ag NP is dose dependent.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
Biochemical and pharmacological study of biologically active preparation of p...inventionjournals
Our aim was to perform some biochemical and pharmacological studies of bioactive bovine placental preparation via digestion of cow placenta using enzyme contained in swine stomach. Amino acid compositions and contents in biologically active preparation of placenta, obtained by digestion of cow placenta with enzyme contained in swine stomach were measured by HPLC technique and it was found that contents of such amino acids as glycine, proline and lysine were highest and 9 essential amino acids, including valine, histidine, methionine, lysine, threonine, arginine, phenylalanine, leucine and isoleucine were measured. In pharmacological study, acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation and effect of the preparation on immune response to sheep erythrocyte were investigated in white mice, weighing 18 to 20 g each. The study revealed acute toxicity (LD50) of the preparation was 60 ml per kg. Spleen index of the first and second experimental group animals treated by the preparation during both provoked and unprovoked immune responses increased by 1.2 to 3.09 times as compared to that of negative control animals, while splenocyte count elevated by 1.2 to 2.2 times than negative control animals. Higher contents of essential amino acids of the biologically active preparation of cattle placenta shows its biologically higher nutritive value, as well as pharmacological study reveals the preparation has minimal toxicity and higher effect to stimulate immune responses.
Simple Thinking Makes Chemistry Metabolic and Interesting - A Review ArticleIOSR Journals
First of all I give my love to all the students who reside in ‘Chemistry Phobia zone’. In this short article I shall try to share my simple thinking that I achieved during my last 16 years of journey in the route of Chemical Education. Before starting my journey it was a big encounter for me to change the conventional methods and makes chemistry easier and interesting to such student who belongs to Chemistry Paranoia Zone. I believe that students are just like flowers and it is our duty to nourish them properly as a gardener. In my infinitely small area of knowledge, I just try to innovate fourteen (14) teaching methodologies by including thirty four (34) completely new formulae in the chemistry world which were followed by different eminent writers in their books since last 90-95 years namely Sir G.Wilkinson, Prof. F. Albert Cotton, Prof. I.L.Finar, Prof. R.T. Morrison, Prof. R.N. Boyd, Prof. Solomons and Prof. Fryhle, Prof. J.G. Smith etc..
The document evaluates the environmental impact of parts made from different materials used in the transmission group of a scooter called Activa. It conducts a life cycle assessment from cradle to gate of parts made from plastic, steel, rubber, and aluminum. The major impacts were found to be ecotoxicity in water (both chronic and acute) and human toxicity from air emissions. Parts made from rubber showed the highest impact in these categories due to some substances with very high emission values, though steel parts had the highest overall impact. The study concludes there is scope to improve environmental impacts by selecting more suitable materials at the design stage without affecting functionality.
This document describes a proposed approach called Resource Allocation with Connection Admission Control (RA-CAC) and Adaptive Rate Scheduling (ARS) to improve quality of service for real-time traffic in WCDMA networks. The RA-CAC algorithm determines the optimal number of users to admit while minimizing call rejection rates. The ARS then adjusts transmission rates of admitted sessions based on feedback to better utilize network resources. Simulation results showed this approach increased delivery ratio, throughput and reduced delays compared to other resource allocation methods.
The document discusses using Six Sigma methodology to identify the root causes of lining thickness variation defects in brake shoes during production. Six Sigma is a quality improvement process used to reduce defects by minimizing variation and improving manufacturing processes. The company was experiencing high rejection rates due to lining thickness variation defects, resulting in increased rework and scrap costs. The author aims to apply the Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control phases of Six Sigma to identify the root causes of the defects and reduce rejection levels. Data on production volumes and defects over the last six months was collected and analyzed. An Ishikawa diagram was created to identify potential causes of the defects related to materials, machines, methods, measurements and personnel.
This document summarizes an approach to enhance security in a content-based publish/subscribe system using identity-based encryption. It discusses using identity-based encryption to generate public and private keys for publishers and subscribers. When a publisher encrypts an event using attribute-based encryption, the encrypted event can only be decrypted by a subscriber if their private key matches the credential embedded in the encrypted event. This allows the encrypted event to be routed to the correct subscriber without revealing the event contents. The document evaluates the performance of the proposed approach through simulation studies.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dual-input single-stage inverter topology for standalone solar photovoltaic systems to provide electricity in rural areas without access to the electric grid. The proposed system uses a maximum power point tracking algorithm and boost converter to increase the low voltage from the solar panels. It then uses a single-stage boost inverter with sinusoidal pulse width modulation to efficiently convert the solar DC power to high-quality AC power for loads without additional filters or protections. Simulation and experimental results showed the system could boost input voltages and produce 230V AC output for rural electrification with reduced components compared to traditional two-stage inverter designs.
