The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT- The anticancer drug arsenic trioxide is effective for acute promyelocytic leukemia. But the clinical trials are
restricted due to its potential side effects. Since the major part of arsenic metabolism and detoxification occurs in liver,
this organ faces the major threat. The hepatic side effects include fatty liver, fibrosis, and inflammation and hepatocyte
degeneration. Our study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, against adversities
of arsenic trioxide in an in vitro model, the Chang liver cells. Two preliminary dose standardization assays, cell
viability and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, were employed. The assays were performed as Pre-treatment,
Co-treatment and Post treatment experiments for a period of 24 hours. Arsenic trioxide at various doses (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,
12.5 and 15 μM) showed a significant (p≤0.05) dose dependant reduction in cell viability along with a dose dependant
enhancement of lactate dehydrogenase release. However when the cells were treated with a combination of docosahexaenoic
acid at varying concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 μM), the above mentioned conditions were found to be
reversed in Pre-treatment and Co-treatment experiments, but not in Post treatment. The most effective combination was
found to be 10 μM arsenic trioxide with 100 μM of docosahexaenoic acid in both Pre-treatment and Co- treatment studies.
Thus the preliminary assays of our study showed that docosahexaenoic acid administration as Pre-treatment or
Co-treatment can aid in reducing arsenic trioxide induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms
behind the protective effects.
Key Words– Arsenic trioxide, hepatotoxicity, docosahexaenoic acid, cell damage
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
ABSTRACT- The anticancer drug arsenic trioxide is effective for acute promyelocytic leukemia. But the clinical trials are
restricted due to its potential side effects. Since the major part of arsenic metabolism and detoxification occurs in liver,
this organ faces the major threat. The hepatic side effects include fatty liver, fibrosis, and inflammation and hepatocyte
degeneration. Our study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of the fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid, against adversities
of arsenic trioxide in an in vitro model, the Chang liver cells. Two preliminary dose standardization assays, cell
viability and lactate dehydrogenase release assays, were employed. The assays were performed as Pre-treatment,
Co-treatment and Post treatment experiments for a period of 24 hours. Arsenic trioxide at various doses (2.5, 5, 7.5, 10,
12.5 and 15 μM) showed a significant (p≤0.05) dose dependant reduction in cell viability along with a dose dependant
enhancement of lactate dehydrogenase release. However when the cells were treated with a combination of docosahexaenoic
acid at varying concentrations (50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 μM), the above mentioned conditions were found to be
reversed in Pre-treatment and Co-treatment experiments, but not in Post treatment. The most effective combination was
found to be 10 μM arsenic trioxide with 100 μM of docosahexaenoic acid in both Pre-treatment and Co- treatment studies.
Thus the preliminary assays of our study showed that docosahexaenoic acid administration as Pre-treatment or
Co-treatment can aid in reducing arsenic trioxide induced hepatotoxicity. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms
behind the protective effects.
Key Words– Arsenic trioxide, hepatotoxicity, docosahexaenoic acid, cell damage
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
Incorporating Brazilian Red Propolis in the diet of rats with reduced kidney function experienced a reduction of hypertension and renal damage. This scenario simulated Chronic Kidney Disease.and found the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Brazilian Red Propolis effective but requires additional studies to determine which mechanisms were prominent.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
Objective: To investigate the protective effect of lo- sartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker with antioxidative effect on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, against inflammation and apoptotic development.
Study Design: Forty male Wistar albino rats with a mean weight of 200–250 g each were divided into 4 groups: (1) Sham operation (laparotomy only, sham surgical preparation including isolation of the superior mesenteric artery [SMA] without occlusion), (2) Ischemia model with SMA closure for 2 hours, (3) I/R group (2 hours of ischemia followed by 3-hour reperfusion (SMA occlusion for 120 minutes followed by 240 minutes reperfusion), and (4) Losartan group (2 hours of ischemia, 40 mg/kg losartan was administered to the animals; losartan was dissolved in 1 mL distilled water and administered intraperitoneally after 2 hours of ischemia). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined in jejunum tissue.
Results: Losartan treatment reduced the I/R-induced increase in MDA levels in the gut. Statistically, while SOD, CAT, and GSH activities decreased significantly in the I/R group, they increased in the I/R+Losartan group. Villus loss and increase in inflammation after ischemia persisted after reperfusion. Losartan treatment played a role in the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis and in the regulation of TNF-α and caspase-9 activity.
Conclusion: It has been thought that losartan in I/R may reduce mucosal damage and cell apoptosis in the direction of inflammation and may stabilize caspase-9 activity by inhibiting TNF-α stimulus.
