How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school-based health promotion programmes: A Review of literature
This document reviews 20 intervention studies that focused on physical activity and nutrition through school-based health promotion programs. The interventions ranged from 4 weeks to 3 years, targeted various grade levels, and involved teachers, parents, and other personnel. Most used randomized controlled trial designs. The interventions had diverse components related to physical activity, nutrition education, and changing behaviors. Results were mixed, with some interventions successfully increasing physical activity, nutrition knowledge, and healthy behaviors while others found no significant effects. Limitations included inadequate facilities, lack of long-term follow up, and recommendations focused on more intensive, multi-component interventions.
Assessment of the Existing School Health Promotion Program in a Selected Educ...AnuragSingh1049
The health promotion school program was designed to promote the wellbeing of school students. This concept was introduced during the 1980s by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Sri Lanka; it was initiated and implemented in 2008 targeting all government schools. The aim of the study was to assess the existing school health promotion program. The cross-sectional study was implemented in May 2018 with all secondary schools in a selected education zone in Sri Lanka which represent three types of schools, 1AB, 1C and type 2. The study participants were students and teachers. The newly developed tool (Health Promoting School Assessment Tool) was used to assess the existing school health promotion program under six main criteria. The nominal group technique was followed to fill the assessment tool designed in the study where a team of teachers and a team of students separately took part in the assessment. The findings of the study show that the existing health promotion school program is partially unsuccessful in the selected educational zone. The existing situation of the school health promotion program, according to the main six criteria of the Health Promotion School Assessment Tool, was not at a satisfactory level of the implementation (38.2%). Only three schools (N=23) scored more than 50% while other schools (n=20, N=23) were scored less than 50%. According to the assessment, for each group of an individual school, there was a difference between teachers’ assessment and students’ assessment of the overall health promotion program. It is important to conduct continuous monitoring and have an evaluation plan for the school health promotion program to acquire effective changes in school settings.
Assessment of the Existing School Health Promotion Program in a Selected Educ...AnuragSingh1049
The health promotion school program was designed to promote the wellbeing of school students. This concept was introduced during the 1980s by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Sri Lanka; it was initiated and implemented in 2008 targeting all government schools. The aim of the study was to assess the existing school health promotion program. The cross-sectional study was implemented in May 2018 with all secondary schools in a selected education zone in Sri Lanka which represent three types of schools, 1AB, 1C and type 2. The study participants were students and teachers. The newly developed tool (Health Promoting School Assessment Tool) was used to assess the existing school health promotion program under six main criteria. The nominal group technique was followed to fill the assessment tool designed in the study where a team of teachers and a team of students separately took part in the assessment. The findings of the study show that the existing health promotion school program is partially unsuccessful in the selected educational zone. The existing situation of the school health promotion program, according to the main six criteria of the Health Promotion School Assessment Tool, was not at a satisfactory level of the implementation (38.2%). Only three schools (N=23) scored more than 50% while other schools (n=20, N=23) were scored less than 50%. According to the assessment, for each group of an individual school, there was a difference between teachers’ assessment and students’ assessment of the overall health promotion program. It is important to conduct continuous monitoring and have an evaluation plan for the school health promotion program to acquire effective changes in school settings.
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-e...Annex Publishers
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
Longitudinal Changes in Anthropometric Measures in Children in 5th Grade_ACSM...Brianna Higgins
Poster Presentation at 2016 ACSM Annual Meeting, analyzing the change over one year in anthropometric measures in children participating in school-based obesity intervention.
Impact of nutrition education programme on college going girls engaged in spo...Sports Journal
Sports nutrition is a marginalized area of study yet nutrition plays a major role in good sportsmanship.
Sport nutrition focuses on the link between diet, nutrients and performance. The widely separated,
irregular food intakes and the increasing use of foods with low energy concentration can lead to poor
performance. Therefore the study was planned with the main objective to impart nutrition education to
college going girls engaged in sports activity. A need felt nutrition education programme was develop
after the assessment of nutrition knowledge of the female education programme developed in which
several Information Education and Communication material was prepared like poster, chart, flash card,
leaflet/pamphlet, power point presentation, folder. The results of the anthropometric measurement
showed that majority (74%) of the selected sports female were normal weight. The study showed the
sports person lack nutrition knowledge. Nutrition education intervention improved their mean awareness
score from 7.62 to 29.42 which
The impact of physical activity on academic performance among medical and hea...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Physical activity is a crucial component of school curricula as it is suggested to increase the students’ academic performance. This may be applied in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and academic performance among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and academic performance. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and academic performance (r = 0.208). However, the correlation was higher for BDS College with no significant difference with regard to nationality, age and gender.
The effect of high-fat versus high-carb diet on body composition in strength-...RefoRefaat
Low-fat, high-carb (LFHC) and low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets change body composition as a consequence of the reduction of body fat of overweight persons. The
aim of this study is the assessment of the impact of LFHC and LCHF diets on body
composition of men of a healthy body mass who do strength sports while maintaining the appropriate calorific value in a diet and protein intake. The research involved
55 men aged 19–35, with an average BMI of 24.01 ± 1.17 (min. 20.1, max. 26.1). The
participants were divided into two groups following two interventional diets: highfat diet or high-carb diet, for 12 weeks. The body composition of the participants
School-based physical activity programs for children and adolescents (aged 6 ...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence and Canadian Cochrane Centre hosted a 90 minute webinar on School-based physical activity. This work received support from KT Canada funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Key messages and implications for practice were presented on Wednesday October 30, 2013 at 1:00 pm EST.
This webinar focused on interpreting the evidence in the following review:
Dobbins,M., Husson, H., DeCorby K., & LaRocca, R.L. (2013). School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6-18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(2), Art. No.: CD007651.