The document presents a case study on implementing Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) on a CNC table type boring and milling machine at a heavy machinery manufacturing industry. Initial OEE calculations found the machine's OEE to be 62%, below the world-class level of 85%. Suggestions were made to reduce changeover, break, and downtime which improved OEE to 75%. Further improvements could bring OEE closer to the target world-class level.
This document proposes a system for sentiment classification in Hindi language texts. It involves building a training dataset from Hindi corpora by identifying sentiment scores. A classification model is then built and applied to new test data to predict sentiment. Key steps include tokenization, removing stop words, stemming using a Hindi stemmer, identifying sentiment using Hindi WordNet, and aggregating word-level sentiment scores to determine overall sentiment. Challenges noted include limited coverage of Hindi WordNet and accuracy issues. Future work could focus on expanding Hindi WordNet. The proposed system aims to efficiently classify sentiment in Hindi texts.
This document analyzes the electro-thermal stress and strain in a functionally graded metal (FGM) line under a direct current field. The FGM line is composed of copper and aluminum with properties varying linearly along the length. A finite difference method is used to numerically solve the coupled electrical, thermal, and mechanical equations. The results show that thermal stress and strain in the FGM line are between those of pure copper and aluminum lines. Maximum stress and strain occur slightly offset from the midpoint in the FGM line. Buried lines experience higher stress and strain than bare lines due to lack of convective cooling at the surface.
Ethnobotanical Euphorbian plants of North Maharashtra RegionIOSR Journals
Euphorbiaceae is among the large flowering plant families consisting of a wide variety of vegetative
forms. Some of which plants are of great importance, It is need to explore traditional medicinal knowledge of
plant materials belonging to various genera of Euphorbiaceae available in North Maharashtra State. Plants
have always been the source of food, medicine and other necessities of life since the origin of human being.
Plant containing ethnomedicinal properties have been known and used in some forms or other tribal
communities of Satpuda region. These tribal have their own system of Ethnomedicine for the treatment of
different ailments. In the course of survey useful Euphorbian plants of Satpuda, 34 medicinal plants belonging
to 18 genus is documented. This article reports their botanical identity, family name, local language name part
used preparations and doses, if any. It is observed that tribes of this region uses various Euphorbian plant in
the form of decoction, infusion, extract, paste, powder etc. Thus the knowledge area of this region with respect
to ethnomedicine would be useful for botanist, pharmacologist and phytochemist for further explorations. It is
concluded that the family is a good starting point for the search for plant-based medicines.
“Prevalent Clinical Entities Of Hilly Regions, Aetio-Pathogenesis Factors, An...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on prevalent clinical conditions in hilly regions and their relationship to various etiological factors. The study examined numerous surgical and medical conditions with high prevalence in hilly areas, including ano-rectal pathologies, uterine prolapse, hernias, varicose veins, musculoskeletal issues, and infections. It analyzed various causative factors such as climate, physical activity, nutrition, trauma, infections, and gravitational forces resulting from terrain. The study found demonstrable links between etiological factors, pathophysiological changes, disease progression, management approaches, and outcomes. It concludes that recognizing the role of causative factors can help with diagnosis, treatment guidelines, and implementing prevention strategies through lifestyle modifications and awareness programs
Novel Way to Isolate Adipose Derive Mesenchymal Stem Cells & Its Future Clini...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), were isolated from discarded human fat tissue, obtained from csection with our recently modified methods, in Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Lab, VSBT. Here we develop
two methods to isolate Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells with enzyme digestion and use of
phosphatidylcholine and deoxycholate. Surface protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry to
characterize the cell phenotype. The multi-lineage potential of ADSCs was testified by differentiating cells with
adipogenic inducer. ADSCs can be cultured in vitro for up to one month without passage. Also, the flow
cytometry analysis showed that ADSCs expressed high levels of stem cell related surface marker CD105.
ADSCs have strong proliferation ability, maintain their phenotypes, and have stronger multi-differentiation
potential. The molecular basis of ADSC differentiation was studied using bioinformatics tools with an aim to
identify the key proteins involved in differentiation, such that they could be used as potential targets for drug
development for the treatment of obesity. The key proteins involved were found to be PPARG and C/EBPα. The
structures of the proteins were retrieved from MMDB (Molecular Modelling Database) and PDB (Protein Data
Bank) respectively. Key Words: Adipose-derived stem cells, Mesenchymal stem cells, Enzyme digestion, Phosphatidylcholine, Deoxycholate, PPARG, C/EBPα, etc.
m - projective curvature tensor on a Lorentzian para – Sasakian manifoldsIOSR Journals
In this paper we studied m-projectively flat, m-projectively conservative, 𝜑-m-projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold. It has also been proved that quasi m- projectively flat LP-Sasakian manifold is locally isometric to the unit sphere 𝑆𝑛(1) if and only if 𝑀𝑛 is m-projectively flat.