Keywords: caspase-9, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, rat, reperfusion injury, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
Brazilian Red Propolis Attenuates Hypertension and Renal DamageBee Healthy Farms
Incorporating Brazilian Red Propolis in the diet of rats with reduced kidney function experienced a reduction of hypertension and renal damage. This scenario simulated Chronic Kidney Disease.and found the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Brazilian Red Propolis effective but requires additional studies to determine which mechanisms were prominent.
Renal Toxicity Studies of Albino Rats Exposed to Common Emulsion Paint SolutionPremier Publishers
Emulsion paint solutions (EPS) are constantly used to decorate and protect different materials in the environment. The occupational exposure of professional painters and paint factory workers to EPS may predispose them to systemic toxicity. This work investigated the effects of EPS exposure on renal function indices in albino rats to assess potential renal toxicity. Twenty male albino rats weighing between 120-140g were collected and divided into four groups. Two groups were exposed to periodic intraperitoneal administration of 2.5mg/kg body weight (bw) of the EPS for 14days while the other two groups received the same dose of distilled water and served as control. The rats were sacrificed after 7and14days respectively, and their blood collected and analyzed for heavy metals, urea, creatinine and electrolytes, using standard methods. The rat kidneys were also excised, weighed and analyzed for total protein and histopathology. Results showed that bw, kidney weight, serum creatinine, urea and electrolytes decreased significantly(p<0.05) in the exposed groups compared to control. However, urea and Na+ increased significantly(p<0.05) after the initial 7days exposure. Kidney total protein increased by 20.83% and Pb, Ni, and Cd were detected in the exposed rats. Results of kidney histopathology showed intact renal tubules and glomeruli. These results suggest that exposure of albino rats to EPS caused significant alterations in the steady-state levels of renal function biomarkers. Therefore, prolonged exposure may exert deleterious effects on renal function.
Isolation, in vitro antidiabetic, antioxidant activity and molecular docking ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifo...pharmaindexing
317 - In-vitro Antioxidant studies on ethanolic extracts of Boswellia ovalifoliolata and saccharum spontaneum by DPPH, Nitric Oxide and Lipid perooxidation methods
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
ABSTRACT- Secondary metabolites or phytochemicals from plants have eminent pharmacological activities such as
anti-oxidative, anti-allergic, antibiotic, hypoglycaemic and anti-carcinogenic. These secondary metabolites protect the
cells from the damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. They can inhibit oxidation of free radicals in
both human body and food system. Food industry uses both natural and synthetic antioxidants to extend shelf life of
products. But the application of synthetic antioxidant has been limited due to its carcinogenicity. Recently research is
being focused on fruit materials, which are considered rich source of antioxidant compounds. In this study the
phytoconstituents of seed extracts of two varieties of Cucumis melo L, namely Cucumis melo cantalupensis and Cucumis
melo reticulatus, were studied for their antioxidant property by DPPH free radical scavenging method. In this
investigation, chloroform, petroleum ether, acetone, aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the fruit seed were made using cold
extraction process. Phytochemical study reveals that anthroquinones, quinines, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, phenols and
steroids were present in aqueous extract of both the samples. The total phenolic content of their seed extracts were found
to be 8.8 mg GAE/g of dry sample and 9.2 mg GAE/g of dry sample respectively. The phenolic content was found to be
linearly proportional to the antioxidant ability of the samples.
Key-words- Cucumis melo cantalupensis, Cucumis melo reticulates, DPPH, Antioxidant, Phenolic content,
Phytochemicals
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
Objective: To investigate the protective effect of lo- sartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker with antioxidative effect on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats, against inflammation and apoptotic development.
Study Design: Forty male Wistar albino rats with a mean weight of 200–250 g each were divided into 4 groups: (1) Sham operation (laparotomy only, sham surgical preparation including isolation of the superior mesenteric artery [SMA] without occlusion), (2) Ischemia model with SMA closure for 2 hours, (3) I/R group (2 hours of ischemia followed by 3-hour reperfusion (SMA occlusion for 120 minutes followed by 240 minutes reperfusion), and (4) Losartan group (2 hours of ischemia, 40 mg/kg losartan was administered to the animals; losartan was dissolved in 1 mL distilled water and administered intraperitoneally after 2 hours of ischemia). Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) levels were examined in jejunum tissue.
Results: Losartan treatment reduced the I/R-induced increase in MDA levels in the gut. Statistically, while SOD, CAT, and GSH activities decreased significantly in the I/R group, they increased in the I/R+Losartan group. Villus loss and increase in inflammation after ischemia persisted after reperfusion. Losartan treatment played a role in the reduction of inflammation and apoptosis and in the regulation of TNF-α and caspase-9 activity.
