Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
The aim of the present work is to carry out acute toxicity study for root bark powder of Argemone mexicana. It is one of the potent liver tonics used for liver disorders. The exposure of this powder in the form of aqueous slurry on Swiss mice was carried out and the exposure route was oral single administration with water. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. The observations prove that the plant material is found to be nontoxic.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.18
ABSTRACT- Present investigations evaluated the effect of Argemone mexicana leaves extract on gut of Heliothis
armigera (Hub.) at different solvents. The effect of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in ethanol and acetone solvent after
24 and 96 hours of treatment on Heliothis armigera shows severity of the damage of epithelial lining, epithelial cells
showed vacuoles at certain places. The gut lining was also found to be damaged and the lumen became wider after the
effect of ethanol extract of A. mexicana. In acetone extract of A. mexicana, the thickness of the fore gut wall has been
increased due to clumping of the tissue and hence the diameter of the foregut was reduced. The lumen therefore became
narrower and columnar epithelial cells showed the vacuoles.
Key-words- Heliothis armigera, Argemone mexicana, Ethanol, acetone, Epithelial lining, Epithelial cells, vacuoles, Gut
lining, Gut wall
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
Objective: To investigate the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on the
aphrodisiac properties including sexual behaviour, testosterone level, percentage of pregnancy,
number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice.
Methods: In this experiment, each male cohabitated with one female in a polysulfone cage.
30 ICR male mice were divided into 6 groups that received normal saline (the control group),
50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1 000 mg/kg body weight of Aquilaria
subintegra leaf aqueous extracts orally for 21 days consecutively. Sexual behavior, percentage
of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice were
measured according to the established methods. Testosterone level was measured by using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Mice that received Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts at 50 mg/kg body
weight (day 0) had significantly higher mount frequency as compared to the control group;
groups treated with 100, 500, 1 000 mg/kg body weight extracts produced a greater number
of offsprings when compared to the control group. All aphrodisiac parameters were similar
between the treatment groups and the control group, indicating that Aquilaria subintegra leaf
aqueous extract did not significantly alter the aphrodisiac parameters.
Conclusions: Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts have no effect on the aphrodisiac
properties, but could increase the breeding rate in mice.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Optimization of EDM Process of (Cu-W) EDM Electrodes on Different ProgressionIJERA Editor
The purpose of this research work is to determine the optimal cutting condition of EDM process of different
work piece materials using different compositions of Cu-W tool Electrodes. The key cutting factors such as
Discharge Current, Voltage, Pulse- On – Time, Duty Cycle, Spark Gap and flushing pressure will be optimized.
Geological-Structural Setting of Massif and the Levels of Quartz - Sulphide M...IJERA Editor
Kaptina gabbro massif is placed in the northern half of the eastern Mirdita ophiolitic belt and is spreaded in a relatively large area. Petrology of Kaptina gabbro massif is very complicated as in view of the diversity of rocks that are spreaded within it as well in view of structurally construction. In this region are exposed all components of the Mirdita ophiolitic Complex, as well as oceanic sedimentary cover, the Cretaceous one and the newer mollasic formations of Pliocene-Quaternary. Kaptina gabbro massif has an irregular shape, however is seen a certain extension in the meridional - submeridional direction. This massif is plunged in the South and the West under volcanogenic formations to come back in the small output in the lower Bisaku and to join more south with the Bulshari gabbro massif. The outputs of massif are expanded towards the north - northeast. In construction of gabbro massif take part a range of rocky types that stay in various reports regarding surface spreading. Greater spreading in all the massif have gabbronorite, in close connection with them stay norite and gabbro.
Future Internet: Challenge And Research TrendIJERA Editor
This article first presents the Challenges of the current Internet and concept of Future Internet Research, motivation for future Internet. Challenges and limitations of Current Internet are reason of Future Internet Researches. In order to provide Future Internet’s service, the Future Internet testbed must be deployed as foundation, and many countries such as USA, Europe and Asia are striving research of Future Internet and deployment of the Future Internet. This paper describe countries which are active on Future Internet research and summarizes the Trends of the Future Internet.
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classi...IJERA Editor
Lossless image compression is needed in many fields like medical imaging, telemetry, geophysics, remote
sensing and other applications, which require exact replica of original image and loss of information is not
tolerable. In this paper, a near lossless image compression algorithm based on row by row classifier with
encoding schemes like Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), Huffman and Run Length Encoding (RLE) on color images
is proposed. The algorithm divides the image into three parts R, G and B, apply row by row classification on
each part and result of this classification is records in the mask image. After classification the image data is
decomposed into two sequences each for R, G and B and mask image is hidden in them. These sequences are
encoded using different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman and RLE. An exhaustive comparative analysis is
performed to evaluate these techniques, which reveals that the pro
Abstract
Objective(s):
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) are increasingly used in sunscreens, biosensors, food additives and pigments. In this study the effects of ZNP on liver of rats was investigated.