Leather Quality Estimation Using an Automated Machine Vision SystemIOSR Journals
This document describes a proposed machine vision system to automate the inspection and quality estimation of leather materials. Key steps of the proposed methodology include image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation of defects, computation of defect features like location, area, perimeter, and a histogram analysis to estimate surface smoothness. These quantitative defect features would be compiled into a feature vector to objectively determine the quality of the leather in a standardized way. Related works on automated leather inspection and applications of machine vision in leather manufacturing processes are also reviewed. The proposed system aims to provide repeatable, consistent and time-efficient leather quality assessment compared to manual inspection.
Influence of chimney effect on the radon effective dose of the lung simulated...IOSR Journals
One of the well-known radon prone areas of the world is Ramsar in Iran, which is surrounded by the
Alborz Mountain in its southern part and Caspian Sea on the north. The annual effective dose in the district of
Talesh-Mahalleh is higher than the annual dose limits for radiation workers. In this study, the indoor radon
level and effective dose of the lung were estimated using a Prassi portable radon gas survey meter in a model
house containing top soil samples from different parts of Ramsar. For the extremely hot samples, the effective
dose of the lung in winter season was 27.75±2.55mSv, when the windows and exhaust part of chimney were
closed. However, when the chimney was turned on and the exhaust part of chimney was open, the effective dose
of the lung was reduced to 1.27±0.23mSv. Also the seasonal radon effective doses of the lung with other samples
were reduced to low values. The results suggest by using chimney effect and chimney heaters a significant
lessening of the radon seasonal effective dose in dwellings of Ramsar can be achieved.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrit...IOSR Journals
This document reviews 20 intervention studies that focused on physical activity and nutrition through school-based health promotion programs. The interventions ranged from 4 weeks to 3 years, targeted various grade levels, and involved teachers, parents, and other personnel. Most used randomized controlled trial designs. The interventions had diverse components related to physical activity, nutrition education, and changing behaviors. Results were mixed, with some interventions successfully increasing physical activity, nutrition knowledge, and healthy behaviors while others found no significant effects. Limitations included inadequate facilities, lack of long-term follow up, and recommendations focused on more intensive, multi-component interventions.
Chemical Examination of Sandbox (Hura Crepitans) Seed: Amino Acid and Seed Pr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Amino acid composition as well as the seed protein solubility of (Hura crepitans) seeds was studied. The chemical scores for the determined amino acids of the seed in % showed tryptophan, leucine, methionine and isoleucine with 175.71, 175.00, 161.82 and 134.52 as the most abundant amino acids in that order while lysine and phenylalanine with 44.29 and 45.71 respectively were the most limiting amino acids. The ratio of percentage essential and non-essential amino acids in the seed was found to be 79: 21. All the values determined for amino acids were higher than the FAO/WHO standard except for lysine, cysteine and phenylalanine where lower values were obtained. Four solvents (0.1M each of NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and NaCl) were used to test for solubility of the seed protein and out of these, 0.1M NaOH was found to be the most effective solvent compared to the deionized distilled water. The protein was found to be more soluble in the alkaline than the acidic medium with PH4 having the lowest protein solubility of 20% while PH8 have the highest solubility of 65% after which increasing pH do not increase solubility and a relative stability established. The outcome of this work is a useful indication of how well protein isolate would perform when they are applied to food and to the extent of protein denaturation due to chemical treatment,
This document summarizes a paper that points out a major error in Albert Einstein's 1905 paper on special relativity. Specifically, it shows that Einstein's assumption that the time coordinate of a moving clock (τ2) can be expressed as a function of the time (t) and spatial (x) coordinates of a stationary system is incorrect. An alternative derivation is presented that expresses τ2 in terms of t, x, the velocity (v) of the moving system, and other variables. This challenges one of the foundational assumptions of Einstein's original formulation of special relativity.
Capacity Spectrum Method for RC Building with Cracked and Uncracked SectionIOSR Journals
one of the most widespread procedures for the assessment of building behavior, due to earthquake, is the Capacity Spectrum Method (CSM). In the scope of this procedure, capacity of the structure compares with the demands of earthquake ground motion on the structure. The capacity of the structure is represented by a nonlinear force-displacement curve, referred to as a pushover curve. The base shear forces and roof displacements are converted to equivalent spectral accelerations and spectral displacements, respectively, by means of coefficients that represent effective modal masses and modal participation factors. These spectral values define the capacity spectrum. The demands of the earthquake ground motion are represented by response spectra. A graphical construction that includes both capacity and demand spectra, results in an intersection of the two curves that estimates the performance of the structure to the earthquake. In this study, for determination of the performance levels, G+10 R.C.C. Building with cracked and uncracked section were taken. The structural Capacity of cracked and uncracked section compared with performance point value, which shows the structural capacity of building having cracked section is lesser than the uncracked section. Different modeling issues were analyzed to study the effect on Capacity of the structure with cracked and uncracked section for different position of Shear wall.
