1. Cotton is the most important textile fiber and is a vegetable fiber that surrounds cotton plant seeds.
2. There are four commercially grown cotton species and cotton fibers are made of cellulose molecules.
3. Cotton fibers undergo ginning to separate fibers from seeds and are then pressed into bales for shipping to mills.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Cellulose fibres manufacturing process,Introduction,
Cultivation of Cotton,Manufacturing Process,By Products of Cotton,Properties of Cellulose fibre - Cotton and Major End uses
Cellulose fibres manufacturing process,Introduction,
Cultivation of Cotton,Manufacturing Process,By Products of Cotton,Properties of Cellulose fibre - Cotton and Major End uses
Everything you need to know about cotton: key material properties, the difference between conventional and organic, and how to design a collection with this coveted material.
In this chapter production ,phsical and chemical properties ,physical and chemical structures as well as end use applications of cotton and other bast fibers will be studied.
the complate process off the raw cottan to the fabric making step by step including the video please reffer the link ::
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NOTE - open in MS office for better view and for support diffrent types of text
Organic cotton refers to cotton that is grown using methods and materials that have a low impact on the environment. The cultivation of organic cotton avoids the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, relying instead on natural processes to maintain soil fertility and control pests. Here are some key aspects of organic cotton:
No Synthetic Chemicals: One of the main principles of organic cotton farming is the exclusion of synthetic chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. Instead, farmers use natural alternatives to manage pests and enrich the soil.
Non-GMO Seeds: Organic cotton is typically grown from non-genetically modified (GMO) seeds. This means that the seeds used for planting are not genetically engineered.
Crop Rotation and Polyculture: Organic cotton farming often involves practices like crop rotation and polyculture, which help maintain soil health and biodiversity.
Reduced Water Usage: While organic cotton does not necessarily mandate specific water-use practices, some organic cotton farms adopt water-efficient irrigation methods. Additionally, avoiding synthetic chemicals can contribute to water conservation by preventing pollution of water sources.
Certification: To be labeled as organic, cotton farms must adhere to certain standards and obtain certification from recognized organic farming certification bodies. This certification ensures that the cotton has been produced according to specific organic farming practices.
Environmental Benefits: Organic cotton farming aims to minimize the environmental impact of cotton cultivation by promoting healthier ecosystems, reducing soil erosion, and avoiding the negative effects associated with the use of synthetic chemicals.
Social Aspects: Some organic cotton initiatives also consider social aspects, including fair labor practices and community well-being.
Consumers who choose products made from organic cotton often do so because they are concerned about the environmental and social impacts of conventional cotton farming. It's important to note that while organic cotton has environmental benefits, it may not be a panacea, and other factors such as transportation and processing methods also contribute to the overall environmental footprint of cotton products.
Organic cotton is commonly used in the production of various textiles, including clothing, bedding, and other household items. The demand for organic cotton has grown in response to increasing awareness of sustainable and environmentally friendly consumer choices.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective capsule, around the seeds of cotton plants of the genus Gossypium. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersion of the seeds. The plant is a shrub.
ABSTRACT- Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber crop in the world being used in the textile industry and over 90% of cotton grown in the world is upland cotton. An experimental design carried out for integration of earliness genes from sindose-80 to bulgare-557 during 2005 to 2016 in the Department of Botany, University of Pune-India and Agricultural Research Center of Tehran-Iran. The first cross carried out between sindose-80 and bulgare-557 in 2005 and after crossing five years selection was done among segregated population till to F5. In 2011 the second cross carried out as a back cross between the new variety and sindose-80. Five years selection was also done after second cross. In 2016, the new earliness genotype compared with the five native and commercial cotton varieties in RCBD design. The criterion for earliness was a new earliness index of combined picking and day (CPD), which has been presented as a new earliness index in this paper along with EFD and FFT indexes. Mean comparison of traits such as three earliness indexes, boll per plant, micronaire and yield showed priority of the new earliness genotype. Comparison of the three earliness indexes indicated priority of CPD index, which is combined by both time and weight to the two conventional indexes such as EFD and FFT which are showing time and weight affects in the earliness respectively.
Key-words- Earliness, Cotton, Indexes, Gossypium hirsutum, Genotype
Introduction
Examples of heat resistance fibres
Ceramic materials
Ceramic fibers
Ceramic raw materials
Production
Classification of ceramic fibers
Properties of ceramic fibers
Uses of ceramic fibers
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2. Outline:
1. Introduction
2. Species and Varieties of Cotton
3. Structure of Cotton Fiber
4. Cotton Fiber from Field to Mill
5. Cotton Grading and Its System
6. Properties
7. End Uses
3. Introduction
Cotton referred to as the “King of fibers” is most
important textile fiber in the world.
Cotton is a vegetable fiber which surrounds the seeds
of the cotton plant.
Cotton has been cultivated for more than 5000 years.
Cotton plant belongs to the family “GOSSYPIUM”.