Materials and Methods:
Experimental groups received 5, 50 and 300 mg/kg ZNP respectively for 14 days. Control group received only distilled water. ALT, AST and ALP were considered as biomarkers to indicate hepatotoxicity. Lipid peroxidation (MDA), SOD and GPx were detected for assessment of oxidative stress in liver tissue. Histological studies and TUNEL assay were also done.
Results:
Plasma concentration of zinc (Zn) was significantly increased in 5 mg/kg ZNP-treated rats. Liver concentration of Zn was significantly increased in the 300 mg/kg ZNP-treated animals. Weight of liver was markedly increased in both 5 and 300 mg/kg doses of ZNP. ZNP at the doses of 5 mg/kg induced a significant increase in oxidative stress through the increase in MDA content and a significant decrease in SOD and GPx enzymes activity in the liver tissue. Administration of ZNP at 5 mg/kg induced a significant elevation in plasma AST, ALT and ALP. Histological studies showed that treatment with 5 mg/kg of ZNP caused hepatocytes swelling, which was accompanied by congestion of RBC and accumulation of inflammatory cells. Apoptotic index was also significantly increased in this group. ZNP at the dose of 300 mg/kg had poor hepatotoxicity effect.
Conclusion:
It is concluded that lower doses of ZNP has more hepatotoxic effects on rats, and recommended to use it with caution if there is a hepatological problem.
The aim of the present work is to carry out acute toxicity study for root bark powder of Argemone mexicana. It is one of the potent liver tonics used for liver disorders. The exposure of this powder in the form of aqueous slurry on Swiss mice was carried out and the exposure route was oral single administration with water. The observations of changes in body weight, food and water intake as well as cage side observations were reported. The observations prove that the plant material is found to be nontoxic.
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.3.18
ABSTRACT- Present investigations evaluated the effect of Argemone mexicana leaves extract on gut of Heliothis
armigera (Hub.) at different solvents. The effect of leaf extract of Argemone mexicana in ethanol and acetone solvent after
24 and 96 hours of treatment on Heliothis armigera shows severity of the damage of epithelial lining, epithelial cells
showed vacuoles at certain places. The gut lining was also found to be damaged and the lumen became wider after the
effect of ethanol extract of A. mexicana. In acetone extract of A. mexicana, the thickness of the fore gut wall has been
increased due to clumping of the tissue and hence the diameter of the foregut was reduced. The lumen therefore became
narrower and columnar epithelial cells showed the vacuoles.
Key-words- Heliothis armigera, Argemone mexicana, Ethanol, acetone, Epithelial lining, Epithelial cells, vacuoles, Gut
lining, Gut wall
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Effect of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Aquilaria subintegra on aphrodi...Mohammed Muayad TA
Objective: To investigate the effects of Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts on the
aphrodisiac properties including sexual behaviour, testosterone level, percentage of pregnancy,
number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice.
Methods: In this experiment, each male cohabitated with one female in a polysulfone cage.
30 ICR male mice were divided into 6 groups that received normal saline (the control group),
50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1 000 mg/kg body weight of Aquilaria
subintegra leaf aqueous extracts orally for 21 days consecutively. Sexual behavior, percentage
of pregnancy, number of offspring and male to female ratio of offspring in ICR mice were
measured according to the established methods. Testosterone level was measured by using
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: Mice that received Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts at 50 mg/kg body
weight (day 0) had significantly higher mount frequency as compared to the control group;
groups treated with 100, 500, 1 000 mg/kg body weight extracts produced a greater number
of offsprings when compared to the control group. All aphrodisiac parameters were similar
between the treatment groups and the control group, indicating that Aquilaria subintegra leaf
aqueous extract did not significantly alter the aphrodisiac parameters.
Conclusions: Aquilaria subintegra leaf aqueous extracts have no effect on the aphrodisiac
properties, but could increase the breeding rate in mice.
Prediction of Weld Quality of A Tungsten Inertr Gas Welded Mild Steel Pipe Jo...IJERA Editor
The weld quality of tungsten inert gas (TIG) welded joint has been investigated to identify the most economical weld parameters that will bring about optimum properties. Response surface methodology has been used in the optimization of the tungsten inert gas weld of mild steel pipes. Response surface methodology, based on the central composite face centered design was generated for the purpose of optimization of the weld quality.All the process parameters have desirability of 1. Tensile strength response for this solution have a desirability of 0.910595 and the yield strength of 0.59. Result showed that minimizing current and voltage an average tensile strength of 535.452MPa and yield strength of up to 408.74MPa can be achieved, while keeping gas flow rate and electrode diameter within the range of test. It was also deduced that tensile elongation of the TIG weld is not influenced by the process parameters selected for the purpose of this study.