Conclusion: It has been thought that losartan in I/R may reduce mucosal damage and cell apoptosis in the direction of inflammation and may stabilize caspase-9 activity by inhibiting TNF-α stimulus.
Keywords: caspase-9, ischemia, ischemia/reperfusion, rat, reperfusion injury, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha
ABSTRACT- The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cadmium chloride on Histoarchiteceture of head kidney of fresh water fish Heteropneustes fossilis. The fishes were exposed to 0.5 ppm of cadmium chloride for 21 days. The most remarkable changes in head kidney, due to cadmium chloride were lysed condition of interrenal and chromaffin cells. The traces of cytoplasm had dark brown to black coloured cytoplasm. Most of cells are deformed and necrotic condition. Their size was significant at (P< 0.01 and 0.001) increased after cadmium chloride. All these changes will be recovered by herbal compound i.e. Ashwagandha. The damaged tissues were recovered in already treated group.
Key-words- Ashwagandha, Cadmium chloride, Chromaffin cells, Heteropneustes fossilis, Histopathology, Interrenal cells
The Protective Role Of High Dietary Protein On Arsenic Induced Hepatotoxicity...IOSR Journals
The objective of the present investigation was to study the protective role of High dietary protein on arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in adult male albino rats. Hepatotoxicity in rats was caused by arsenic tri oxide at a dose of 3mg- /ml/kg body weight. Hepamerz, a drug used as standard hepatoprotective agent, was administered orally as standard hepatoprotective agent for 14 consecutive days prior to arsenic treatment at a dose of 10mg- /ml/kg body weight. This drug has many side effects. These side effects have prompted the scientific world for the search of alternative natural remedies of liver damage. The High dietary protein was administered orally to rats along with arsenic. The biochemical parameters were investigated. The results indicated that biochemical changes produced by arsenic were restored to almost normal by High protein diet. The High protein diet produced hepatoprotective effect through the modulation of antioxidant - mediated mechanism by altering serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels - against arsenic induced hepatotoxicity model in rats.
Whey protein products and their combination with L-methionine prevent liver f...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
The Role of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes in the Development of Anthracnose Dis...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The ability of Colletotrichumtruncatum CP2 in producing pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes was evaluated by shake flask fermentations. The results of enzymatic activity experiment indicated that PG was the first cell wall-degrading enzymes detected and the activities obtained were higher (0.24±0.10 U/mL) than other enzymes, which appeared later and in lower amount. After the cell wall was degraded by the action of PG, further degradation of the cell wall was affected by pectin methylesterases, pectin lyase, pectate lyase and cellulases. The disparity in enzymatic activity at different intervals may suggest their specific role for pathogenesis at proper timings.
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of
70% ethanolic crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L on mice
orgons . (In vivo),In vivo, the acute toxicity of 70 % ethanolic
extract of the plant on normal mice was studied. No toxic effect
was noted on normal mice even at 9500 mg /kg B.W S/C
injection.Histopathological changes due to ethanolic extract of
the plant in healthy mice were summarized in hyperplasia of
white pulp with amyloid deposition, proliferation of
megakaryocytes and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver and
kidney parenchyma. There were no significant lesions detected in
the brain, heart and ovary in all treated groups.