This document summarizes the results of a study that investigated the dose-dependent effects of ginger in inhibiting oxidative stress and genotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Male rats were divided into several groups, including a control group, diabetic non-treated group, and diabetic groups treated with 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder. Ginger treatment was found to reduce blood glucose and lipid levels, modulate antioxidant enzymes, and reduce DNA damage and genotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner compared to untreated diabetic rats. The study suggests that ginger exerts protective effects against diabetes by reducing oxidative stress and genotoxicity in a dose-response manner.
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
The ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was investigated for antihyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Three tests were carried out to assess these activities. The extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of glucose absorption and showed hypoglycemic effects at rats weighing from 110 – 150 gram. The anti-diabetic effects were estimated by measuring the amount of glucose in the samples collected after the experiment. The extract at a dose level of 250mg/kg showed significant result (p<0.05) at 15 minutes and the dose level of 500mg/kg showed significant efficacy (p<0.05) at 10 and 15 minutes and the glucose absorption rates were 38.94±0.21, 34.99±1.91 and 40.86±0.07 respectively. The present study explored the extra pancreatic action of the plant in Long Evans rats. This study suggests that ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has anti-diabetic effects in a dose dependant manner and these may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of consuming ginger through diet on antioxidant status in rats. The following key points were reported:
- Rats were fed diets with 0%, 0.5%, 1%, or 5% ginger powder for 1 month.
- Ginger significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GSHPx) in rat livers.
- Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were significantly reduced in rat livers and kidneys of ginger-fed groups, indicating ginger's antioxidant effects.
- The findings suggest that regular ginger intake through diet can protect tissues against oxidative damage.
ISSN 2347-2251
It appears that you're describing the scope of a scientific journal. This journal covers a wide range of topics related to both Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Sciences of the journalism journals.
The Indo-American Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences is an online international journal that publishes articles quarterly.It's important to note that the specific policies, guidelines, and the editorial board of IAJPB may change over time, so it's advisable to visit the journal's official website or contact the journal of the research on journaling.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
1) The aqueous extract of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa roots showed hepatoprotective effects against liver damage induced by thioacetamide and allyl alcohol in rats.
2) Pretreatment with the extract significantly reduced elevated liver enzymes and normalized liver weight and volume caused by thioacetamide toxicity. The extract also prevented decreases in body weight and reduced necrosis caused by allyl alcohol.
3) The study demonstrates that the roots of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa have potent hepatoprotective properties against chemically-induced liver damage in rats.
The document analyzes the antioxidant capacity and total phenol content of four types of banana peels. Extracts were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using several assays. Results showed the peels had high antioxidant capacity and contained phenolic compounds like dopamine and L-dopa. The Rasthali peel extract exhibited the highest free radical scavenging ability and phenol content, while Pachainadan had the highest total antioxidant activity. The study demonstrates banana peels can be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
This study investigated the antioxidant activity of Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement in rats with chemically-induced liver toxicity. Rats were given carbon tetrachloride to cause liver damage and were treated with Cee'Rich Vitamin C supplement at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for 10 days. Biomarkers of liver damage (serum SGPT, SGOT, LDH) were decreased and antioxidant enzyme levels (SOD) were increased in rats treated with Cee'Rich compared to those that received only carbon tetrachloride, indicating a protective effect on the liver. The presence of flavonoids in Cee'Rich were found to exhibit significant antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties, protecting
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
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All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
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The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity In Albino Rat Model;A Possible Role Of Antioxidants.
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences (IOSR-JPBS)
e-ISSN: 2278-3008, p-ISSN:2319-7676. Volume 6, Issue 5 (May. – Jun. 2013), PP 20-25
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 20 | Page
The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced
Hepatotoxicity In Albino Rat Model;A Possible Role Of
Antioxidants.
Dr. Shyamal Kanti Das
Krishnath College, University of Kalyani, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.
Abstract: The objective of the present investigation was to study the protective role of High dietary protein on
arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity in rats was caused by arsenic tri
oxide at a dose of 3mg- /ml/kg body weight. Hepamerz, a drug used as standard hepatoprotective agent, was
administered orally as standard hepatoprotective agent for 14 consecutive days prior to arsenic treatment at a
dose of 10mg- /ml/kg body weight. This drug has many side effects. These side effects have prompted the
scientific world for the search of alternative natural remedies of liver damage. The High dietary protein was
administered orally to rats along with arsenic. The biochemical parameters were investigated. The results
indicated that biochemical changes produced by arsenic were restored to almost normal by High protein diet.