Optimization of EDM Process of (Cu-W) EDM Electrodes on Different ProgressionIJERA Editor
The purpose of this research work is to determine the optimal cutting condition of EDM process of different
work piece materials using different compositions of Cu-W tool Electrodes. The key cutting factors such as
Discharge Current, Voltage, Pulse- On – Time, Duty Cycle, Spark Gap and flushing pressure will be optimized.
Geological-Structural Setting of Massif and the Levels of Quartz - Sulphide M...IJERA Editor
Kaptina gabbro massif is placed in the northern half of the eastern Mirdita ophiolitic belt and is spreaded in a relatively large area. Petrology of Kaptina gabbro massif is very complicated as in view of the diversity of rocks that are spreaded within it as well in view of structurally construction. In this region are exposed all components of the Mirdita ophiolitic Complex, as well as oceanic sedimentary cover, the Cretaceous one and the newer mollasic formations of Pliocene-Quaternary. Kaptina gabbro massif has an irregular shape, however is seen a certain extension in the meridional - submeridional direction. This massif is plunged in the South and the West under volcanogenic formations to come back in the small output in the lower Bisaku and to join more south with the Bulshari gabbro massif. The outputs of massif are expanded towards the north - northeast. In construction of gabbro massif take part a range of rocky types that stay in various reports regarding surface spreading. Greater spreading in all the massif have gabbronorite, in close connection with them stay norite and gabbro.
Future Internet: Challenge And Research TrendIJERA Editor
This article first presents the Challenges of the current Internet and concept of Future Internet Research, motivation for future Internet. Challenges and limitations of Current Internet are reason of Future Internet Researches. In order to provide Future Internet’s service, the Future Internet testbed must be deployed as foundation, and many countries such as USA, Europe and Asia are striving research of Future Internet and deployment of the Future Internet. This paper describe countries which are active on Future Internet research and summarizes the Trends of the Future Internet.
Comparative Analysis of Lossless Image Compression Based On Row By Row Classi...IJERA Editor
Lossless image compression is needed in many fields like medical imaging, telemetry, geophysics, remote
sensing and other applications, which require exact replica of original image and loss of information is not
tolerable. In this paper, a near lossless image compression algorithm based on row by row classifier with
encoding schemes like Lempel Ziv Welch (LZW), Huffman and Run Length Encoding (RLE) on color images
is proposed. The algorithm divides the image into three parts R, G and B, apply row by row classification on
each part and result of this classification is records in the mask image. After classification the image data is
decomposed into two sequences each for R, G and B and mask image is hidden in them. These sequences are
encoded using different encoding schemes like LZW, Huffman and RLE. An exhaustive comparative analysis is
performed to evaluate these techniques, which reveals that the pro
Design of Automated Rotory Cage Type Fixture for Cylinder BlockIJERA Editor
Project gives feasible solution to move and rotate the component with full proofing fixturing for special purpose operations like drilling, Tapping, deburring, washing, drying involve in manufacturing and assembly unit of industry. Rotary cage type fixture is made for handling the cylinder head inside the cleaning machine use for making fully ready component before assembly operation .System is useful to save time manpower and deliver perfect cleaned and dry component .system involved all the mechanical components along with the sensors used to restrict the rotating operations, stop and go operations etc.
Implementation for Controller to Unified Single Phase Power Flow Using Digita...IJERA Editor
Presenting in his paper, Digital signal processor (DSP)-based implementation of a single phase unified power flow controller (UPFC). For shunt side and series side An efficient UPFC control algorithm is achieved. Discussing the laboratory experimental results using DC source are taken as an UPFC linked by two ll-bridge PWM voltage source converters.
A Review: Compensation of Mismatches in Time Interleaved Analog to Digital Co...IJERA Editor
The execution of today's correspondence frameworks is exceedingly subject to the utilized Analog-to-Digital converters (ADCs), and with a specific end goal to give more flexibility and exactness to the developing correspondence innovations, superior-ADCs are needed. In this respect, the time-interleaved operation of an exhibit of ADCs (TI-ADC) might be a sensible result. A TI-ADC can build its throughput by utilizing M channel ADCs or sub converters in parallel and examining the data motion in a period-interleaved way. In any case, the execution of a TI-ADC gravely suffers from the bungles around the channel ADCs. In this paper we survey the advancement in the configuration of low-intricacy advanced remedy structures and calculations for time-interleaved ADCs in the course of the most recent five years. We devise a discrete-time model, state the outline issue, and finally infer the calculations and structures. Specifically, we examine proficient calculations to outline time-differing remedy filters and additionally iterative structures using polynomial based filters. Thusly, the remuneration structure may be utilized to repay time-differing recurrence reaction befuddles in time-interleaved ADCs, and in addition to remake uniform examples from nonuniformly tested indicators. We examine the recompense structure, research its execution, and exhibit requisition zones of the structure through various illustrations. At long last, we give a standpoint to future examination questions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
Protective Effect of Musa paradisiaca Fruit.pdfgynomark
Abstract: Musa paradisiaca often refereed as Banana is an ancient herbaceous flowering plant and the most earlier crop to be cultivated. It is one the important component of diet for all classes of people worldwide. All the parts of the plant is believed to have beneficial effects in different ailments and an excellent nutritional element. The present study was aimed to find the protective effect of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract on acute pancreatitis in rats.