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Activity of Methanolic Extract of Whole Plant of Pulicaria W...IOSRJPBS
Natural remedies from medicinal plants are considered to be effective and safe alternative treatment for liver injury. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana in wistar rats. The studies were conducted using the two popular inducing agents Paracetamol (2 g/kg, p.o.) in 1% NaCMC and Carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg). Silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as reference drug in the respective models. The effect was estimated by measuring the enzymatic levels and histo- pathological studies. The methanolic extract of whole plant of Pulicaria wightiana has shown very significant hepatoprotection against both Paracetamol and CCl4 - induced hepatotoxicity study models in wistar rats. This was evidenced by marked reduction in marker enzymes in serum. Histopathological studies also confirmed the hepatoprotective nature of the extract
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Total phenolics and total flavonoids of extracts from freshwater Clam (Corbic...Innspub Net
The ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of the freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) were studied for the total phenolics and total flavonoids. Total phenolics and total flavonoids of the extracts were evaluated using Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. The findings showed that the total phenolics of the ethanol extract (1.67±0.28mg GAE/g of dried sample) were substantially higher than the total phenolics obtained from the ethyl acetate (0.70±0.00mg GAE/g) and hexane extracts (0.56±0.23mg GAE/g). While the total flavonoids in the ethyl acetate extract displayed a slightly higher total flavonoid (43.84±0.92mg QE/g of dried sample) relative to ethanol (30.41±1.34mg QE/g of dried sample) and hexane extracts (20.28±0.00mg QE/g of dried sample). Using ethanol, the highest yield for extraction was obtained. Ethanol is the best solvent among the three – ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane in terms of extraction yield and total phenolics. In addition, it can be inferred that the presence of significant amounts of phenolics and flavonoids suggests that freshwater clam is a promising source of antioxidants that provides nourishing proteins and oxidative stress remedies
GC/MS analysis and In-vitro Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Uloth...IOSRJPBS
The determination of phytochemical constituents, total phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant assays of methanol extract of Ulothrix flacca and its main constituent dimethyl sulfone was studied. The mass spectra of the compounds were matched with the NIST library. The GC-MS analysis of methanol extracts of Ulothrix flacca showed sixteen peaks. Of all the sixteen chemical compounds revealed from the GC-MS analysis of Ulothrix flacca, Dimethyl Sulfone (C2H6O2S) (RT-8.9), 4-Bromobenzoic Acid, 2-Chlorophenyl Ester (C13H8BrClO2) (RT-12.642), Tetradecanoic Acid, 10,13-Dimethyl-, Methyl Ester (C17H34O2) (RT-18.669) are the three major components. The methanol extracts of Ulothrix flacca possess phenolic and flavonoid content of (5.74 ± 0.45mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g Wt, and 12.58 ± 1.52mg quercetin eq/g wt) respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, for evaluating free radicle scavenging activity, ABTS radical cation scavenging activity, Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, Phosphomolybdenum assay and Metal chelating activity using BHT, Rutin and Quercetin. The highest radicle scavenging activity was shown by dimethyl sulfone (15.156mg/ml), which is higher than the BHT and Rutin. In vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Ulothrix flacca and Dimethyl sulfone showed an increase with increasing concentration indicating positive association with the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the extract, which could be considered for future applications in medicine, dietary supplements ,cosmetics or food industries.
Does allicin combined with vitamin B-complex have superior potentials than α-...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Background: The current article aims to explore the protective potentials of α-tocopherol
alone and the combination of allicin and vitamin B-complex against lead-acetate
neurotoxicity on the cerebellar cortex.
Materials and methods: Forty rats were divided into four groups (n=10). Group 1 was the
control group. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg body weight (BW) of lead acetate. Group 3 was
exposed to 10 mg/kg BW of lead acetate plus a combination of allicin (100 mg/kg BW)
and vit. B-complex (40 mg/kg BW). Group 4 was administered lead acetate (10 mg/kg
BW) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg BW). The animals received treatment for sixty days by
oral gavage. All the groups were studied ultrastructurally and immunohistochemically with
glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP).
Results: The affected groups revealed shrunken and degenerated Purkinje cells with
irregular nuclei. The cytoplasm comprised several lysosomes, unhealthy mitochondria, and
dilated Golgi saccules. The myelinated nerve fibers demonstrated breaking of the myelin
sheaths, apparent vacuoles, and broad axonal spaces. Immunohistochemically, there was a
tremendous surge in GFAP-positive astrocytes in the lead acetate-treated group. These
histological and ultrastructural variations were ameliorated by the administration of α-
tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. B complex. Moreover, an apparent
decrease in the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes was obvious in the protected groups.
Conclusions: Although both α-tocopherol and the combination of allicin and vit. Bcomplex can be used as possible adjuvant therapies to ameliorate nervous system ailments
attributable to lead acetate, α-tocopherol showed more protective potential.
Key words: Allicin, Purkinje cells, Astrocytes, GFAP, Oligodendrocyte, Myelin Figure
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Alteration in Protein Metabolic Profiles in Liver Tissue of Rats during Dimet...iosrjce
Dimethoate is the widely used organophosphorous insecticides in agriculture. The irrational use of
Dimethoate in Yemen play a crucial role in the occurrence of many diseases affecting plants, animals and man.
Dimethoate (DM) is used to kill mites and aphids among other insects and is applied on citrus, cotton, fruit,
olives, potatoes, tea, tobacco and vegetables. The aim of the present work was to study biochemical changes
that might occur in the liver of albino rats as a result of DM intoxication. In the present investigation the
animals were treated with 1/10th of LD50 of DM via oral gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight. The first group
animals were considered as control animals. Second group of animals were treated with Dimethoate via oral
gavage (34.5mg/kg body weight which is 1/10th of LD50) for 10 days, third and fourth groups of animals were
administered for 20 and 30 days with an interval of 48h respectively. The DM treated groups are AST and ALT
was selected in the present investigation showed an increment. The present findings indicate that chronic
exposure to DM has clear toxic effect on the liver of albino rats.
