Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare form of tuberculosis that involves the skin. It can be caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Mycobacterium bovis. Diagnosis is usually done via skin biopsy showing caseating granulomas containing acid-fast bacilli. Additional tests may include the tuberculin skin test, Quantiferon blood test, sputum culture, chest X-ray, and interferon gamma release assays. Treatment follows the DOTS strategy of a two month intensive phase of four drugs including isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide, followed by a four month continuation phase of rifampin and isoniazid.
history of TB,epidemiology, clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment, MDR TB, XDR TB, TDR TB, and mechanism of drug resistant, methods of identification of resistant drugs
history of TB,epidemiology, clinical features, lab diagnosis, treatment, MDR TB, XDR TB, TDR TB, and mechanism of drug resistant, methods of identification of resistant drugs
Erythroderma is defined as the scaling erythematous dermatitis involving 90% or more of the cutaneous surface.
Also known as exfoliative dermatitis
Idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis – also known as the “red man syndrome”, is characterized by marked palmoplantar keratoderma, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy,increased IgE.
Increased skin perfusion leads to
Temperature dysregulation >
Resulting in skin loss and hypothermia >
High output state >
Cardiac failure
BMR raises to compensate for heat loss
Increased dehydration due to transpiration (similar to burns)
All lead to negative nitrogen balance and characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, loss of muscle mass.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported each year. Despite advancements in treatment and prevention, factors such as drug resistance and social determinants contribute to its persistence. Continued efforts in research, public health initiatives, and international collaboration are crucial for effective control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis.
Erythroderma is defined as the scaling erythematous dermatitis involving 90% or more of the cutaneous surface.
Also known as exfoliative dermatitis
Idiopathic exfoliative dermatitis – also known as the “red man syndrome”, is characterized by marked palmoplantar keratoderma, dermatopathic lymphadenopathy,increased IgE.
Increased skin perfusion leads to
Temperature dysregulation >
Resulting in skin loss and hypothermia >
High output state >
Cardiac failure
BMR raises to compensate for heat loss
Increased dehydration due to transpiration (similar to burns)
All lead to negative nitrogen balance and characterized by edema, hypoalbuminemia, loss of muscle mass.
Cutaneous manifestations of hiv infectiontashagarwal
Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In some patients, skin is the first organ affected. Skin diseases have proved to be sensitive and useful measures by which HIV progression can be monitored.
Fungal skin infections are commonly affect the outer layer of the skin, nails and hair. Most of the fungi causing infections are usually dermatophytes (tinea), yeast (candida) and molds
Tuberculosis remains a significant global health challenge, with millions of new cases reported each year. Despite advancements in treatment and prevention, factors such as drug resistance and social determinants contribute to its persistence. Continued efforts in research, public health initiatives, and international collaboration are crucial for effective control and eventual eradication of tuberculosis.
Pharmacotherapy Of Tuberculosis infection.pptxdrsriram2001
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, kidneys, or spine. Here's a four-step explanation of tuberculosis:
Cause and Transmission: Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. When an infected person with active TB coughs, sneezes, or talks, they release droplets containing the bacteria into the air. Another person can become infected by inhaling these droplets. TB is primarily transmitted through the air, making close and prolonged contact with an infected individual the main risk factor for transmission.
Symptoms: TB can manifest differently depending on whether it's active or latent. Latent TB infection occurs when the bacteria are present in the body but are not causing symptoms or spreading to others. Active TB disease occurs when the bacteria are actively multiplying and causing symptoms. Common symptoms of active TB include a persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Diagnosis: Diagnosis of TB involves several steps. Firstly, a medical history and physical examination are conducted to assess symptoms and risk factors. Following this, diagnostic tests such as the tuberculin skin test (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are used to determine if a person has been infected with TB bacteria. If these tests are positive, further tests such as chest X-rays, sputum tests, or cultures may be performed to confirm active TB disease and determine the most effective treatment.
Treatment and Prevention: Treatment for TB usually involves a combination of antibiotics taken for several months. Commonly used antibiotics include isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. It's essential to complete the full course of treatment to prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of TB. Additionally, preventive measures such as vaccination with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, good ventilation in living and working spaces, and early identification and treatment of active cases can help control the spread of TB.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Introduction
Cutaneous tuberculosis occurs rarely, despite a high and increasing
prevalence of tuberculosis worldwide. Mycobacterium tuberculosis,
Mycobacterrium bovis, and the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine can
cause tuberculosis involving the skin.