Maureen Dobbins, Scientific Director of Health Evidence, lead the webinar.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
Assess The Effect of Resistance Training Compared To a Weight Loss Diet Progr...IOSR Journals
To evaluate the effect of a Resistance training program (BT) versus weight loss diet (DR) on body composition, insulin sensitivity and cardiovascular risk factors in obese adolescents. Methods: Thirty obese adolescents with a BMI above the 97th percentile participated in a training program and diet for 12 weeks. They were randomized into two groups: a diet group (DR, n = 16) with a caloric restriction of 500 kcal / day and Strength training group (BT, n = 14) for all major muscle groups, three sessions / week with an intensity of 50-80% (1.RM) for 3 months. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed for all of our subjects before and after the intervention program of 12 weeks. Results: Significant variations of body composition parameters were observed in both groups. The decrease of BMI, body weight, fat mass and (WC) for the group (DR) was more important than the group (BT) (p <0.01><0.05><0.05)),><0.05).><0.05) respectively). Conclusion: Strength training improves much more the sensitivity to insulin and cardiovascular risk factors than weight loss diet program. The latter is more effective for weight loss, BMI and body fat in obese adolescent boys.
Does physical-activity-and-sport-practice-lead-to-a-healthier-lifestyle-and-e...Annex Publishers
The prevalence of childhood obesity has been increasing rapidly and there is general consensus that good nutritional practices and physical activity should be encouraged as early as possible in life. The aim of this study was to describe and to compare the current lifestyle and dietary pattern of normal weight (NW) and overweight + obese (OW+OB) male adolescents who are physically active.
Methods: This observational and retrospective study was based on clinical records analysis of male adolescents aged 11-18 years who had undergone a medical evaluation at a Medical Sport Centre (Pavia, Italy) during 2009, and had filled in a self-administered life style questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that out of 1423 clinical records 23.0% of subjects were OW, 5.4% OB and 71.6% NW. We invited all the overweight and obese subjects to participate in the study, 308 of them (75.8%) agreed. Then we randomly enrolled an equivalent number of NW participants (n=308) in the medical evaluation at the sports center with similar characteristics as for socio-economic status, physical activity and age for a whole sample of 616 subjects. We handled them a validated lifestyle questionnaire. The questionnaire analysis was used to compare OW+OB and NW participants, as far as eating habits, sedentary activities and time spent in sports. All the subjects frequently skipped breakfast, did not consume fruit and vegetables daily and had a high soft drinks intake. Inverse correlations were found between weight and physical activity (p=0.01). Sedentary activities were preferred by about 25% and 66 % of the NW and OW+OB groups respectively. The percentage of smokers was similar within the two groups (14%).
Conclusions: Adolescents eating habits are incorrect, despite BMI and sports practice. Sports practice seems contributing to lower spare time physical inactivity, but does not improve eating habits. Public health interventions should focus on the reinforcement of leisure time physical activity, besides nutrition education and behavioral education programs in order to prevent obesity in the adulthood.
Longitudinal Changes in Anthropometric Measures in Children in 5th Grade_ACSM...Brianna Higgins
Poster Presentation at 2016 ACSM Annual Meeting, analyzing the change over one year in anthropometric measures in children participating in school-based obesity intervention.
Impact of nutrition education programme on college going girls engaged in spo...Sports Journal
Sports nutrition is a marginalized area of study yet nutrition plays a major role in good sportsmanship.
Sport nutrition focuses on the link between diet, nutrients and performance. The widely separated,
irregular food intakes and the increasing use of foods with low energy concentration can lead to poor
performance. Therefore the study was planned with the main objective to impart nutrition education to
college going girls engaged in sports activity. A need felt nutrition education programme was develop
after the assessment of nutrition knowledge of the female education programme developed in which
several Information Education and Communication material was prepared like poster, chart, flash card,
leaflet/pamphlet, power point presentation, folder. The results of the anthropometric measurement
showed that majority (74%) of the selected sports female were normal weight. The study showed the
sports person lack nutrition knowledge. Nutrition education intervention improved their mean awareness
score from 7.62 to 29.42 which
The impact of physical activity on academic performance among medical and hea...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Physical activity is a crucial component of school curricula as it is suggested to increase the students’ academic performance. This may be applied in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and academic performance among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and academic performance. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and academic performance (r = 0.208). However, the correlation was higher for BDS College with no significant difference with regard to nationality, age and gender.
The effect of high-fat versus high-carb diet on body composition in strength-...RefoRefaat
Low-fat, high-carb (LFHC) and low-carb, high-fat (LCHF) diets change body composition as a consequence of the reduction of body fat of overweight persons. The
aim of this study is the assessment of the impact of LFHC and LCHF diets on body
composition of men of a healthy body mass who do strength sports while maintaining the appropriate calorific value in a diet and protein intake. The research involved
55 men aged 19–35, with an average BMI of 24.01 ± 1.17 (min. 20.1, max. 26.1). The
participants were divided into two groups following two interventional diets: highfat diet or high-carb diet, for 12 weeks. The body composition of the participants
School-based physical activity programs for children and adolescents (aged 6 ...Health Evidence™
Health Evidence and Canadian Cochrane Centre hosted a 90 minute webinar on School-based physical activity. This work received support from KT Canada funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR). Key messages and implications for practice were presented on Wednesday October 30, 2013 at 1:00 pm EST.
This webinar focused on interpreting the evidence in the following review:
Dobbins,M., Husson, H., DeCorby K., & LaRocca, R.L. (2013). School-based physical activity programs for promoting physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents aged 6-18. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2013(2), Art. No.: CD007651.
Maureen Dobbins, Scientific Director of Health Evidence, lead the webinar.
Analysis characteristics of power PV cells and wind turbine from power genera...IOSR Journals
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized photovoltaic model using Matlab Simulink
software package, which can be representative of PV cell, module, and array for easy use on simulation
platform. The proposed model is designed with a user-friendly icon and a dialog box like Simulink block
libraries. This makes the generalized PV model easily simulated and analyzed in conjunction with power
electronics for a maximum power point tracker. Taking the effect of sunlight irradiance and cell temperature
into consideration, the output current and power characteristics of PV model are simulated and optimized using
the proposed model. This enables the dynamics of PV power system to be easily simulated, analyzed, and
optimized.