Similar to IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) (20)
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
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Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy
(e)-ISSN: 2250-3013, (p)-ISSN: 2319-4219
Www.Iosrphr.Org Volume 3, Issue 8 (September2013), Pp 14-21
14
Protective Effect of Enzymatic Hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum
Comosum (L.) Against Experimental Toxic Liver Injury In
Wistar Rats At The Age Of 3 Months
David A. Areshidze1
, Lyudmila D. Timchenko2
, Maria A. Кozlova1
1
Center of Cell Biology and Applied Biotechnology, Moscow State Regional University,
Moscow, Russian federation
2
North Caucasian federal university, Stavropol, Russian federation
ABSTRACT: Researches of age-dependent changes of liver functions are an important issue of modern
biomedicine. In this regard the researches of correction of these changes with use of various biologically active
agents are also very actual. Investigation of the influence of the enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum
comosum (L.) on the liver of rats at the age of 3 months at its experimental toxic damage by CCl4 showed that
the substrate has expressed hepatoprotective effect. At hydrolyzate application morphological changes in the rat
liver with toxic damage are much less pronounced than in the controls. There are also less significant
deviations from normal levels of Alanine transamilase (ALT), Alanine transaminase AST and Total Bilirubin in
blood plasma in comparison with control group. Information analysis of the state of the organ indicates the
substantial increase of adaptation and regeneration opportunities of the liver of rats treated with an enzymatic
hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) compared with the liver of rats with experimental toxic liver
damage without the use of studied substrate. Histopathological analysis confirmed the simplification of liver
damage at application of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.)
KEY WORDS: Liver, Hydrolizate, Hepatotoxicity, Hepatocyte, Chlorophytum comosum (L.)
I. INTRODUCTION
Liver disease and violations of functioning of a liver are one of the most serious problems of health
around the world, because the liver is one of the principal organs providing a homeostasis of an organism.
Hepatic injury is at the bottom of violation of various functions of a metabolism[1,2,3,4].In this case, researches
of age changes of liver functions and their correction are an important issue of modern biomedicine. One of the
most effective and safe ways of correction is correction by means of various biologically active substances of a
natural origin. Aging of liver is characterized by violations of liver biology and by a reduction of many
functions which are important for the maintenance of a homeostasis. The main dysfunctions include violation of
liver regeneration, appearance of enlarged hepatocytes, development of hepatic steatosis, alterations in the
hepatic sinusoid [5,6,7.8,9,10].The elderly are predisposed to various diseases, which contribute to a marked
increase of morbidity in this subpopulation. The frequency of emergence of violations of a liver increases with
age, but the cellular and subcellular perturbations that underlie this suspected predisposition to pathology remain
unresolved. Several age-related changes have been documented, including a decline of liver volume, an increase
in the hepatic dense body compartment (lipofuscin), moderate declines in the Phase I metabolism of certain
drugs, shifts in the expression of a variety of proteins and diminished hepatobiliary functions [11].In modern
scientific literature there is a number of mentions of healing and biofiltration properties of a plant Chlorophytum
comosum (L.). It is shown that the leaves of this plant have a high sorption characteristics with respect to
formaldehyde, benzene, carbon monoxide, trichlorethylene, phenols and other toxic compounds [12,13]. By
chemical analysis of the enzymatic hydrolyzate made of Chlorophytum comosum leaves in its composition was
found DL-ornithine monohydrochloride – an amino acid, which has desintoxication and hepatoprotective action
[14,15,16,17.18,19,20].In our previous studies was revealed the hepatoprotective effect of the enzymatic
hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on the liver of rats with experimental toxic damage at young and
middle age [21].Proceeding from these facts, we came to a conclusion that this hydrolyzate is biologically active
substance having expressed hepatoprotective effect. It allowed us to keep focused on the on research of
influence of a hydrolyzate on the regenerative potential of the liver of male Wistar Albino rats at the age of 3
months.
2. Protective Effect of Enzymatic…
15
To test the hypothesis about the effectiveness of bio-stimulation, we carried out a study which purpose
was to examine the severity of toxic liver damage under the influence of carbon tetrachloride CCl4 only and
under parallel influence of carbon tetrachloride and enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.).
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Collecting of Plant Material
The fresh aerial parts of the Chlorophytum comosum (L.)plant were collected in Moscow state regional
University botanical garden. The collected plant samples were washed thoroughly with running tap water and
were used to prepare an enzymatic hydrolyzate.