The High protein diet produced hepatoprotective effect through the modulation of antioxidant - mediated
mechanism by altering serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities
and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels - against arsenic induced hepatotoxicity
model in rats.
Key words:- Arsenic trioxide, Hepamerz, hepatotoxicity, High protein diet.
I. Introduction
Arsenical compounds are environmentally toxic with multiple effects in animal and human
populations. We are exposed to arsenic mainly through water, food and drugs. The main source of
environmental arsenic exposure is drinking water. The frequent uses of arsenic are as herbicides, insecticides,
rodenticides and food preservatives. It has become evident that increasing human activities have modified the
global cycle of heavy metals and metalloids, including the toxic non-essential elements like arsenic (As)
[1].
Arsenic is one of the most abundant and potential carcinogen [2]
which is present in the nature in the stable
from as trivalent arsenate (As+3
) or Pentavalent arsenate (As+5
). The permissible limit for arsenic in drinking
water is 0.05 mg/lit as per WHO [3].
A survey of 25000 tube wells in West Bengal in India reveals that the
average As Concentration reaches to 0.3 mg/lit and even it reaches up to 3 mg/lit of water. During the process of
arsenic metabolism, Inorganic arsenic is first methylated to monomethyl arsenic (MMA) and then to dimethyl
arsenic acid (DMA) followed by its excretion from the body. In this process of biomethylation, constant
depletion of methyl causes DNA hypomethylation that leads to generation of mutation followed by
carcinogenesis [2].
Arsenic affects the mitochondrial enzymes, impairs the cellular respiration and causes cellular
toxicity. It can also substitute phosphate intermediates, which could theoretically slow down the metabolism and
interrupt the production of energy.On the other hand Hepamerz has been reported as a liver protective drug
which partly corrects these toxicities [4]
. But it has many side effects like vomiting,nausea, headache etc. It is
reported earlier that aqueous leaf extract of moringa olifera has an antioxidant effect [5].
Dietary Proteins have
also been found to have antioxidant activities [6].
Wheat and pea are both good sources of dietary plant protein,
while casein is an animal protein. The antioxidant activities of pea, wheat and casein has been studied using
different liposomal models and the results show a minimization in lipid per oxidation, thus preventing the
damage produced by the free radicals [6].
The main aim of our study is to find out the relationship between
arsenic generated oxidative stress and cellular damage using rat as a model and also the dietary protein how far
counteract this arsenic induced oxidative stress.
1.1. Animals Used and Maintenance
Thirty-six male Wistar strain adult albino rats of age approximately 120 days and weighing 150- 200 g
were used in the following studies. The animals were individually housed and maintained under standard
laboratory conditions with natural dark and light cycle (approximately 12--h light/10--h dark cycle) and room
temperature (271o
C) and constant humidity (60%) in accordance with the ‘Institutional Ethical Committee’
rules and regulations. A control diet composed of 71% carbohydrate,18% protein,7% fat and a mixtureof salt
and vitamins were given. Drinking water was supplied ad libitum. Animals were randomly divided equally into
2. The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity In Albino Rat
www.iosrjournals.org 21 | Page
six groups of six each which are as follows: control group, arsenic treated experimental group, high protein
supplemented control group, Hepamerz treated control group, high protein along with arsenic treated
experimental group and Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group. The high protein diet means
pea (37g/100g of diet) which contributed 8.5% of protein and casein (9g/100g of diet) which contributed
additional 9% protein in formulation of a high protein (27%) diet [6]. In addition to the normal diet, high protein
diet was given to the group of high protein supplemented control group and high protein along with arsenic
treated experimental group.The control group was kept in the laboratory condition for 42 (28+14=42) days. A
dose of 3 mg/ml/kg body weight /day of arsenic was given orally through orogastric cannula daily for 28 days to
each of the 2nd
, 5th
and 6th
group of the animals. The dose was standardised in our laboratory. In the 4th
and 6th
groups, i.e., Hepamerz treated control group and Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group, a dose
of 5 ml of liver protective drug Hepamerz was administered for 14 days. After that, arsenic at a dose of 3 mg
/ml/kg body weight was administered orally for about 28 days. Body weights of the rats were recorded everyday
and maintained in the laboratory throughout the experimental period.
II. Biochemical Estimations
The biochemical results are obtained by estimation of parameters (e.g. SGOT, SGPT, ALP, SOD,
CAT, GSH and LPO) attached to the study on rats.
1.2. Collection of serum
Rats were sacrificed by cervical dislocation after 28 days of arsenic treatment. Blood sample was
collected by heart puncture and serum was separated by centrifugation (3000 rpm at 4o
C for 10 min). The liver
was immediately removed.