For Wind Turbine modeling and simulation of wind driven electricity generation system or WECS (an
acronym for Wind Energy Conversion System) has been done. Our aim is to design and test a power 300W
capacity, operating at 3 m/s to 6 m/s , induction permanent magnet generator Matlab simulation. The different
components of a wind energy system namely the wind turbine, generator, rectifier, as per the scope of this
project following which the design steps and modeling of the system in Matlab simulation environment -
Simulink was undertaken
Potential Biodeteriogens of Indoor and Outdoor Surfaces (Coated With Gloss, E...IOSR Journals
Potential Biodeteriogens of indoor and outdoor surfaces (coated with gloss, emulsion and text coat paints) within the University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria were investigated. Potential Biodeteriogens implicated in deterioration of painted surfaces were bacteria, fungi, microalgae and cyanobacteria. The total heterotrophic bacteria counts and total fungal counts for outdoor and indoor painted surfaces ranged from 2.8 x 106 to 9.00 x 106 cfu/g paint scrape, 1.56 x 104 to 6.6 x 104 cfu/g paint scrape; and 1.1 x 106 to 6.5 x 106 cfu/g paint scrapes, 1.31 x 104 to 9.8 x 104 cfu/g paint scrapes respectively. The result of THB and TF count expressed graphically showed surfaces with increasing order of microbial load: Gloss paints < Text coat paint < Emulsion paints. Predominant bacterial genera isolated from the surfaces include Bacillus (29.0%), Pseudomonas (22.6%), Proteus (19.4%), Serratia (16.1%), Citrobacter (6.5%), Enterobacter (3.2%) and Klebsiella (3.2%). Fungal genera isolated include: Alternaria, Aspergillus , Cladosporium , Fusarium ,Geotrichum , Gleosporium , Penicillum , Rhizopus , Saccharomyces and Stachybotrys . Fungi were the predominant biodeteriogens. Predominant microalgae isolated from the wet painted surfaces include Chorella , Characium , Closterium , Geminella , Oscillatoria , Totrogonnidium and Triceratium . Physicochemistry of various paint surfaces revealed the following: TOC (1.30 – 3.49%), Phosphate (0.39-8.82mg/100g), nitrate (4.64-187.58mg/100g), sulphate (99.78-285.00mg/100g), pH (8.55-9.59), oil and Grease (125.00-285.00mg/100g).Result showed that different consortia of biodeteriogens implicated in indoor and outdoor painted surfaces are dependent on the chemical compositions of the various paints, nature of the coating surfaces and physicochemical parameters influencing the microbial processes. Emulsion surfaces habour most potential biodeteriogens on their surfaces than the other surfaces. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in the various potential biodeteriogens, categories of painted surfaces, indoor and outdoor surfaces.
Exact Solutions of Axially Symmetric Bianchi Type-I Cosmological Model in Lyr...IOSR Journals
In this paper we have obtained axially symmetric Bianchi type-I cosmological models for perfect
fluid distribution in the context of Lyra’s manifold. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained by
assuming the expansion in the model is proportional to the shear . This leads to the condition
A Bn
where A and B are scale factors and n( 0) is a constant. Some kinematical and physical parameters of the
model have been discussed. The solutions are compatible with recent observations.
On The Use of Transportation Techniques to Determine the Cost of Transporting...IOSR Journals
This paper aims at identifying an effective and appropriate method of calculating the cost of transporting goods from several supply centers to several demand centers out of many available methods. Transportation algorithms of North-West corner method (NWCM), Least Cost Method (LCM), Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) and Optimality Test were carried out to estimate the cost of transporting produced newspaper from production center to ware-houses using Statistical software called TORA. The results revealed that: NWCM = 36,689,050.00, LCM = 55,250,034.00, VAM = 29,097,700.00 and Optimal solution = 19,566,332.00. It was discovered that Vogel’s Approximation method gives the transportation cost that closer to optimal solution. Also, the study revealed that a production center should be created at northern part of Nigeria to replace the dummy supply center used in the analysis, so as to make production capacity equal to requirement.
Stable endemic malaria in a rainforest community of Southeastern NigeriaIOSR Journals
Malaria infections in a stable endemic malaria community of Abagana, a rainforest community in
southeastern Nigeria was studied between April and August 2012. Advocacy visits to the traditional ruler and
opinion leaders of the community and proper explanations of the project were used to obtain permission to
carry out the study. The community was mobilized through public announcements in the churches, schools,
markets and group meetings. Thick and thin blood films were used to concentrate, and identify malaria
parasites using oil immersion lense of bright field light microscope. Estimates of parasite intensity per person
was made on each positive slide by parasite count in the microscope fields. Participants were grouped into
sexes, age, education and occupation. A total of 141 participants made up of 59(41.84%) males and 82(58.16%)
females were involved in the study. Of the 141 participants, 76(53.90%) were positive with malaria parasites,
among whom 32(42.11%) were males and 44(57.89%) were females. Of the positive malaria cases, malaria
intensity among the participants were light 32(42.11%), moderate 35(46.05%) and heavy 9(11.84%) and was
spread across all the groups and villages. These results revealed holoendemicity of malaria in the community.