2.2 Preparation of hydrolyzate
The starting substance in an amount of 0,333 kg was washed thoroughly under running tap water
(previously placing in gauze). The washed raw material was placed in a glass container with 1.0 liter (1:3) of tap
water heated to a temperature of (45 ±1) C. Na2CO3 was added to the mixture to pH 8,2-8,3 (pH was defined
on phenolphthalein). Then were added 0.15 kg of crushed pancreas of cattle. Then container was covered by
tightly cotton-gauze pad with parchment and placed in a thermostat at (45 ±1) C. Kept for 10 days, shaking
during the first day every 15 minutes to 5 minutes, and in the following days every two hours to 5 minutes. The
dynamics of the enzymatic process was defined on the increase of the content of amino nitrogen. At the ninth or
tenth day increase stops and hydrolyzate is left for the night in the switched-off thermostat. Then the
hydrolyzate was filtered through a filter paper. In the filtrate was added chloroform in the ratio 2% to the total
amount, the substance was placed in a glass flask with the rubber stopper and was stored at a temperature from 2
to 8 C.
2.3. Animals
Male Wistar Albino rats of body weights ranging from 100 to 120 g were used in the study. Age of the
animals was 3 months old. The animals were fed with standard pellet diet and water ad libitum. They were
maintained in controlled environment (12:12 h light/dark cycle) and temperature (30±2ºC). All the animal
experiments were performed according to the compliance with the EC Directive 86/609/EEC and with the
Russian law regulating experiments on animals.
2.4. Toxity studies
Based on previous studies [22] the dose of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) at
the concentration of 6 mg/kg.bw was chosen for the experiments.
2.5. Treatment Design
150 animals (Male Wistar Albino rats) were randomized and divided into three groups on fifty animals
in each group. Group I served as intact control. Animals in Group II were inhaled by carbon tetrachloride to 2
min. per day for 6 days (control group). Rats in Group III were inhaled carbon tetrachloride to 2 min a day for 6
days, but at the same time treated with drinking enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) at the
concentration of 6 mg/kg.bw (experimental group). Selection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) as an agent acting
on the liver is caused by the fact that this substance is a direct liver poison, widely used in experimental
medicine and biology. Selecting of the liver-toxic and exposure method is determined by the fact that the use of
carbon tetrachloride under this scheme provides the appearance and development of reversible changes in liver
at tissue and organ level.
2.6. Assessment of Hepatoprotective activity
2.6.1. Biochemical examinations
For the 7th day of experiment, blood samples were collected by direct cardiac puncture using light
ether anesthesia. Blood was separated by centrifuging at 2500 rpm for 20 min and used for analysis of AST,
ALT, Total Bilirubin by using standard Kits (PLIVA-Lachemia Diagnostica, Czech Republic, Brno).
2.6.2. Histopathological analysis
A small portion of liver was taken and fixed in to 10% formaldehyde. After several treatments for
dehydration in alcohol, sections having 5μm thickness were cut and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and
histopathological analysis was carried.To detect apoptotic cells semi-thin sections (3μm) were stained with
methylene blue-azure II with afterstain by fuchsin. All stained sections were embedded in balsam.
3. Protective Effect of Enzymatic…
16
2.6.3. Determination of mitotic, apoptotic and necrotic index
At hematoxylin and eosin stained sections were determined mitotic and necrotic cells. At sections
stained by methylene blue-azure II with afterstain by fuchsin were determined apoptotic cells. Visualization was
performed using a microscope Nicon 500L at 900 × magnification. Studied was made for 5 fields of view on
each section.
Apoptotic index was calculated by the formula [23]:
AI=Na/N,
where Na - the number of apoptotic cells; N - total number of cells in the test population.
The mitotic index was calculated by the formula:
MI=Nm/N,
where Nm - number of mitosis; N - total number of cells in the test population.
Necrotizing index calculated by the formula:
NI=Nn/N,
where Nn-of necrotic cells; N - total number of cells in the test population.
2.6.4. Morphometric studies.
Volume of the nuclei of hepatocytes was measured by image analyzer "Videotest" at hematoxylin and
eosin stained sections.
2.7. Studies of the information condition of the system of the liver
We carried out a breakdown of the aggregate of the measured volumes of hepatocyte nuclei into
classes. Based on the concept of information in a tissue system as the displaying of the diversity of morphology
and function of the process for assessing the information status of organs and tissues have been proposed and
tested the such indicators - information morphological capacity (Hmax), information morphological entropy
(H), information morphological organization (S), the relative morphological entropy (h) and redundancy (R) [5].
In this case, the baseline characteristics, which were used to calculate these parameters, can vary widely (the
linear dimensions of the structures, their number, etc.). In our study was defined the volume of the nuclei of
hepatocytes.