1.3. Estimation of SGPT, SGOT and ALP levels
Tissue and serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamate pyruvate
transaminase (SGPT) activities were measured according to the method of Kind and King [7],
alkaline
phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured according to the procedure of Reitman and Frankel[8].
1.4.Measurement of SOD
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) was estimated by the method of Mishra and Fridovich [9]
and Roy et
al[10].
Brain tissue samples were homogenised with 5 ml of ice--cold 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH--7.4). The
homogenates are then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. Afterthat, 0.1 ml of sample was mixed with 0.8 ml of
TDB. Reaction was started by the addition of 4 l of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH).
Then, 25 l of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid- manganese chloride (EDTA-MnCl2) mixture was added to it.
Thereafter, spectrophotometric readings were recorded at 340 nm. After recording of the spectrophotometric
readings, 0.1 ml of mercaptoethanol was added to this mixture and again spectrophotometric readings were
recorded at 340 nm.
1.5.Measurement of LPO
Lipid peroxidation was measured according to the method of Bhattacharya et al. [11]
.and Roy et
al.[10]Brain tissue samples were homogenized with 5 ml of ice-cold 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH-7.4). The
homogenates were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. After that, 0.5 ml of sample was mixed with 1 ml of
TDB and then the mixture was incubated at 37o
C for 1 hour. To this, 0.5 ml of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was
added, vortexed and the absorbance was read at 350 nm. After recording of the spectrophotometric reading, 1 ml
sample was mixed with 500 l mercaptoethanol and again the absorbance was read at 350 nm.
1.6.Measurement of CAT
Catalase activity was estimated by the method of Cohen et al. [12]
and Roy et al., [10].Brain tissue
samples were homogenised with 5 ml of ice-cold 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH-7.4). The homogenates were then
centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min. The precipitate was then stirred with the addition of 15 ml of ice-cold 0.1 M
phosphate buffer and allowed to stand in cold condition with occasional shaking. The shaking procedure was
repeated for thrice. 1 ml of sample was added to 9 ml of H2O2. The rate of decomposition of H2O2 was measured
spectrophotometrically from the changes in absorbance at 350 nm. The activity of CAT was expressed as
percentage of inhibition unit.
1.7.Measurement of GSH
Reduced glutathione was measured according to the method of Ellman [13].
Equal quantity of
homogenate was mixed with 10% TCA and centrifuged to separate the proteins. To 0.01 ml of this supernatant,
2 ml of phosphate buffer (pH-8.4), 0.5 ml of 5, 5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) and 0.4 ml of double distilled
3. The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity In Albino Rat
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water were added. The mixture was vortexed and the absorbance was read at 412 nm within 15 min. The
concentration of GSH was expressed as g/g of tissue.
III. Statistical Analysis
The data were expressed as MEAN SEM (SEM means standard error of mean) and were analysed
statistically using one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), followed by multiple comparison‘t’- test,
which was used for statistical evaluation of the data. In addition to this, two-tailed Student’s‘t’- test was
performed to determine the level of significance between the means. Difference below the probability level 0.05
was considered statistically significant.
IV. Results
Twenty-eight days after the introduction of arsenic treatment, the SGOT, SGPT, ALP, SOD and CAT
activities, GSH and LPO levels were estimated.
There was a sharp rise (P<0.001) in SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities in the arsenic treated
experimental group as compared to the control group. The SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities were significantly
(P<0.001) decreased in High protein supplemented control group compared to the control group. High protein
supplement significantly (P<0.001) made reduction of SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities in High protein
pretreated arsenic treated experimental group compared to the arsenic treated experimental group. There were a
sharp declines (P<0.001) in SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities in the Hepamerz treated control group compared
to the control group. The SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities were significantly (P<0.001) decreased in Hepamerz
treated control group in comparison to High protein treated control group. The SGOT, SGPT and ALP activities
were significantly (P<0.001) decreased in Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group when
compared to arsenic treated experimental group. The results are shown in Table 1.