Male Sprague dawley rats were randomly divided in to 4 groups. Control group with normal saline; disease control group where acute pancreatitis was induced by using a single dose of L-arginine (2.5g/kg b.w); Musa paradisiacal fruit extract were prophylactically administered before the induction of acute pancreatitis at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w orally in normal saline for 7 days. At the end of the study, blood samples and isolated pancreas were subjected to different pancreatic, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarker analysis. The remaining tissue was subjected to histopathological studies and DNA fragmentation assay for assessing the damage and protection of the tissues.
The results of the study revealed that prophylactic administration of the extracts reduced the amylase and lipase levels when compared to disease control group as well as improved the overall antioxidant status in a dose dependent manner. Further, the extracts also showed a protective effect against apoptosis.
In conclusion, the present study suggest that administration of Musa paradisiacal fruit extract exhibited a protective effect on acute pancreatitis and further investigation is required for its molecular based mechanisms.
Keywords: Musa paradisiacal, acute pancreatitis, free radicals, apoptosis.
Present study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective activity of Tephrosia purpurea Linn stem. Powdered stem was extracted with methanol and subjected for the preliminary phytochemical screening. Acute toxicity study of the extract was carried out following OECD guidelines 423 and found safe upto the dose 2000 mg/kg, p.o. Hepatoprotective activity of extract was evaluated against CCl induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into five groups containing 4 6 mice per group. Group 1 animals were administered with vehicle only, Group II animals were administered with CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) to induced hepatotoxicity, 4 group III animals were administered with silymarin (25 mg/kg) for 7 days and CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) on fifth day, group IV and V animals were administered with 4 methanol extract of T. purpurea stem at 75 and 150 mg/kg, po respectively for 7 days and CCl (1.4 ml/kg p.o.) on fifth day of treatment schedule. Biochemical 4 parameters (SGPT, SGOT, ALP, total bilirubin and direct bilirubin) were assessed in all the experimental animals. Phytochemical investigation of methanol extract of T. purpurea stem revealed the presence of flavanoids, phytosterols, alkaloids and proteins. Methanol extract of T. purpurea stem was exhibited dose dependant hepatoprotective activity comparable to that of silymarin.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Intercontinental journal of pharmaceutical Investigations and ResearchSriramNagarajan19
Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of Portulaca quadrifida Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (200 mg/kg, p.o.,) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P<0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.
Evaluation of antinociceptive effect of Terminalia arjuna bark ethanol extractOpen Access Research Paper
Stem bark of the plant Terminalia arjuna were extracted in 50% ethanol to evaluate for centrally acting analgesic potential using formalin, hot plate and peripheral pharmacological actions using acetic acid induced writhing test in mice. The extract of the plant were found to have significant (p<0.01) analgesic activity at the oral dose of 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight, in the tested models. In hot plate test, at both dose levels (250mg/kg and 500mg/kg), T. arjuna extract showed significant (p<0.001) increased latency period than the control group. In acetic acid induced writhing test and formalin test T. arjuna also showed reduced number of writhes than the control group at two dose levels which are significant (p<0.05) compared to control. The results obtained support the use of stem bark of T.arjuna in painful conditions acting both centrally and peripherally.
Pharmacological evaluation of hepatoprotective activity of Ethanolic extract ...pharmaindexing
Liver diseases are still a worldwide health problem due to drug-induced hepatotoxicity. It may occur as an unexpected idiosyncratic reaction, or nontoxic drug or it may be an expected consequence of the intrinsic toxicity of a drug, taken in a sufficiently large dose to cause liver injury. A highly potential therapeutic agent or a medicinal extract is necessary for the preventive action of the hepatic disorders leading to the inflammation and drug inducing liver injury. The present study proved the medicinal plant with supportive therapeutic efficacy. Albino wistar rats of either sex are induced by Rifampicin and D-Galactosamine orally at a dose of 1g/kg and 400 mg/kg for a period of 28 days, and were treated with ethanolic extract of the stems of Andrographis lineata Nees (EEALN) orally at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg/day. The biochemical parameters such as serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP),Total protein, and serum bilirubin (Total and Direct) were estimated to assess the liver function. Ethanolic extract of the stems of Andrographis lineata Nees (EEALN) showed the hepatoprotective activity by decreasing the levels of serum hepatic marker enzymes. Silymarin is used as a Standard drug. Histopathological studies were performed to confirm the biochemical changes in the hepatocytes. Toxicological studies were carried out with the extract and 2000 mg/kg b.wt. is considered as the safe dose with no mortality and adverse effects.