Intervention efforts including massive educational campaigns were suggested
Simulation of the Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation in Modelling Of Photon ...IOSR Journals
A beam data modelling algorithm was developed by solving the linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (BTE). The Linear Boltzmann Transport Equation (LBTE) is a form of the Boltzmann transport equation that assumes that radiation particles only interact with the matter as they are passing through matter and not with each other. This condition is only valid when there is no external magnetic field. The numerical method proposed by Lewis et al., [9] was used to solve the LBTE. A programming code was computed for the LBTE and run on CMS XiO treatment planning system to generate beam data, the generated beam data were compared to experimentally determined data. The calculated percentage depth dose (PDD) completely overlap the measured PDDs for the small field sizes while there is a shift in the PDD tail for large field size. However the shift is negligible. For the wedge PDDs, the shift between the measured PDDs and the calculated occurs at the Dmax region and it increases with increase in field size. The calculated wedge profiles have a slight shift at the shoulder compared to the measured ones and this decreases with increase in field size, unlike the PDDs. There is also a slight shift between calculated in-plane profiles and measured ones. There is a good agreement between the measured beam data and the calculated ones using the algorithm. This algorithm can be implemented as an in-house algorithm for beam data modelling and also as an independent quality assurance tool for checking the accuracy of clinical TPS algorithms with regards to beam data modelling during quality assurance and TPS commissioning tests.
Neural Network For The Estimation Of Ammonia Concentration In Breath Of Kidne...IOSR Journals
Neural networks are an extremely powerful tool for data mining. They are especially useful in cases
involving data classification where it is difficult to establish a pattern in the search space. In an era when
artificial intelligence is increasingly being utilised in industrial and medical applications throughout the world,
it is becoming evident that this is an emerging trend. This paper explores the idea of artificial intelligence by
employing the use of a feed-forward neural network with two process layers to determine the concentration of
ammonia in exhaled human breath. The human mouth contains many kinds of substances both in liquid and
gaseous form. The individual concentrations of each of these substances could provide useful insight to the
health condition of the entire body. Ammonia is one of such substances whose concentration in the mouth has
revealed the presence or absence of diseases in the body. Kidney failure is one diesease which is identified by
an extremely high ammonia content in human breath. This disease is as a result of the kidneys’ inability to
process the body’s liquid waste. The result of this is the release of urea throughout the body which is dissipated
in the form of ammonia through oral breath. The neural simulation is carried out using NeuroSolutions version
5 software. The neural network correctly identified the concentration of oral ammonia as an indication of
kidney failure with an accuracy of 85%.
Magnetic Properties and Interactions of Nanostructured CoCrTa Thin FilmsIOSR Journals
Magnetic properties of CoCrTa alloy thin films were studied as function of the deposition pressure. Films deposited at low deposition pressure showed low coercivity and high loop squareness ratio. At relatively higher deposition pressurean increase in the samples’ coercivity, and decrease in both the magnetic loop squareness ratio, andthe strength of the exchange interaction amongst the grains of the films were recorded. The observations indicate the films to have properties quite suited for recording media application as well as magnetic memory devices.
Leather Quality Estimation Using an Automated Machine Vision SystemIOSR Journals
In the presented work, it is proposed to design the feature vector of the parameters of leather
material in order to completely define the quality of the leather material. The proposed parameters are holes,
cracks, spots, cuts, and roughness etc.. The defects are localized according to their position on leather surface,
their size and shape. The histogram analysis method is proposed to be developed for use with very low-level
image features, such as color and luminance and is used as an image descriptor for color-matching
requirements. In the present scenario, it is observed that the leather quality is highly sensitive to surface finish
of the leather material. Manually it is not possible always to inspect each area of the leather surface under test
because of heavy lot of material and it is time consuming too. The main problem during the inspection is that
how to achieve the repeatable quality at regular interval. Therefore, in order to get the authentic leather
quality, it is required to have a set of features that could be given some numerical value so that the quality can
be justified in quantified manner. A machine vision system offers a fair solution in order to solve this problem.
In the proposed work, we propose to deduce some mathematical parameters besides size and location that are arranged in a vector so as to determine the leather quality
Filtering Unwanted Messages from Online Social Networks (OSN) using Rule Base...IOSR Journals
Online Social Networks (OSNs) are today one of the most popular interactive medium to share,
communicate, and distribute a significant amount of human life information. In OSNs, information filtering can
also be used for a different, more responsive, function. This is owing to the fact that in OSNs there is the
possibility of posting or commenting other posts on particular public/private regions, called in general walls.
Information filtering can therefore be used to give users the ability to automatically control the messages
written on their own walls, by filtering out unwanted messages. OSNs provide very little support to prevent
unwanted messages on user walls. For instance, Facebook permits users to state who is allowed to insert
messages in their walls (i.e., friends, defined groups of friends or friends of friends). Though, no content-based
partialities are preserved and therefore it is not possible to prevent undesired communications, for instance
political or offensive ones, no matter of the user who posts them. To propose and experimentally evaluate an
automated system, called Filtered Wall (FW), able to filter unwanted messages from OSN user walls
The CFD Analysis of Turbulence Characteristics in Combustion Chamber with Non...IOSR Journals
Abstract : Co-Axial jets have applications in areas where the mixing of two fluid jets are necessary, the two
fluid jets can be effectively mixed by producing the turbulence flow. Turbulence is a chaotic behavior of the fluid
particles that comes in to picture when the inertia force of the flow dominates the viscous force and it is
characterized by the Reynolds Number. Co-axial jets are effective in producing the turbulence. In the present
study the free compressible turbulent coaxial jet problem will be computed using CFD, and compare with
different non circular coaxial jets based on constant hydraulic diameter and mass flow rate. Turbulence
characteristics of combustion chamber with circular coaxial and non circular coaxial jets are determined and
compared.
Keywords: Coaxial Jet, Turbulence Modeling, Fuel injector, Combustion chamber.
Similar to How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school-based health promotion programmes: A Review of literature
School Nutrition Policies: Shared and Complementary Perspectives of Lebanese ...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Health promotion at schools has evolved during the past few years from practices centered on health education in class to adoption of comprehensive approach aiming attitudes, skills, and behaviors of youth and their environment. Various studies suggested the need for action by developing nutrition strategies and policies based on comprehensive approaches, reinforcing environments, and consolidating actions joining youth in the most favorable environments for nutrition and physical activity interventions including residence, schools, and communities. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the determinants of an eventual School Nutrition Policy (SNP) development by studying the perceptions of different Lebanese key stakeholders.