Information morphological capacity Hmax, which means the maximum structural diversity, calculated
by formula [5]:
Hmax=log2n,
where n - number of classes.
Next, we made the calculation of the real structural diversity Н. Real structural diversity is the
parameter that clearly illustrates the degree of determinism of morphofunctional system in time and space
[5].The calculation was made using the formula:
H=-ΣPilog2Pi,
where ΣPi is the sum of probabilities of stay of the measured parameter of cells in a one of existing classes;
log2Pi - logarithm of the probability of staying in one of the possible classes. In this case, the value of Pi is
defined as the classical probability [5].
Knowing the maximum and actual structural diversity, we can calculate the organization of the system
(S), the difference between the maximum possible and the real structural diversity (implemented structural
diversity). This parameter, in our opinion, displays the state of the system adaptability to date. To determine the
value of this parameter is used the formula [5]:
S=Hmax-H.
It is necessary to consider that when H = Hmax, the system is deterministic, but such relation to the vast
majority of permissible is possible only in theory.
Then we determined the coefficient of relative entropy of the system, or (the coefficient of compression
of information) h by formula [5]:
h=H/Hmax.
High levels of relative morphological entropy provide evidence of the disorder of the system and
significantly reducing of its structural integrity [5]. The coefficient of the relative organization of the system
(redundancy factor) R is given by [5]:
R=(S/Hmax)×100%.
With these data, the researcher has the opportunity to calculate the equivocation of the system (the
value of reliability) e [5]:
e=(Hp-Hn)/Hmax,
where Hn - real structural diversity in normal, Hp - real structural diversity in pathology.
4. Protective Effect of Enzymatic…
17
2.8. Statistical analysis
Values are expressed as mean (± SD). The statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA). The statistical difference determined using repeated measures analysis of variance or paired
Student t-tests. A p value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
III. RESULTS
3.1. Effects of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on Histopathology
At the pathomorphologic examination of the liver of rats exposed to carbon tetrachloride was found by
us that the organ of animals had a red color, sometimes with yellow or gray tint. About 20% of rat liver was
spotty. The organs were loose, easily torn, the cut oozing blood. The histological study noted a pronounced
diskomplexation of hepatic beams. Hepatocytes were swollen and their cytoplasm was cloudy, the boundaries of
the cells were not clear, the nuclei were also swollen, bright, with blurred outlines. In hepatocytes clearly
observed clear vacuoles. When stained with Sudan-III in 65% of cases in the vacuoles of hepatocytes revealed
lipids. In rat liver hepatocytes detached state granular dystrophy. The vessels of the liver in different parts of the
cut were unevenly expanded and filled with blood, in the field of triads were observed the signs of mild
perivascular mesenchymal reaction (Fig.1).
Figure.1. Rat liver of the control group. HE × 400
In a number of cases are observed the connective tissue layers, thickened and infiltrated by small cells,
significant in the field of triads. Blood vessels (central vein capillaries) in the liver are extended (hyperemia of
blood vessels), the permeability of the walls of vessels for the blood cells is increased, the focal hemorrhage is
observed. Among the cells is observed a large number of white blood cells, the macrophages. In hepatocytes
there are a large number of vacuoles, including lipid, as evidenced by coloring with Sudan - III. The individual
cells are very large and in fact are a continuum vacuole.
In 80% of cases are showed multiple foci of necrosis in different sizes, in which the structural elements of the
individual cells are not rendered, and the liver tissue is a homogeneous structureless mass. In 47% of cases are
noted extensive necrosis. The observed changes indicate the development of typical toxic liver disease at animal
subgroups. However, at some rats were established characteristic of the micro-focal alterative inflammation. A
significant proportion of rats had typical signs of acute toxic hepatitis with high intensity of tissue damage
(hepatitis alterative). Some animals had severe steatosis with defined necrotic component.
At the use of the hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum with the simultaneous inhalation by CCl4,
pathological changes in the liver are much less serious (Fig.2). Thus, in the liver of all animals remain beams
and lobular structure. In this case, a few pockets of malnutrition alternate with areas represented with dual-core
and intact hepatocytes (signs of recovery) or hepatocytes in a condition of the initial stage of granular dystrophy,
fatty degeneration occurs in 21%.
5. Protective Effect of Enzymatic…
18
Figure. 2. Rat liver of the experimental group. HE × 400
Also, there are substantially less hepatocytesin a condition of a necrosis. It is noted the absence of focal
hemorrhages, capillaries are moderately bloodshot, and there are no signs of swelling, and reduces the
permeability of vessels which were registered in the group without the use of the hydrolyzate. Vessels in the
triads are moderately dilated. In this case, 29% of hepatocytes have small vacuoles.
