This presentation provides an overview of different types of textile fibres, including their properties and uses. It discusses natural fibres like cotton, silk and wool as well as man-made fibres such as rayon, polyamide, polyester, and acrylic. For each fibre, the document outlines the key physical and chemical properties, manufacturing processes, and common applications. The presentation is intended to educate about the different fibre sources and their characteristics.

1. WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION
Presentation topic : Textile Fibres
Presented by
Amit Kumar Das
Dept. ACCE ,
BSMRSTU

2. WHAT IS FIBRE OR TEXTILE FIBRE?
 Fibre: The material , which consists fibrous
structure and length is thousand times higher than
its width is called fibre.
 Technically the term “fibre” or textile fibre means a
unit of matter which is capable of being spun into a
yarn or made into a fabric of any nature or
character.

3. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF TEXTILE FIBRES
 Staple Fibres : Short length fibres which measured
in inches. E.g. ¾ inch to 18 inch.
 Filament : long length which is measured in yeards
or meter.
 Texture: It is tactile sensation experienced when
hand passed over a surface.
 Resilience : it means that when fibre is
compressed and later when the pressure is
released.
 Luster : it is seen when light reflected from
surface.
 Static Electricity: It is generated by the friction of a
fabric.
 Crimp : wool fibre is more or less wavy and had
twist. This waviness is termed as crimp.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF TEXTILE FIBRES
According to the source textile fibres
classified into two ways:
Fiber
Natural Manmade

5. NATURAL FIBRES
Natural fibres
Vegetable
E.g.
 cotton
 Linen
 Kapok
 Jute etc
Animal
Eg. Silk
Wool etc
Mineral
Eg. Asbestos

6. Manemade fibres
Regenerat
ed
cellulose
Eg.Nitro
cellulose
rayon,
viscose
rayon
Synthetic
s
Eg.
Polyester,
Nylon
,acrylic
etc
Acetate
cellulose
Eg. Nylon

7. COTTON
Cotton is obtained plant source and it is
classified as a natural material as it is
obtained from the seeds of cellulose seed
fibre staple fibre measuring 1065mm in
length and white to beige in color in its
natural state.

8. PROPERTIES OF CELLULOSE FIBRE- COTTON
 Cotton is a soft, absorbent and breathable natural
fibre, making it the perfect fibre for clothing
 Cotton keeps the body cool in summer and warm in
winter because it is a good conductor of heat
 Cotton is non-allergenic and, unlike synthetic fibres,
cotton fibre is a natural product that contains no
chemicals
 Cotton, due to its unique fibre structure, breathes
better and is more comfortable than oil-based
synthetic fabrics
 Cotton is one of the easiest fabrics to dye due to its
natural whiteness and high rate of absorbency
 Cotton holds up to 27 times its own weight in water
and becomes stronger when wet
 Cotton can’t hold an electric charge.

9. MANUFACTURE OF COTTON FIBRES FROM COTTON
Cotton pods
Ginning (Removal of
Seeds)
Lap Formation
Carding and
combing
Drawing
Roving
Spinning
Weaving and Dying
Finishing

10. USES OF COTTON
 Cottonis also used to make home furnishings
 Cotton fibre is used as yarn and threads in a
wide range of clothing

11. RAYON
Rayon is an artificial, man made or synthetic
firbre made from cellulose.

12. PROPERTIES OF RAYON FABRICS
 Rayon is a versatile fiber
 Rayon is very soft, cool comfortable and very good
absorbent property but could not be able to protect
body heat and used in humid steamy climatic
conditions.
 Rayon fibre has the same comfort property as
natural fibres.
 Rayon can replicate the feel and texture of
silk, cotton,linen and wool.
 Rayon can easily be dyed in variety of colors.
 Rayon has very lower elastic recovery of any fibre.
 rayon is very stronger and reveals good durability.
 rayon can be machine washed.

13. MANUFACTURE OF RAYONS
The viscose Process:
Steeping
Cellulose
Dissolving
Xanthation
Filtration
Extruction

14. USES OF RAYON FIBER
 Apparel : Accessories, dresses, jackets ,sports
shirt, sportswear, suit, ties, work clothes.
 Home Furnishings : Bed spreads, blankets,
curtains, sheets, table clothes.
 Industrial Uses : Industrial products, medical
products, non-woven products.

15. SILK
silk is a natural fiber that can be woven into
textiles. It is obtained from the cocoon of the
silk worm larva, in the process known as
sericulture.
It is also called Queen of the fibers.

16. VARIOUS TYPES OF SILK
 Wild silk
 Waste silk or silk noil
 Dupion
 Raw silk
 Spun silk

17. PROPERTIES OF SILK
 Silk is one of the strongest natural fibers but loses
up to 20% of its strength when wet.
 It has a good moisture regain of 11%.
 Its elasticity is moderate to poor: if elongated even
a small amount, it remains stretched.
 It can be weakened if exposed to too much
sunlight. It can be weakened if exposed to too
much sunlight.
 It may also be attacked by insects, especially if left
dirty.
 Strong alkaliesdamage fiber
 It is resistant to most mineral acids, except for
sulfuric acid, which dissolves it.
 It is yellowed by perspiration.