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
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K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
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Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induced Albino Rats
1. K.Arun et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.177-184
www.ijera.com 177 | P a g e
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induced Albino Rats K.Arun1, S.Suguna2, U. Balasubramanian3, Mashitah M.Yusoff4, Gaanty Pragas Maniam5, P.Serfoji6, Natanamurugaraj Govindan7 1, 2,3P.G and Research Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, A. V. V. M. Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur District, Tamilnadu, India. 4,5,7Mammalian Cell Technology Lab, Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Univesiti Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya TunRazak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan Pahang, Malaysia. 6P.G and Research Department of Zoology, Govt arts and Science College, Kumbakonam, Thanjavur district, Tamilnadu, India. ABSTRACT Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein. Key words: Cinnamon zeylanicum, hepatoprotective, Silymarin and protein.
I. INTRODUCTION
India is a varietal emporium of medicinal plants and is one of the richest countries in the world with regard to genetic resources of medicinal plants. The agro-climatic conditions are favourable for introducing new exotic plant varieties Many infectious diseases are known to be treated with herbal remedies throughout the history of mankind. (Mahesh and Satish, 2008). Liver injuries are a major worldwide health problem. A high endemicity in developing countries is mainly caused by chemicals and drugs like paracetamol, excess consumption of alcohol, contaminated food, infections and auto immune disorders. Among the chemical damages, excess consumption of alcohol is one of the main causes of the end stage of liver diseases. The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease ranges from fatty liver to alcoholic hepatitis and ultimately fibrosis and cirrhosis (Tuma and Sorrell, 2004). However, alcohol consuming plays an essential role in the development of drug induced liver injury in the patient. Likewise, the increasing prevalence of multi drug resistant strains of bacteria and the recent appearance as strains with reduced susceptibility to antibiotics leads to the emergence of untreatable liver infections and the need to search for new antibiotics (Sieradzki et al., 1999). To overcome this problem, bioactive compounds without side effects have to be identified from the medicinal plants. Large number of plants shown to exhibit biological and pharmacological effects belonging to a number of families including Zingiberaceae (Al-Yahya et al., 1990), Celastraceae (Souza-Formingoni et al., 1991), Asteraceae (Alareon de la Lastra et al., 1994), Caesalpiniaceae (Noamesi et al., 1994). In spite of the tremendous advances made, no significant and safe hepatoprotective agents are available in modern therapeutics. At present there is a dire need to develop plant based hepatoprotective drugs effective against a variety of liver disorders. Hence the present study is aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Cinnamon zeylanicum on alcohol induced albino rats.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study materials and their sources
For the present study, the plant Cinnamon zeylanicum beloning to Lauraceae was selected and
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. K.Arun et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 8( Version 3), August 2014, pp.177-184
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its collected from in and around A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India and identified with help of the standard manuals like The Flora of the Presidency of Madras (Gamble, 1967) and Indian Medicinal Plants (Kirtikar and Basu, 1994). The identification was confirmed at Rapinat Herbarium, St, Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu. Voucher samples were prepared and deposited in the Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, A.V.V.M. Sri Pushpam College (Autonomous), Poondi, Thanjavur District, Tamil Nadu, India. Preparation of extract (Rao et al., 1995) The leaf powders of Cinnamon zeylanicum was boiled separately in distilled water and filtered through Whatmann no: 40 filter papers. The extracts were evaporated by slow heating (50º C) and continuous stirring in a water bath. The residues were extracted and it was utilized for pharmacological studies. Hepatotoxic agents (Rajakrishnan et al., 1997) The hepatotoxic dose were standardized as 20 % alcohol (7.9 g/kg body weight) orally, using an intragastric tube for 21 days. Pharmacological Studies Selection of Animals In these experiments, twenty four healthy male albino rats of Wistar strains, 4 months of age, weighing 160-200 g were used. The animals were obtained from the animal house of Sri Venkateshwara Enterprises, Bangalore, India. On arrival, the animals were placed in well ventilated stainless steel cages (402515 cm) with six animals per cage, under standard laboratory conditions (temperature 25 ± 20°C) with dark and light cycle (12/12 h). The animals were fed with standard pellet diet supplied by M/s. Rayans Biotechnologies Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad and water ad libitum. All the animals were acclimatized to laboratory condition for a week before the commencement of the experiment. All the experimental processes and protocols used in this study were reviewed by the Institutional Animal Ethical Committee according to the Indian National Science Academy guidelines for the use and care of experimental animals (CPCSEA/265). Toxicity studies