3.2. Effects of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on MI, AI and NI
For the liver of intact rats we found the MI equal to6.35 ± 0.34%, AI – 2.85 ± 0.26%, and NI was 0.88
± 0.09%. The value of MI in the liver of animals of the control group was 1.20 ± 0.19%, AI – 1.00 ± 0.14% NI –
8.6 ± 0.33%. Application of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) in experimental toxic injury
of the liver leads to the MI of 5.40 ± 0.21%, AI – 2.20 ± 0.16%, NI – 5.3 ± 0.18%. (Fig. 3).
3.3. Effects of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on AST, ALT and Total Bilirubin
levels
ALT levels in the blood plasma of rats of the intact group was 2.18 ± 0.07 IU/L , AST level was equal
1.80 ± 0.012 IU/L. Application of hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) at toxic liver damage leads to a
substantial reduction of ALT (2.75 ± 0.1 IU/L in the control vs 2.24±0.08 IU/L in the blood plasma of rats
treated with the hydrolyzate) and AST (2.82 ± 0.05 IU/L in control vs 1.76 ± 0.09 IU/L in the blood plasma of
rats treated with the hydrolyzate). Total Bilirubin in blood plasma of control rats was 6.54 ± 0.12 IU/L, bilirubin
content in the blood plasma of the experimental group animals decreased to 6.90 ± 0.10 IU/L at 16.27 ± 0.11
IU/L in the control (Fig. 4).
3.4. Effects of enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum (L.) on informational condition of liver.
Liver of rats was characterized by Нmax 3.320.0003 bit The liver of rats of the intact group at the age
of 3 months was characterized by H equal to 2.442±0.018 bits, S amounted to 0.899±0.018 bits, h is equal to
0.7292±0.005 bit, R amounted to 27.09±0.26% (Fig. 5,6).
Figure. 3. The value of MI, AI and NI in the liver of rats. Values are significantly different from intact group,
(*** indicates P<0.001, ** indicates P<0.01, * indicates p<0.05).
6. Protective Effect of Enzymatic…
19
Figure 4. The value of ALT, AST and Billirubin in the liver of rats. Values are significantly different from intact
group, (*** indicates P<0.001, ** indicates P<0.01, * indicates p<0.05).
Figure 5. The value of H, S and h in the liver of rats. Values are significantly different from intact group, (***
indicates P<0.001, ** indicates P<0.01, * indicates p<0.05).
Figure 6. The value of R in the liver of rats. Values are significantly different from intact group, (*** indicates
P<0.001, ** indicates P<0.01, * indicates p<0.05).
7. Protective Effect of Enzymatic…
20
Information indicators of liver of rats being exposed to CCl4, differ significantly from the age norm.
Thus, H is 2.694±0.033 bits, S is equal to 0.626±0.033 bits, h – 0.8115±0.009 bits, R – 18.85±0.98%, e
amounted to 0,211±0,011 bit. The liver of rats at the age of 3 months treated with the enzymatic hydrolyzate in
parallel with inhalation by CCl4 is characterized by information parameters differ from the livers of rats inhaled
carbon tetrachloride only. H was 2.487±0.022 bits, S was 0.8333±0.022 bits, h – 0.749±0.008 bits, R is equal to
25.01±0.68%, e was 0.004±0.0004 bit.
IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The outcome of this investigation undoubtedly indicate that the application of a enzymatic hydrolyzate
of Chlorophytum comosum yielded effective result on reduction of extent of toxic damages of liver induced by
CCL4 in vivo models, most likely because of content of DL-ornithine monohydrochloride or specific
constituents present in the hydrolyzate. The conducted researches show that enzymatic hydrolyzate of
Chlorophytum comosum has obvious hepatoprotective effect. It reduces the intensity of the inflammatory
process and also has pronounced positive effect on liver regeneration, as evidenced by differences in the mitotic,
necrotic, apoptotic index and the proliferation rate in the control and experimental groups. The liver of rats
treated with an enzymatic hydrolyzate of Chlorophytum comosum at toxic damage, based on analysis of the
information state of organ, is characterized by a higher level of adaptation and regenerative capacity than the
liver of rats of the control group. The study showed that in contrast to the results obtained under analogous
conditions on young rats, studied parameters of liver of rats aged 2 years after applying the enzymatic
hydrolyzate though differ significantly from the indices of the control group of rats, as well is significantly
different from the indices in intact animals. We planned to identify more precisely the main components
responsible for hepatoprotective activity and to reveal the molecular mechanism of its therapeutic action.
V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support for this study was provided by Moscow regional state university.
VI. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There are no conflicts of interest.
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