A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior inEcuador.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior in
Ecuadorian Adolescents: A Qualitative Study
Roosmarijn Verstraeten1,2*, Kathleen Van Royen2, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés2,3, Daniela Penafiel2,4,
Michelle Holdsworth5, Silvana Donoso3, Lea Maes6, Patrick Kolsteren1,2
1 Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, 2 Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,
3 Food, Nutrition and Health program, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador, 4 Rural Research Centre, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador,
5 Public Health Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) - The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, 6 Department of Public Health, Ghent
University, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing eating behavior of Ecuadorian adolescents - from
the perspective of parents, school staff and adolescents - to develop a conceptual framework for adolescents’ eating
behavior.
Study design: Twenty focus groups (N = 144 participants) were conducted separately with adolescents aged 11–15 y (n
(focus groups) = 12, N (participants) = 80), parents (n = 4, N = 32) and school staff (n = 4, N = 32) in rural and urban Ecuador.
A semi-structured questioning route was developed based on the ‘Attitude, Social influences and Self-efficacy’ model and
the socio-ecological model to assess the relevance of behavioral and environmental factors in low- and middle-income
countries. Two researchers independently analyzed verbatim transcripts for emerging themes, using deductive thematic
content analysis. Data were analyzed using NVivo 8.
Results: All groups recognized the importance of eating healthily and key individual factors in Ecuadorian adolescents’ food
choices were: financial autonomy, food safety perceptions, lack of self-control, habit strength, taste preferences and
perceived peer norms. Environmental factors included the poor nutritional quality of food and its easy access at school. In
their home and family environment, time and convenience completed the picture as barriers to eating healthily. Participants
acknowledged the impact of the changing socio-cultural environment on adolescents’ eating patterns. Availability of
healthy food at home and financial constraints differed between settings and socio-economic groups.
Conclusion: Our findings endorse the importance of investigating behavioral and environmental factors that influence and
mediate healthy dietary behavior prior to intervention development. Several culture-specific factors emerged that were
incorporated into a conceptual framework for developing health promotion interventions in Ecuador.
Citation: Verstraeten R, Van Royen K, Ochoa-Avilés A, Penafiel D, Holdsworth M, et al. (2014) A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior in Ecuadorian
Adolescents: A Qualitative Study. PLoS ONE 9(1): e87183. doi:10.1371/journal..
The Curricular Philosophy of the K to 12
PE Curriculum
Fitness and movement education content is the core of the K to 12 PE Curriculum. It includes value, knowledge, skills, and experiences in physical activity participation to (1) achieve and maintain health-related fitness (HRF), as well as (2) optimize health. In particular, it hopes to instill an understanding of why HRF is important so that the learner can translate HRF knowledge into action. Thus, self-management is an important skill.
Health and Wellbeing - Curriculum for Excellence in HighlandLouise Jones
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STUDY PROTOCOL Open AccessA family based tailored counsell.docxpicklesvalery
STUDY PROTOCOL Open Access
A family based tailored counselling to increase
non-exercise physical activity in adults with a
sedentary job and physical activity in their young
children: design and methods of a year-long
randomized controlled trial
Taija Finni1*, Arja Sääkslahti2, Arto Laukkanen1, Arto Pesola1 and Sarianna Sipilä3
Abstract
Background: Epidemiological evidence suggests that decrease in sedentary behaviour is beneficial for health. This
family based randomized controlled trial examines whether face-to-face delivered counselling is effective in
reducing sedentary time and improving health in adults and increasing moderate-to-vigorous activities in children.
Methods: The families are randomized after balancing socioeconomic and environmental factors in the Jyväskylä
region, Finland. Inclusion criteria are: healthy men and women with children 3-8 years old, and having an
occupation where they self-reportedly sit more than 50% of their work time and children in all-day day-care in
kindergarten or in the first grade in primary school. Exclusion criteria are: body mass index > 35 kg/m2, self-
reported chronic, long-term diseases, families with pregnant mother at baseline and children with disorders
delaying motor development.
From both adults and children accelerometer data is collected five times a year in one week periods. In addition,
fasting blood samples for whole blood count and serum metabonomics, and diurnal heart rate variability for 3
days are assessed at baseline, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up from adults. Quadriceps and hamstring muscle
activities providing detailed information on muscle inactivity will be used to realize the maximum potential effect
of the intervention. Fundamental motor skills from children and body composition from adults will be measured at
baseline, and at 6 and 12 months follow-up. Questionnaires of family-influence-model, health and physical activity,
and dietary records are assessed. After the baseline measurements the intervention group will receive tailored
counselling targeted to decrease sitting time by focusing on commute and work time. The counselling regarding
leisure time is especially targeted to encourage toward family physical activities such as visiting playgrounds and
non-built environments, where children can get diversified stimulation for play and practice fundamental of motor
skills. The counselling will be reinforced during the first 6 months followed by a 6-month maintenance period.
Discussion: If shown to be effective, this unique family based intervention to improve lifestyle behaviours in both
adults and children can provide translational model for community use. This study can also provide knowledge
whether the lifestyle changes are transformed into relevant biomarkers and self-reported health.
Trial registration number: ISRCTN: ISRCTN28668090
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1Neuromuscular Research Center, Department of Biology of Physical Activity,
University of ...
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
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How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school-based health promotion programmes: A Review of literature
1. IOSR Journal of Sports and Physical Education (IOSR-JSPE)
e-ISSN: 2347-6737, p-ISSN: 2347-6745, Volume 2, Issue 1 (Jan - Feb. 2015), PP 01-06
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/6737-0210106 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
How effective are the interventions related to physical activities
and nutrition in the school-based health promotion programmes:
A Review of literature
Dr. Poonam Khattar
Background: This narrative article reviewed 20 intervention studies which focused on physical activity and
nutrition together under the school based health promotion programmes.