There was a sharp decline (P<0.001) in SOD activity both in serum and liver in the arsenic treated
experimental group as compared to the control group. The SOD activity was significantly (P<0.001) increased
in High protein treated control group compared to the control group, both in serum and liver. High protein led
to significantly (P<0.001) increase SOD activity in High protein pretreated arsenic treated experimental group
in comparison to arsenic treated experimental group, both in serum and liver. There was a sharp increase
(P<0.001) in SOD activity both in serum and liver in the Hepamerz treated control group compared to the
control group. The SOD activity was significantly (P<0.001) increased in Hepamerz treated control group in
comparison to High protein treated control group both in serum and liver. The SOD activity was significantly
(P<0.001) increased in Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group compared to the arsenic treated
experimental group both in serum and liver. The results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
There was a sharp rise (P<0.001) in LPO level both in serum and liver in the arsenic treated
experimental group as compared to the control group. The LPO level was significantly (P<0.001) decreased in
High protein treated control group compared to the control group, both in serum and liver. High protein
significantly (P<0.001) decreased LPO level in High protein pretreated arsenic treated experimental group in
comparison to arsenic treated experimental group, both in serum and liver. There was a sharp decline (P<0.001)
in LPO level both in serum and liver in the Hepamerz treated control group when compared to the control
group. The LPO level was significantly (P<0.001) decreased in Hepamerz treated control group compared to the
High protein treated control group, both in serum and liver. The LPO level was significantly (P<0.001)
decreased in Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group when compared to the arsenic treated
experimental group, both in serum and liver. The results are shown in Tables-2 and 3.
There was a sharp decline (P<0.001) in CAT activity both in serum and liver in the arsenic treated
experimental group as compared to the control group. The CAT activity was significantly (P<0.001) increased
in High protein treated control group when compared to the control group, both in serum and liver. High protein
significantly (P<0.001) increased CAT activity in High protein pretreated arsenic treated experimental group in
comparison to arsenic treated experimental group, both in serum and liver. There was a sharp increase (P<0.001)
in CAT activity, both in serum and liver in the Hepamerz treated control group compared to the control group.
The CAT activity was significantly (P<0.001) increased in Hepamerz treated control group in comparison to
High protein treated control group, both in serum and liver. The CAT activity was significantly (P<0.001)
increased in Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group when compared to the arsenic treated
experimental group, both in serum and liver. The results are shown in Tables-2 and 3.
There was a sharp decline (P<0.001) in GSH level both in serum and liver in the arsenic treated
experimental group as compared to the control group. The GSH level was significantly (P<0.001) increased in
High protein treated control group compared to the control group, both in serum and liver. High protein
significantly (P<0.001) increased GSH level in High protein pretreated arsenic treated experimental group in
comparison to arsenic treated experimental group, both in serum and liver. There was a sharp increase (P<0.001)
in GSH level, both in serum and liver in the Hepamerz treated control group compared to the control group. The
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GSH level was significantly (P<0.001) increased in Hepamerz treated control group when compared to the High
protein treated control group, both in serum and liver. The GSH level was significantly (P<0.001) increased in
Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated experimental group compared to arsenic treated experimental group both in
serum and liver. The results are shown in Tables-2 and 3.
V. Discussion
The present study evaluates the protective role of High dietary protein on arsenic induced
hepatotoxicity in albino rat model with the possible involvement of the antioxidants. SGPT, SGOT and ALP are
the most sensitive tests employed in the diagnosis of hepatic disease. Extensive liver damage by arsenic itself
decreases its rate of metabolism and other substrates for hepatic microsomal enzymes. It is evident from the
results of the present investigation that treatment with High dietary protein significantly decreased the SGPT,
SGOT and ALP activities .These findings can be explained by alterations of the LPO level and antioxidant
activities such as that of SOD, CAT and GSH, both in serum and liver tissue.
Free radicals play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver damage. LPO can be used as an index for
measuring the damage that occurs in membranes of tissue as a result of free radical generation [14,15].
In our
present study, oral administration of arsenic, significantly increased the LPO level. Significant elevation of LPO
level observed in arsenic treated experimental- group is possibly due to the generation of free radicals via auto-
oxidation or through metal ion or superoxide catalysed oxidation process. In the present study, High dietary
protein significantly decreased LPO level at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight compared to other groups. High
dietary protein was found to have excellent scavenging effect on LPO, which was well comparable with the
standard drug Hepamerz. Endogenous antioxidant status in arsenic-induced experimental rat group was
evaluated here by noting the activities of CAT, SOD and GSH as these are the important biomarkers for
scavenging free radicals[16].
The primary role of CAT is to scavenge H2O2 that has been generated by free radicals or by SOD in its
removal of superoxide anions, and convert it in to water [17].
The destruction of superoxide radicals is catalysed
by SOD, which is an important defense system against oxidative damage. From our experimental results of the
aforesaid antioxidant enzyme activities in serum and liver tissues, it is clear that arsenic significantly led to
reduction of SOD, CAT, GSH activities in arsenic treated experimental group compared to control group, High
dietary protein treated control group, Hepamerz treated control group, Hepamerz pretreated arsenic treated
experimental group and High dietary protein pretreated arsenic treated experimental group..
Glutathione is an endogenous antioxidant, which is present majorly in the reduced form within the
cells. It prevents the hydroxyl radical generation by interacting with free radicals. During this defensive process,
GSH is converted to oxidised form under the influence of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPX). The
decreased level of GSH in arsenic treated experimental group seen in our study indicates that there was an
increased generation of free radicals and the GSH was depleted during the process of combating oxidative stress
[18,19].