Acute toxicity study was performed for methanolic extract according to the acute toxic classic method as per OECD guidelines (Ecobichon, 1997). Female albino rats were used for acute toxicity study. The animals were kept fasting for overnight providing only water, after which the extract was administered orally at the dose of 300mg/kg and observed for 14 days. If mortality was observed in two animals out of three animals, then the dose administered was assigned as toxic dose. If the mortality was observed in one animal, then the same dose was repeated to confirm the toxic dose. If mortality was not observed, the procedure was repeated for further higher doses such 50,200 & 2000mg/kg body weight. The animals were observed for toxic symptoms for 72 h. Groupings and Experimental Design The animals were divided into four groups. Each group contained six animals. Group I : Normal control (n = 6, the animals were given normal saline only). Group II : Hepatotoxic control (n = 6, the animals were given 1 ml of 20% alcohol for 21 days). Group III : Treatment group (n = 6, the animals were given 1 ml of 20% alcohol for 21 days and from 22nd to 42nd days the extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum was given to animals through the intragastric tube (7.9 g/Kg b. wt) Group IV : Treatment group ( n = 6, the animals were given 1 ml of 20% alcohol for 21 days and from 22nd to 42nd days the animals were given silymarin drug through intragastric tube (1g/kg.b.wt). At the end of the drug treatment period, all the animals were anaesthetized by application of light chloroform and blood samples were collected from a group of animals from dorsal aorta by heparinized syringe in vacutainer tubes. Plasma was separated from the collected blood by centrifugation of 3000 rpm for 5 minutes. Separate blood samples were collected from another group of anaesthetized animals in glass test tubes and allowed to coagulate for 30 mins. Serum was separated by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 2 min. Plasma and serum samples were kept at -20°C for biochemical analysis. Assay of Hepatic enzymes Estimation of Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase (SGOT) The SGOT level were assayed using the method of King (1965).The assay mixture contains 1 ml of substrate and 0.2 ml of serum was incubated for 1 hr at 37°C. To the control tubes serum was added after arresting the reaction by adding 1 ml of DNPH. The tubes were kept at room temperature for 30 min. Added 0.5 ml of NaOH and the colour developed was read at 540 nm. The activity of SGOT was expressed as μmoles of pyruvate formed/min/mg of protein. Estimation of Serum Glutamate Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT)
The SGPT level was assayed using the method of King (1965).The assay mixture contains 1 ml of
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substrate and 0.2 ml of serum were incubated for 1 hr at 37°C. After that, added 1 ml of DNPH and kept at room temperature for 20 min. Serum was added to control tubes after the reaction was arrested by an addition of 1 ml of DNPH. Added 5 ml of NaOH and the colour developed was read at 540 nm. The activity of SGPT was expressed as μmoles of pyruvate formed/min/mg of protein. Assay of Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) The serum GGT levels were assayed using the method of Rosaki and Rau (1972). The reaction mixture contained 0.5 ml of substrate, 1 ml of Tris HCl, 2.2 ml of Glycyl glycine and 0.2 ml homogenate. The total volume was made upto 4ml with water. After an incubation for 30 min at 37°C the samples were heated at 100°C for 5 min and centrifuged. The amount of p-nitroaniline in the supernatant was measured at 410 nm. The activity of GGT was expressed at μmoles of p-nitroaniline formed/min/mg of protein. Estimation of Serum Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) The serum ALP levels were assayed using the method of King (1965). The reaction mixture containing 1.5 ml carbonate buffer, 1 ml Disodium phenyl phosphate, 0.1 ml magnesium chloride and 0.1 ml of serum was incubated at 37°C for 15 min. The reaction was arrested by the addition of Folin’s phenol reagent. Control tubes were also treated similarly but serum was added after the reaction was arrested with Folin’s phenol reagent and then add 1 ml of Sodium Carbonate. The colour developed was read after 10 min at 640 nm. The activity of ALP was expressed as μmoles of phenol liberated/min/mg of protein. Estimation of Serum Bilirubin The serum bilirubin levels were assayed by Malloy and Evlyn (1937). 0.2 ml serum were taken and made upto 2 ml of Diazo reagent, 2.5 ml of methanol. The blank 0.2 ml serum were added and made up to 2 ml with water and added 0.5 ml of diazo blank and 2.5 ml methanol. The colour developed were read at 540 nm. The values were expressed as mg/dl. Estimation of Serum protein Serum protein content was estimated by the method of Lowery et al. (1951). Aliquotes of the standard were taken in different tubes and made up to the total volume of 1.0 ml. 4.5 ml alkaline copper reagent were added to all the tubes and incubated at room temperature for 10 min.
0.5 ml of Folin’s reagent were added to all tubes and incubated at room temperature for 20 min. The serum and blank were also treated similarly. The blue colour developed were read at 640 nm. The protein content were expressed as g/dl.