Objective: To assess and summarize the effectiveness of interventions focussing on physical activity and
nutrition together through the school-based health promotion programmes.
Search method: The search strategy included search in databases such as pubmed, medline, reference lists of
included articles, systematic reviews and background papers to identify relevant studies and references. Efforts
were made to retrieve and review full articles, in the absence of which, the abstracts were considered. The
following inclusion criteria were considered in the process of literature review:
i. Language: published in English
ii. Time period: last ten years, i.e; from 2003 till 2013
iii. Location of study: intervention must be in the school-based setting.
iv. Target group: school going students in any grade.
v. Nature of interventions: must be on physical activity and nutrition both; embedded explicitly in the school
curriculum.
vi. Intervention period: minimum of four weeks.
vii. Personnel administering Interventions: there was no specific selection of personnel who delivered
interventions. School teachers, counsellors, health educators and any other type of health personnel
involved in the study were considered.
I. Introduction:
Unhealthy diets and physical inactivity are the two key risk factors for the major non-communicable
diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes. Regular physical activity combined with healthy
diet produces benefits such as overall good health, maintain body weight and thus serve as a platform to prevent
the onset of non- communicable diseases among the children and adolescents. The World Health Assembly
adopted the WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health, [1]
in May 2004 as focused strategy in
order to address the growing burden of the NCDs and to reducing deaths and diseases worldwide by improving
diets and increasing levels of physical activity. The 2013 World Health Assembly endorsed the Global NCD
Action Plan 2013-2020,[2]
which includes a set of actions to promote healthy diets and physical activity, and to
attain nine voluntary global targets for NCDs including ones on diet and physical activity to be achieved by
2025 (resolution WHA 66.10).The documented health benefits of regular physical activity which include
increased physical fitness (both cardio respiratory fitness and muscular strength), reduced body fatness,
favourable cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk profiles, enhanced bone health and reduced symptoms of
depression. [3]
The scientific evidence available for the age group 5–17 years supports the overall conclusion that
physical activity provides fundamental health benefits for children and youth. It is well established that physical
activity of amounts greater than 60 minutes daily provides additional health. [4]
Comprehensive school-based
interventions can increase participation in vigorous physical activity among high-school girls. [5]
After-school
programmes have also reported increases in physical activity. [6]
Studies have concluded that the nutrition promotion programmes using the Health Promoting Schools
approach can increase participants' consumption of high-fibre foods, healthier snacks, water, milk, fruit and
vegetables.[7]
A number of research studies have demonstrated the feasibility of sustainability of substantially
modifying school lunches and school physical education programmes to improve children‟s diet and physical
activity among high school girls.[8]
School programmes are effective in preventing childhood obesity [9]
and
specifically the interventions that adopt multi- component approach are more effective in preventing obesity.[10]
II. Brief review of school based interventions
Physical inactivity and unhealthy diets are the modifiable risk factors and the school settings provide a
strong forum to initiate health interventions for the NCDs. McKenzie suggested that studies on school based –
interventions presently extend beyond the confines of the school classroom or gymnasium to embrace the
2. How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school…
DOI: 10.9790/6737-0210106 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
broader school environment, including school policies, facilities, community linkages, and all campus activity
programs, such as recess, intramurals, and club sports.[11]
Many earlier related reviews had narrower focus.[12]
These reviews related to school-based interventions focused on diverse aspects such as physical activity [11, 17]
,
nutrition[13, 14],
obesity[9, 10, 11]
), participatory health promotion[15]
levels of academic achievements[16]
, cardio-
vascular risks [18]
, in isolation or collectively with other variables.
Results of several studies have stressed the need for intervention programmes aimed at increased
consumption of fruits and vegetables, targeting proximal factors such as the family environment and distal
factors by aiming at integrating other risk factors such as physical activity into health promotion among
adolescents. [14]
Brown 2006 highlights that as cited in the previous review of reviews, interventions that
promoted healthy eating and physical activities were effective. These programmes were among the most
sophisticated, and the ones that were effective were more likely to involve changes to the environment of the
school and involvement of parents. Students from schools participating in a coordinated program that
incorporated recommendations for school-based healthy eating programs had healthier diets, and reported more
physical activities than students from schools without nutrition programs[19]
and exhibited significantly lower
rates of overweight and obesity.[20, 21]
Best practice interventions for promoting healthy diets and increased physical activity in school
settings have suggested four components namely parental component, nutrition based curriculum component,
food service component and physical activity programme. School interventions were more likely to be
successful if they were offered at primary schools and implemented by qualified educators to children in grades
4-7. All best practice studies were based on a firm theory of behaviour, such as cognitive, social or stages of
change theories.[22]
Studies conducted in middle schools and high schools have also demonstrated that it is
feasible to improve the quantity and quality of school physical education through policies, teacher training, use
of activity-focused “enhanced” curricula, and smaller class sizes. [23, 24]
Multi-component school-based programmes seem to encompass all of the aforementioned elements.
Murillo grouped various strategies which resulted in increased physical activity into 5 broad intervention
guidelines (i) design multi-component interventions that foster the empowerment of members of the school
community; (ii) develop improvements to physical education curricula as a strategy to promote physical activity
to adolescents; (iii) design and implement non-curricular programmes and activities to promote physical
activity; (iv) include computer-tailored interventions during the implementation and monitoring of physical
activity promotion programmes and (v) design and implement specific strategies that respond to the interests
and needs of girls.[25]
Keeping the above in purview, a literature review was undertaken to assess and summarize the
effectiveness of interventions which focussed on physical activity and nutrition together in the school –based
health promotion programmes. Through this review we aim to identify the most promising elements of existing
health promotion programmes and interventions specifically focusing on physical activity and nutrition that
could be implemented and evaluated on a large scale and contribute to literature by including studies.
Analysis and Discussion: Twenty research studies published since 2003 till 2013, which had implemented
focused interventions both on physical activity and nutrition in the school based settings were selected. Given
below is the analysis and discussion of key findings.