This has probably been possible either from the low level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or
through a rapid dissolution of ROS that has further been strengthened by the elevated activities of important
antioxidant defense enzymes CAT and SOD, studied in this experiment. Extract showed the presence of
flavonoids. Arsenic causes lipid peroxidation by generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) [20,21].
Our
results also support this view. In recent studies [6-8] dietary proteins have been found to have antioxidant
activities. Wheat and Pea are both good sources of dietary plant protein while casein is an animal protein. The
antioxidant properties of milk casein have been established [22].
It is also reported that casein phosphopeptides
(Cpp) and casein hydrolyses bind with per oxidant and thus lipid per oxidation is suppressed [22-24].
Our findings
also supported that pea and casein has an antioxidant properties. In our present experiment arsenic trioxide
induced oxidative stress. On the other hand supplementation of specific proteins with normal diet causes
significant recovery from all of these toxic effects.
The salient findings of our present study suggest that High dietary protein provide a good source of
antioxidants that could offer potential protective effects against LPO and which could be exploited to make a
hepato protective formulation.
Table 1: Effect of High dietary protein (HDP) on SGPT, SGOT and ALT activity in arsenic- induced
hepatotoxic rat model
Group (n) SGPT (IU/l) SGOT (IU/l) ALT (IU/l)
Control 51.89 0.09 57.85 0.02 58.83 0.05
Arsenic treated 132.34 1.04***
131.66 0.42***
134.02 0.25***
HDP+ Control 44.31 0.02*
45.72 0.03*
43.76 0.04*
HDP+ Arsenic 100.23 0.45**
103.46 0.09**
105.38 0.06**
Hepamerz + Control 41.66 0.02*
41.43 0.03*
38.02 0.04*
Hepamerz + Arsenic 83.61 0.12**
85.84 0.09**
85.37 0.14**
5. The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity In Albino Rat
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Values are mean SEM, n = 6. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA test followed by
multiple comparison t–tests. *
P < 0.001 when compared with control group; **
P < 0.001 when compared with
arsenic treated group; ***
P < 0.001 when compared with other mentioned groups.
Table 2: Effect of HDP on serum antioxidant enzymatic changes in arsenic- induced hepatotoxic rat
model
Group (n) SOD (% inhibition unit) LPO (nmol of
[TBARS /-g] mol of
tissue)
CAT (% inhibition unit) GSH (g/g of tissue)
Control 13.61 0.09 5.01 0.01 14.61 0.02 32.35 0.09
Arsenic treated 25.23 0.05***
12.62 0.02***
26.45 0.03***
3.59 0.04***
HDP + Control 10.24 0.02*
2.37 0.02*
10.17 0.03*
35.54 0.09*
HDP + Arsenic 17.27 0.04**
9.57 0.03**
20.13 0.05**
11.34 0.06**
Hepamerz + Control 16.92 0.02*
1.69 0.03*
8.47 0.04*
38.78 0.04*
Hepamerz + Arsenic 16.15 0.02**
7.12 0.03**
18.36 0.03**
14.43 0.10**
Note: TBARS- Thio-barbituric acid reactive substances.
Values are mean SEM, n = 6. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA Test followed
by multiple comparison t–test. *
P < 0.001 when compared with control group; **
P < 0.001 when compared with
arsenic treated group; ***
P < 0.001 when compared with other mentioned groups.
Table 3: Effect of HDP on tissue antioxidant enzymatic changes in arsenic induced hepatotoxic rat model
Group (n) SOD (% inhibition
unit)
LPO (nmol of
[TBARS /-g] mol of
tissue)
CAT (% inhibition
unit)
GSH (g/g of tissue)
Control 12.24 0.03 6.13 0.01 15.02 0.02 32.25 0.03
Arsenic treated 24.23 0.03***
13.33 0.02***
27.66 0.04***
3.75 0.06***
HDP + Control 10.22 0.02*
2.76 0.03*
10.11 0.03*
37.58 0.03*
HDP + Arsenic 17.21 0.01**
8.53 0.04**
18.94 0.04**
13.56 0.04**
Hepamerz + Control 14.87 0.02*
1.68 0.01*
8.83 0.04*
39.47 0.02*
Hepamerz + Arsenic 16.32 0.01**
6.78 0.04**
16.32 0.06**
14.54 0.02**
Note: TBARS- Thio-barbituric acid reactive substances.
Values are mean SEM, n = 6. Data were analyzed statistically using one-way ANOVA Test followed
by multiple comparison t–tests. *
p < 0.001 when compared with control group; **
p < 0.001 when compared with
arsenic treated group; ***
p < 0.001 when compared with other mentioned groups.
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