Histological Studies Histology of the liver tissues was performed by the method of Sujai Suneetha (1993). On the 42nd day, liver tissues were taken from animals which were fasted overnight under ether anesthesia. The whole liver from each animal was removed after killing the animals, was placed in 10 per cent formalin solution and immediately processed by the paraffin technique section of 5 μm thickness were cut and stained by haematoxylin and eosin for histological examination. The photomicrographs of histological studies were taken. Statistical analysis The data were statistically analyzed and all values were expressed as mean ± SEM. The data were also analyzed by One Way ANOVA using SPSS Software. P<0.05 was considered significant.
III. RESULTS
Acute toxicity studies The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum did not produce any toxic symptoms or mortality upto the dose level of 2000mg/kg body weight in rats, and hence the extract was considered to be safe and non-toxic for further pharmacological screening. Hepatoprotective activity Hepatoprotective effects interms of activities of hepatic enzymes such as Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma glutamate transpeptidase (GGT) and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of both the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein. The levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and protein were 102.16 ± 3.66, 72.32 ± 0.58, 38.78 ± 0.43, 16.61 ± 0.23, 0.71 ± 0.01 and 5.28 ± 0.26 respectively Cinnamon zeylanicum administrated rat models and with Silymarin treated rats the levels were86.75 1.44, 50.33 0.60, 34.46 2.42, 16.21 0.15, 0.46 0.01and 5.78 0.52respectively. Here also the treatment of Cinnamon zeylanicum increased the hepatoprotective activity as against Silymarin treated groups (Table 1). Histopathological studies
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In histological studies, liver section of normal(Fig.1) (control) rats showed normal hepatocytes with well preserved cytoplasm. There was no sign of inflammation, fatty change or necrosis in these animals (Fig.2). Severe inflammations and cell swelling were observed in endothelial liver cells of alcohol treated rats and they also showed vacuoles in the cytoplasm as well as ballooning and degeneration of hepatocytes (Fig.3). The liver section of Cinnamon zeylanicum (100 mg/kg.b.wt) treated rats showed higher recovery of inflammatory cells around portal tract. There were few portal traid with periportal lymphocytic infiltration, central vein and rest of the hepatic parenchyma appeared unremarkable. No centrizonal necrosis was identified (Fig.4). Silymarin treated animal groups showed a normal liver lobule with no sign of necrosis in the centrizonal area and portal triad, only focal periportal inflammation was observed. TABLE 1 Effect of the extracts of Cinnamon zeylanicum on different hepatic enzymes
Parameters
Experimental groups
Group I (control)
Group II (Ethanol)
Group III (Ethanol + C. zeylanicum)
Group V (Ethanol + Silymarin)
SGOT (IU/L)
34.91 0.33
178.42 4.25
102.16 3.66*
86.75 1.44***
SGPT (IU/L)
29.12 0.93
127.08 1.23
72.32 0.58*
50.33 0.60***
ALP (IU/L)
28.94 1.41
81.03 1.30
38.78 0.43***
34.46 2.42***
GGT (IU/L)
31.06 0.10
58.23 0.68
16.61 0.23***
16.21 0.15***
Total bilirubin (gmol-1)
0.21 0.11
1.39 0.08
0.71 0.01**
0.46 0.01***
Serum protein (g)
6.92 0.33
3.53 0.10
5.28 0.26**
5.78 0.52***
Values are mean SEM (n = 6) One Way ANOVA. Where,* represents significant at P < 0.05, ** represents highly significant at P < 0.01 and *** represents very significant at P < 0.001. All values are compared with toxicant.
Fig. 1 Liver section of normal control rats showing normal liver lobular architecture with central vein and prominent nucleus and nucleolus.
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Fig.2. Liver section of alcohol treated rats showing severe toxicity with inflammatory and endothelial cell swelling.
Fig.3. Liver section of rats treated with alcohol and Cinnamon zeylanicum showing higher recovery of inflammatory cells around portal tract. No centrizonal necrosis was identified.
Fig.4. Liver section of rats treated with alcohol and standard drug silymarin showing the normal liver lobule with no sign of necrosis in the centrizonal area and portal triad.
IV. DISCUSSION
Herbal drugs play an important role in health care programmes worldwide and there is resurgence of interest in herbal medicines of treatment for various ailments. The World Health Organization estimated that about 80 percent of the world’s population still relies on plant-based medicines for their primary health care (Khalil et al., 2007). Liver is
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the most important organ concerned with the biochemical activity in the human body and it has great capacity to detoxicate toxic substances and synthesize useful metabolites (Meyer et al., 2001). Liver plays a central role in co-ordinating various metabolic functions of the body. Chronic consumption of ethanol induces lipid peroxidation causing hepatotoxicity by increasing the free radical formation which in turn increases the level of lipid peroxide in hepatic tissue and causes cell injury(Wolf, 1999). Ethanol is one of the most commonly used hepatotoxins in the experimental study of liver diseases (Johnson and Kroening, 1998). It induces liver cell necrosis and apoptosis and can be used to induce hepatic fibrosis or cirrhosis by repetitive administration .The hepatotoxic effect of ethanol is mainly due to its active metabolite, trichloro methyl radical (Srivastava et al., 1990). This activated radical, bind covalently to the macromolecules and induces lipid peroxidation and forms lipid peroxides which produce damage to the membrane (Mujeep et al., 2009). The increase in the levels of serum bilirubin reflected the depth of jaundice and the increase in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase which are cytoplasmic in location and released into circulation after cellular damages was the clear indication of the loss of functional integrity of the cell membrane (Saraswat et al., 1993).