4. Introduction
The cotton fiber is made up of countless cellulose
molecules. Cotton is removed mechanically from the
seed bolls by the cotton ginning. The ginned cotton is
then pressed into bales and sent to the factories to be
spun into yarns.
6. Species of Cotton
There are four commercially-grown species of cotton:
Gossypium hirsutum – upland cotton, native to Central
America, Mexico
Gossypium barbadense – known as extra-long staple
cotton, native to tropical South America
Gossypium arboreum – native to India and Pakistan
Gossypium herbaceum – cotton, native to Southern
Africa
14. Varieties/Types of Cotton
Commercial cotton may be classified into following
categories with reference to staple length:
1. Very Short Staple Cotton: (Less than & equal 21mm)
2. Short Staple Cotton: (Between 22-25mm)
3. Medium Staple: (Between 26-28mm)
4. Ordinary Long Staple: (Between 29-34mm)
5. Extra Long Staple: (Equal and greater than 34mm)
15. Varieties/Types of Pak Cotton
MNH-93 (Cotton of Punjab region)
NAYYAB-78 (Cotton of Sindh region)
Organic Cotton
BCI Cotton
16. Organic Cotton:
It is generally understood as
cotton grown from non
genetically modified plants, that is
”to be grown without the use of any
synthetic agricultural chemicals such
as fertilizers or pesticides”
17. Ecological footprint
Cotton covers 2.5% the world's cultivated land yet uses
16% of the world's insecticides, more than any other
single major crop.
Chemicals used in the processing of cotton pollute the
air and surface waters.
Residual chemicals may irritate consumers' skin.
Decreased biodiversity and shifting equilibrium of
ecosystems due to the use of pesticides.
18. Advantages
Protecting surface and groundwater quality
(eliminating contaminants in surface runoff)
Reduced risk in insect and disease control by
replacing insecticide with the manipulation of
ecosystems
Conservation of biodiversity
Eliminate the use of toxic chemicals used in cotton
19. BCI Cotton:
The Better Cotton Initiative exists “to make global cotton
production;
better for the people who produce it
better for the environment it grows in
better for the sector’s future”
20. Steps from Seed Boll to Fiber Growth
Growth of Seed Boll
Fiber Growth
inside boll
23. Ginning Process
After picking, the cotton fibers have to be
separated from the seeds by the process of
Ginning.
Generally two types of Ginning methods:
1. Saw Ginning
2. Roller Ginning
26. By-Products of Cotton
The raw cotton passes through several cleaning processes
before it is baled. As a result, the grower obtains valuable
by-products that amount approximately to one-sixth of the
entire income derived from the cotton plant.
Cotton Linters: Short hair like fibers used in making
Regenerated fibers
Hulls: Outside portion of seed, rich in nitrogen, used as
fertilizer
Inner Seeds: Seed inside the hull gives cottonseed oil, used
in cooking and making soap.
28. Cotton Grading and Its System
It is also called “Number Grading System”.
Grading is done on the basis of following
factors:
1. Moisture %age
2. Staple Length
3. U.R % (Uniformity Ratio)
4. Floating Fibers
5. Micronaire (Fineness)
6. Trash %
7. Invisible %
29. Examples of Grading System
Factor Number
Below 9% Moisture 0
Above 1.089’’ Length 25
Above 48% UR 15
Above 19.99% FF 0
Above 4.99 Mic 0
Below 6% Trash 10
Below 1.50% Invisible 10
30. Universal Grades of Cotton
This grading is done by (U.S.D.A), United States
Department of Agriculture.
Limitations:
Only for Saw Ginned Cotton
Grading on the basis of Trash %
Not applicable for long staple cotton
No consideration for maturity
31. Properties of Cotton Fiber
1. Fiber Surface and Color: Lustrous/ Creamy White color
2. Tensile Strength:
Tenacity = 3-5 gm/denier
Strength = 40, 000, 20,000 lb per square inch
3. Elongation: Not easily stretch
Elongation at Break = 5-10 %
4. Elastic Properties: Rigid/ Less Flexibility
At 2% Extension ------- 74% Recovery
At 5% Extension ------- 45% Recovery
32. Properties of Cotton Fiber
5. Specific Gravity: 1.54
6. Effect of Moisture:
Standard Humidity = 8.5 %
7. Effect of Heat: Excellent Resistance
8. Effect of Age: Small loss of strength when stored
9. Effect of Sunlight: Gradual loss of strength when exposure to
sunlight, major effect by Ultra-violet light.
10. Effect of Acids: By hot dilute and cold concentrated acids
33. Properties of Cotton Fiber
11. Effect of Alkalis: Excellent Resistance
12. Effect of Organic Solvents: Dispersed by Copper
Complexes and Concentrated 70% Sulphuric acid
13. Chemical Properties:
Cellulose = 94%
Remaining Composition:
Protein = 1-1.5%
Pectin = 1%
Mineral substances = 1%
Wax = 0.5%
Small amount of organic acids, sugars, pigments = 2%
34. End Uses of Cotton
Yarn
Fabric
Garments
Household Items
- Bed Sheets
- Towels
Carpets and Curtains
Hats