Time period of the interventions: Much diversity was found in the time-period of the interventions in the
school based settings, varying from 4 weeks to three years.
Target group: An analysis of the target group based on grades revealed that range of interventions planned
varied from kindergarten to secondary school students. Two studies were conducted on kindergarten students
[27, 43]
; one study was done among students in grades 1 to 3 [26]
; two studies on grade 4 & 5 students [28, 34]
. Five
studies planned interventions for primary school students[ 29,30,35, 38, 39]
and four on elementary school students[
36,42,44,45]
. Two studies included students from the primary through secondary schools, aged 7 and 12 years. [32, 37]
Personnel involved: Teachers participated in all the studies for delivering the planned interventions. One study
included the school doctor [36]
and other health educator. [40]
Involvement of parents/families: 14 out of 20 studies planned interventions involving the parents/family,
which shows that their engagement is critical for ensuring physical activity and nutritional changes.
[26,27,28,29,30,32,34,35,37,39,40,41,42,45]
Design of the study: Research on health promotion requires a variety of methodological approaches, including
process- and outcome-based evaluation, and quantitative and qualitative methods. Ten
studies[26,27,28,30,33,34,37,38,40,45]
used randomized control trial method. Four among these used cluster randomized
trial method. [28, 30, 33, 44]
Quasi experimental study design was used in three studies. [31,32,36,42]
Non- randomized
control trial was used in one study [10]
and study designed based on behavioural epidemiological model was
3. How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school…
DOI: 10.9790/6737-0210106 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
adopted by one study.[43]
Two studies adopted whole school approach.[29,41]
Some studies had very small sample
size due to which generalization to a larger population was difficult.
Nature of interventions: One of the criteria for inclusion was that it must have been implemented in a
classroom setting. The review reveals that a great diversity exists in the nature of interventions designed in the
classroom setting for physical activity and nutritional aspects combined. For example, studies were designed to
test if the classroom based education could change the knowledge about healthy heart[27, 40]
; relationship
between nutrition and cardiovascular risk factors[27]
; to assess the impact on dietary intake and cognitive and
attitudinal variables related to consumption of fruits and vegetables.[28,34]
Multi-component interventions were
designed for reducing % body fat[26]
; weight status[29,30,43]
; BMI & obesity exercise[38]
and nutrition[37, 39,42]
;
healthy life styles including CVDs, tobacco use, nutrition & physical activity.[36]
8 studies exclusively focussed
on overweight /obesity by designing interventions through physical activity and nutrition.[26,28,29, 30,31,34,38,42]
How the assessment of interventions was undertaken: Most studies used intervention and control groups and
pre-test –post test design. Fung et al; conducted annual surveys related to diet; physical activity and health with
84% student participation rate. [34]
Gorely et al report that the intervention was most successful when it was
taken on board as a whole initiative with the staff providing organized activities for the children.[35]
The study
by Caballero used process evaluation and revealed a strong degree of implementation for the classroom
curriculum, with 94% of lessons completed. [26]
Formative assessment approach was used by Naylor,[26]
while
Jansen used multi-level analysis which supported evidence of multi component interventions.[38]
Ribeiro et al
used pre-intervention and follow-up student surveys based on the trans-theoretical model of the stages of
behaviour change. This intervention encouraged the students to make healthy lifestyle choices related to eating
habits and physical activity behaviours.
Process evaluations form a crucial part of the design/methodology. „Health promoting interventions
cannot be expected to work unless they are appropriately implemented; to be clear that this has happened,
process evaluations are needed alongside trials. It is, however, unusual for process evaluations to be undertaken
or for those reporting controlled trials to include information on the extent to which programmes were
implemented‟. [25]
Only three studies weaved in process evaluation in the design. [32,38,41]
Main outcome measures in the studies varied from percentage body fat & BMI,[28, 30, 36, 42]
physical activity,
sedentary life style, dietary intake, eating patterns [37, 39, 42]
, obesity[26, 28, 29, 30,31,34,38,42]
.
Result/Effect of interventions: The result of interventions related to physical activity and nutrition were
assessed for measures such as effects on BMI, % body fat, consumption of more fruits, total energy intake and
effect on knowledge, attitude and behaviour change. Studies which evaluated the effect of interventions on BMI
demonstrated mixed results. Significant between group effects were observed for waist circumference for BMI z
scores in two studies.[33, 41]
Results of three studies[28,30,36,42]
found no significant changes in the % body fat or
BMI, but improvements were seen. Cunha[28]
explain that despite the failure of the intervention to bring about an
overall change in the students‟ BMI, the results of this study are important because the dietary patterns of
Brazilian adolescents are characterized by low consumption of vegetables and fruits and high consumption of
sweets and sodas as well as foods high in sodium.[28]
No significant reduction in body fat was found in two
studies[26,43]
; whereas slowing in rate of increase in estimated % body fat was informed by two studies.[35, 39]
The knowledge and attitude related to nutritional aspects were reported to be significantly positively
changed in many studies.[26,27,36,40,42]
Many studies reported significant increase in knowledge related to
physical activity and nutritional aspects.[27,31, 34, 36, 37]
Physical activity levels were reported be higher in studies
[26,31, 35, 36,37]
in the intervention than the control groups. Studies also reported that children consumed more fruits
[28, 34]
; engaged in more physical activity[34]
and consumed less sugar.[27, 28]
One study found no difference in
fruits and vegetables intake.[35]
Study by Hopper, 2005 [37]
concluded that including family was effective in
improving nutritional knowledge rather than changes in diet and behaviour. Significant behaviour change was
observed related to physical activity and physical fitness in studies [36, 43]
; nutrition. [37]
Schools can adjust curriculum to meet some health needs of the students and achieve modest changes in
exercise and nutrition knowledge and diet.[37]
Overall, 18 out of 20 interventions reported that interventions
were successful. Only 2 studies reported no significant effect of intervention at student level.[32,36]
III. Limitations observed in the studies
Many studies did not report the limitations observed. Cunha et al observed that many students bring
processed salty snacks, filled cookies, and sodas to school. In addition, physical activities were not possible
because of lack of support from principals and teachers. School facilities were inadequate; only 2 of the 20
schools had a sports field. [28]
Gorely et al cite a methodological limitation that due to the local media content, it
was not possible to conduct a randomised control trial and hence the schools were matched on key variables. An