When liver cell plasma membrane is damaged, a variety of enzymes, normally located in cytosol, are released into the blood stream. Their estimation in the serum is a useful quantitative market of the extent and type of hepatocellular damage (Reitman et al., 1998).The enzyme SGOT was found to be increased in ethanol intoxicated rats which indicates some damage in liver cells. In contrast, Osheckia oclandra aqueous extract reduced the AST in ethanol intoxicated rats (Jayaweera, 1982). Similarly, pre and post-treatment with the aqueous extract of the leaves of A. paniculata revealed protection against alcohol- induced alteration of serum and liver transaminase activities (Choudhury and Poddar, 1983). Significantly elevated levels of ALT (SGPT) often suggest the existence of other medical problems such as viral hepatitis, diabetes, congestive heart failure, liver damage, bile duct problems, infectious mononucleosis, or myopathy. For this reason, ALT is commonly used as a way of screening for liver problems (Wang, 2012). GGT catalyzes the transfer of the gamma glutamyl moiety of glutathione to an acceptor that may be an amino acid, a peptide or water (forming glutamate). GGT plays a keyrole in the gamma-glutamyl cycle, a pathway for the synthesis and degradation of glutathione, drug and xenobiotic detoxification (Siest et al., 1992). Alcohol increased the GGT production by inducing hepatic microsomal production which causes the leakage of GGT from hepatocytes (Barouki et al., 1983). Gupta et al. (2006) reported that the ethanol extract of the leaves of Chamomilerecutita capitula decreased the ALP production in ethanol fed albino rats. Similarly, aqueous extract of Rhoicissus tridentate aqueous extract reduced the level of ALP production in CCl4 intoxicated albino rats. Bilirubin is released from the destroyed red blood cells and passed on to the liver. The liver excretes the bilirubin in the fluid called bile. If the liver is not functioning properly, the bilirubin will not be properly excreted. Therefore, if the bilirubin level is higher than normal, it may mean that the liver is not functioning correctly (Baranano et al., 2002). Albumin helps to prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels. Globulins are the important parts of our immune system. High levels of serum total protein are seen in patients with liver disease, multiple myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis and chronic infections, alcoholism, leukemia and tuberculosis. An elevated level of serum total protein was observed in ethanol consumed albino rats. But in contrast, Vadivel et al. (2008) reported that alcoholic extract of the fruits of Coccinia grandis decreased the serum total protein in alcohol consumed albino rats. From the foregoing discussion, it is concluded that the leaf extracts of Cinnamon zeylanicum could be a potential new natural source of medicine for liver disorders. However, the extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum showed potential hepatoprotective activity than Silimarin. Further studies are needed to reveal the exact mechanism of action responsible for hepatoprotective activities. In the present histological studies, hepatocytes of the normal group showed a normal lobular architecture of the liver. Whereas, in the alcohol treated group, the liver showed hepatocytic necrosis and inflammation was also observed in the centrilobular region with portal triaditis. Intralobular veins were damaged but to a lesser extent. Endothelium is disrupted and hepatic cells adjoining to intralobular vein show atrophy. In the present investigation, sections of the liver treated with extracts of leaves of both the plants and alcohol, reveals better hepatoprotective activity. In another study, it has been reported that the aqueous extracts of Annona squamosa treated group showed minimal inflammation with moderate portal triaditis and their lobular architecture was normal in alcohol induced albino rats (Saleem et al., 2008). Similar results have been reported in methanol, hexane and chloroform extracts of Prostecheam ichuacana against CCl4 induced hepatic injury in albino rats (Rosa and Rosario, 2009).
In accordance with these results, it may be confirmed due to the presence of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides which are present in the aqueos extract could be considered
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as, responisible for the significant hepatoprotective activity. In conclusion, it can be said that the aqueos extract of Cinnamon zeylanicum exhibited a hepato protective effect against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity. Efforts are in progress to isolate and characterize the active principle, which is responsible for the hepatoprotective efficacy of this valuable medicinal plant.
V. Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to the Secretary and Correspondent and grateful to P.G and Reasearch Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College, Poondi - 613 503, Thanjavur (Dt), Tamil Nadu. REFERENCES
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