Diagnosis of these lesions can be difficult, as they resemble many
other dermatological conditions that are often primarily considered.
9. Diagnostic Tests
The diagnosis is usually on skin biopsy. Typical tubercles are
caseating epithelioid granulomas that contain acid-fast bacilli. These
are detected by tissue staining, culture and polymerase chain
reaction (PCR).
Other tests that may be necessary include:
Tuberculin skin test (Mantoux)
Quantiferon-Gold blood test
Sputum culture (it may take a month or longer for results to be
reported)
Chest X-ray & other radiological tests for extrapulmonary infection.
Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA)
10. Tuberculin Skin Test
The Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) is the standard method of
determining whether a person is infected with Mycobacterium
tuberculosis.
The skin test reaction should be read between 48 and 72 hours after
administration.
The reaction should be measured in millimeters of the induration
(palpable, raised, hardened area or swelling) & erythema is not read.
11. Quantiferon-Gold blood test
TheQuantiFERON®‐TB Gold test (QFT‐G) is a whole‐blood test for use as an aid
in diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, including latent tuberculosis
infection (LBTI) and tuberculosis(TB) disease.
This test is the preferred method of testing for persons 5 years of age and older.
QFT‐G may be especially useful in patients suspected of having possible
false‐positive Tuberculin Skin Testing (TST) due to previous BCG vaccination or
environmental (non‐tuberculosis) mycobacterial infection.
A positive response to the QFT‐G does not mean the person has ACTIVE TB. It
simply means they have been exposed to the M.tuberculosis bacterium. They may
have latent infection, active infection, or treated infection.
12. Sputum Culture
Testing mucus from the lungs (sputum culture) is the best way to
diagnose active TB. But a sputum culture can take 1 to 8 weeks to
provide results.
Sputum smears and cultures should be done for acid-fast bacilli if
the patient is producing sputum. The preferred method for this is
fluorescence microscopy (auramine-rhodamine staining), which is
more sensitive than conventional Ziehl-Neelsen staining.
13. Chest X-ray & other radiological tests
Chest X-ray findings that can suggest active TB:
Infiltrate or consolidation
Any cavitary lesion
Nodule with poorly defined margins
Pleural effusion
Hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy (bihilar lymphadenopathy)
Linear, interstitial disease (in children only)
14. Interferon gamma release assays (IGRA)
Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are whole-blood tests
that can aid in diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.
They do not help differentiate latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI)
from tuberculosis disease.
IGRAs measure a person’s immune reactivity to M. tuberculosis.
White blood cells from most persons that have been infected with
M. tuberculosis will release interferon-gamma (IFN-g) when mixed
with antigens (substances that can produce an immune response)
derived from M. tuberculosis.
15. Treatments
Currently, the treatment of all types of tuberculosis is by the directly observed treatment
short course (DOTS) strategy, but chemotherapy is the treatment of choice for cutaneous
tuberculosis. For the four-agent regimen, an initial combination of isoniazid, rifampin,
pyrazinamide, and either ethambutol or streptomycin is given daily for 2 months.
DOTS has two phases - 2 months of intensive phase and 4 months of continuation phase,
and, in severe cases, the treatment is extended to 8-12 months.
Most DOTS regimens have thrice-weekly schedules. For cutaneous tuberculosis, category
III (2H 3 R 3 Z 3 + 4H 3 R 3 ) is recommended. In this category, Rifampicin (R-450 mg),
Isoniazid (H-600 mg) and Pyrazinamide (Z-1500 mg) are administered for three days in a
week for 2 months (intensive phase), followed by R-450 mg and H-600 mg given three
days in a week as a continuation phase for 4 months.
In case of cutaneous tuberculosis with systemic infections, or when more than one group
of lymph nodes are involved, category I with four drugs is advised. Depending on the
clinical response, the duration of treatment can be extended under the guidance of the
clinician. For children and adults who weigh less than 30 kg, these drugs are administered
according to their weight.