assessment of diet may not have been sensitive enough; the lack of a long term follow-up as yet means the
sustainability of behavioural changes cannot be assessed. Further, matching the groups on SES was not
successful and group level matching was not reflected at the individual level resulting in the intervention group
4. How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school…
DOI: 10.9790/6737-0210106 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
being of lower socioeconomic status than the control.[35]
Staff highlighted challenges such as limited time, high
staff turnover at the schools, & lack of financial resources, but felt with continued support they could continue
to implement programme.[41]
Decline in enthusiasm and need for more support & guidance to maintain
programme was suggested by another study.[32]
IV. Recommendations/suggestions given in the studies
More professional training for teachers in the Health Promoting School approach is required.[32]
A lack
of effect of the intervention on % body fat suggests that more intense or longer interventions may be needed to
modify the continuing trend toward higher adiposity.[26]
Studies using multi-component intervention strategies
are able to increase consumption of healthy dietary items, a good strategy thus would be to incorporate
classroom-based physical activities incorporating multi-component approach. Further studies are required to
develop messages and strategies that not only change specific eating behaviors but also lead to reductions in
weight gain, especially among low socio-economic groups.[28]
Since the environmental contributors to the
obesity problem are more societal rather than individual responsibility, it suggests that dissecting and tackling
the obesogenic environment is necessary to complement school- and family-based interventions.[29]
The future
programs should take into account SES, parental body weight, and sex as confounders. They should include the
primary care and/or clinical setting.[30]
Better student outcomes could probably be attained by a more focused
and evidence-based approach with stepwise implementation of action plans.[32]
Cabellero et al 2003, state that
over the past 30 years, several school-based studies have implemented and evaluated programs aimed at
reducing cardiovascular disease risk or obesity prevalence. Several of these programs were targeted at only
obese children and thus did not attempt to modify risk behaviors in non-obese children. [26]
V. Conclusion
The review suggests that school health promotion interventions related to physical activity and
nutrition are effective. Interventions in all the studies were implemented by the teachers. In some cases doctors,
health educators, sport teacher and additional support personnel was deployed. There is also evidence that most
studies involved the parents/ families in the intervention programmes. The type of interventions for parents
included briefing about the programme, seeking their consent and participation, lectures for the parents/families;
health education material; and interaction with the school team. 25% interventions had target group consisting
of primary school and 25% for the elementary school children. Many studies adopted randomized controlled
trial design, though there is debate as to the appropriateness of RCTs for evaluating health promotion
interventions. [47]
All the studies adopted the multi-component approach for the intervention; that is; having a
physical activity component and the nutrition component embedded in the curricula and parental/family
involvement. The intervention for the students in the classroom environment revolved around both the physical
activity and nutrition. Regarding physical activity, the interventions designated a specific time and aimed to
provide increased opportunity for physical activities such as activity breaks for 10-15 minutes; running games,
physical activity events, additional sport activities outside school hours and fitness testing. The intervention for
nutritional aspects included nutrition education provided through learning resource materials, lectures focussing
on healthy eating and life styles and choices with the involvement of parents/families. Studies which evaluated
the effect of interventions on BMI demonstrated mixed results. Many studies reported significant increase in
knowledge related to physical activity and nutritional aspects. Physical activity levels were reported be higher in
the intervention than the control groups. Process evaluation which gives an indication on whether the
programme strategy and other components was successful or not and to what extent, was not elaborated in many
studies.
Directions for future research: There is a paucity of research in an Indian context in this area. Longitudinal
studies need to be developed with robust study design. The school health programmes must be evaluated for
their long term effects on the sedentary behaviour and dietary habits. More randomized strategies within each
intervention should be discussed. Successful control trials are needed to overcome methodological limitations of
existing literature. Socio-economic variables have a very important role to play in the diet/eating habits and
physical activities, hence should be given due consideration while selecting the sample. Process evaluation
should be weaved in the methodology. The schools while designing the interventions should take care of these
aspects and plan activities accordingly.
Recommendations: The public health effect of these interventions depends on a number of factors such as; is
there a school health policy? What types of health promotion programmes are planned? Do they meet the
developmental needs, socio- environmental status concerns of the children and community? Is there regular
monitoring and evaluation of these programmes? Are the parents/family members an integral part of planning?
Given the global burden of NCDs, and the rise of obesity and overweight among the children and the
adolescents, the schools must plan for systematic health promotion programmes and especially weave in the
physical activity and nutrition education programmes in the curricula. Research studies need to determine what
5. How effective are the interventions related to physical activities and nutrition in the school…
DOI: 10.9790/6737-0210106 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
programme characteristics contribute to specific outcomes and the differential benefits for various student
groups and how programmes can be adapted to meet the needs of specific groups. Training of teachers and
setting aside specific time in the curriculum would go a long way to strengthen the health promoting school
policy.
Policy implications: Schools serve as a major platform for initiating preventive and promotive measures.
Evidence-based interventions have shown to be effective in increasing physical activity and nutrition education
which can be adopted and implemented, as recommended by national organizations. Because there is evidence
that risk factors continue into adulthood,[36]
such interventions if carried out for longer period of time, with
monitoring and process evaluations, could have an impact on control of NCDs. Hence focused school health
programmes and implementation of various educational activities; with respect to life-styles in the framework of
parents/community need to be developed and implemented as necessary component of health education in
schools.
References
[1]. World Health Organization [WHO]. (2004). Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health. The Fifty-Seventh World Health
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