18. USES OF SILK
 use in high-fashion clothes.
 It is used in sewing thread for high quality articles,
particularly silkapparel, and in a range of household textiles,
including upholstery, wall coverings and rugs and carpets.
upholstery, wall coverings and rugs and carpets.
 It is also being used as surgical sutures (below) -silkdoes
not cause inflammatory reactions and is absorbed or
degraded after wounds heal.

19. WOOL
Wool is a natural protein fiber. The finest
wool is collect from young sheep. Sheared
wool is called fleece or clip wool and wool
taken from the hides of slaughtered animal
is called pulled wool which is inferior in
quality to fleece or clip wool.

20. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WOOL
Components Percentages
Keratin 33%
Dust 26%
Suit 28%
Fat 12%
Mineral matter 1%
Total: 100%

21. PROPERTIES OF WOOL
Chemical properties of wool:
 Effect of Acid: Concentrated nitric acid and
Sulfuric acid destroy the fiber.
 Effect of Alkali: Destroy all bonds in wool fiber .
 Effect of Bleach: Harmful.
 Heat: wool fiber decomposed at 204°C.
 Dye Ability: Easy to dye, reactive dyestuff is
suitable.

22. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOL
Strength: it is stronger than silk
Resiliency: Wool is highly resilient
Shrink ability: wool resistant shrinkage
Crimps: wool fibre is more or less wavy and
has twist. This waviness is termed as crimp.
Effect of moisture : it can absorb up to 50%
of its weight.

23. USES OF WOOL
 Wool is a multifunctional fibre with a range of diameters
that make it suitable for clothing, household fabrics and
technical textiles.
 Its ability to absorb and release moisture makes woollen
garments comfortable as well as warm.
 Two thirds of woolis used in the manufacture of
garments, including sweaters, dresses, coats, suits and
"active sportswear".

24. POLYAMIDES
Polyamide substance composed of long, multiple-unit
molecules in which the repeating units in the molecular
chain are linked together by amide groups. Amide groups
have the general chemical formula CO-NH. They may be
produced by the interaction of an amine (NH2 ) group and
a carboxyl (COOH) group.

25. PROPERTIES OF POLYAMIDES
 the fibres can be quite fine and smooth or crimped, or
bright or dull.
 Polyamide fibres are very durable and resistant to
abrasion.
 They have high elasticity.
 They are light and fine.
 They are easy to wash and quick-drying.
 Elasticity : Very good
 Resiliency: Good
 Melting point : 215°C
 Color : White
 Ability to protect heat : Upto 150°C

26. APPLICATION OF POLYAMIDE
It is used as thread in bristles for toothbrushes,
surgical sutures etc
It is also used in the manufacture of a large variety
of threads, ropes, filaments, nets etc .
• It can also be used in gun frames, such as those
used by Glock, which are made with a composite
of Nylon 6 and other polymers.

27. POLYESTER FABRIC
Polyester is a category of polymers which
contain the ester functional group in their
main chain. The term "polyester" is most
commonly used to refer to polyethylene
terephthalate (PET).

28. PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER
 it has a high melting temperature
 it can be dyed with only disperse dyes
 they are thermoplastic, have good strength
and are hydrophobic
 the fibre has a rod like shape with a smooth
surface.
 it is lustrous and its hand is crisp.
 it has excellent resiliency and is the best
wash and wear fabric.
 It resists wrinkling
 Its resistant to stretching

29. APPLICATION
 Polyester is the most used synthetic fiber.
 The fiber can be manufactured in different
shapes and sizes for specific purposes.
 Polyester is a tough fabric used in clothing

30. ACRYLIC FIBER
 Acrylic is a synthetic man-made fiber which was
created to mimic wool and it does bear some
resemblance to it in softness.Some brand
names for acrylic are Acrilan, Orlan, and
Creslon. The fiber has a soft, smooth feel which
is very similar to wool, and is lightweight. It is
often used to create plush velvets, and dyes
beautifully.

31. PROPERTIES OF ACRYLIC FIBRES
 Acrylic has a warm and dry hand like wool.
 Its density is 1.17 g/cc as compared to 1.32 g/cc of
wool.
 It has a elastic recovery of 85% after 4% extension
when the load is released immediately.
 Acrylic shrinks by about 1.5% when treated with
boiling water for30min.
 Its fibres are strong and have good wrinkle
resistance.
 Acrylic is resistant to moths, oils, chemicals and
deterioration on exposure to sunlight.
 Acrylic is easy to wash and dries quickly.

32. USES OF ACRYLIC FIBRE
 Knit Jersey, Sweater, blankets
 Wrinkle resistant fabrics.
 Pile and Fleece fabrics
 Carpets and rugs