Silk is a natural protein fiber obtained from silkworm cocoons. It is produced through sericulture, the cultivation of silkworms. The best quality silk comes from China. In India, silk is obtained from various silkworm species through different processes including reeling, throwing, and degumming. Silk exhibits good strength, elasticity, and absorbency making it suitable for apparel and textiles.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Cotton fiber-textiles touch every aspect of our lives. For years, cotton clothing, home furnishings and industrial goods have enhanced our quality of life by providing comfort, expression and individuality. Cotton fiber possesses a variety of distinct properties, and we know there are plenty of people who want to dig a little deeper.
Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.
Cotton fiber-textiles touch every aspect of our lives. For years, cotton clothing, home furnishings and industrial goods have enhanced our quality of life by providing comfort, expression and individuality. Cotton fiber possesses a variety of distinct properties, and we know there are plenty of people who want to dig a little deeper.
"SILK" in the Indian subcontinent is a luxury goodPayal Gupta
Silk in the Indian subcontinent is a luxury good. In India, about 97% of the raw silk is produced in the five Indian states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir.
Matka is an Indian term for rough handloom silk fabric made from very thick yarns spun out of pierced cocoon in the weft and organize in a warp.
Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity (sericulture). Silk is produced by several insects, but generally, only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing.
How to Manufacture Asbestos, Cement, Ceramics and LimestoneAjjay Kumar Gupta
Asbestos is the generic term for a group of naturally occurring fibrous minerals with high tensile strength, flexibility, and resistance to thermal, chemical and electrical conditions. Asbestos fibers are of high-tensile strength, flexible, heat and chemical resistance, and good frictional properties. Cement is the most essential raw material in any kind of construction activity. Ceramics also known as fire clay is an inorganic, non-metallic solid article, which is produced by the art or technique of heat and subsequent cooling. Limestone is a sedimentary rock, mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is the principal source of crushed stone for construction, transportation, agriculture, and industrial uses.
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Muga culture is endemic to Assam and practiced in this region since a long period. This PPT highlights the brief process and practice of Muga culture- form Soil to Silk.
Technology of finishing presentation
Topic- Finishing of Silk
VIJAY PRAKASH
TEXTILE CHEMISTRY
STUDENT COUNCIL REPRESENTATIVE
GOVERNMENT CENTRAL TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE KANPUR
Two different systems are followed in wool processing, the woolen system, and the worsted system. In the woolen system, the fibers are carded and then spun It affects the processing efficiency as well as the quality of the product.This presentation has focused on wool spinning particularly woolen & worsted spinning process.
SILK AND SILK CENTRES IN INDIA-converted.pdfIshanRoy23
Silk is a natural protein fiber , some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm reared in captivity (sericulture). The shimmering appearance of silk is due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fibre, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different angles, thus producing different colours.
FIBRE TO FARIC
A Material which is available in the form of thin and continuous stand is called Fibre.
The thin strands of thread that we see are made up of still thinner strands called Fibres.
The cloth produced by weaving or knitting textile fibre is called Fabric.
There are two types of fibres, vi
1. Natural Fibre
2. Man – Made fibre or Synthetic Fibre
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
1. SILK
PREPARED BY – BINIYA ARAKKAL
INSTITUTE OF DESIGN & TECHNOLOGY
SURAT
UNIT 4
2. SILK
SILK IS A NATURAL PROTEIN FIBER OBTAINED FROM COCOONS
OF SILKWORM.
IT IS A NATURAL FILAMENT FIBER
ORIGIN OF SILK -2600 BC
BEST QUALITY OF SILK – CHINA
SILK PROTEIN IS FIBROIN
SILK GUM IS SERICIN
3. SILK
IN INDIA SILK IS OBTAINED FROM
DIFFERENT SPECIES OF SILKWORM
MULBERRY SILK
MUGA SILK
ERI SILK
TUSSAR SILK
CULTIVATION AND MANUFACTURING
PROCESS OF SILK IS KNOWN AS
SERICULTURE
5. MANUFACTURE PROCESS OF SILK
Cultivation of Cocoon
Filature Operation
Throwing
Degumming of Thrown Silk
6. THERE ARE 4 STAGES –LIFECYCLE OF MOTH
Female moth lays eggs
The Egg, which
develops into a
larva,or
caterpillar –
the Silkworm
The Silkworm,
which spins its
cocoon for
protection, to
develop pupa
The Pupa,
emerges
from the
cocoon as a
moth
Cultivation of Cocoons for the
production of raw silk is called as
Sericulture
7. Filature Operation The Cocoons Are Delivered To Factory Called Filature, For Different
Process To Unwind The Silk.
The different operation are as follows
Sorting Cocoons
Softening the sericin
Reeling the filament.
Sorting Cocoons is the process in which cocoons are first sorted
according to color, size shape and texture. Cocoon from China are
white, Japanese cocoons are creamy white and yellow and Italian
cocoons are yellow.
Sorting Cocoons
CHINA
JAPANESE
ITALIAN
8. Filature Operation
Softening the Sericin is the process in which
cocoons are heated in boiling water to soften
the gummy substance that holds the cocoon
filament. Raw silk consist of about 80%
fibroin and 20% sericin.
Softening Sericin
9. Filature Operation
Reeling the Filament is the
process of unwinding the
filament from the cocoon.
Silk filaments are unwound in the reel
and combined together to make
thread of raw silk.
The filaments from 4 to 8 cocoons are
joined.
The resulting is called raw silk, which
is consists usually of 48 individual silk
fiber.
The sericin acts as adhesive in holding
the several filaments.
The length of the reeled filament is
approximately a quarter of mile long.
10. THROWING PROCESS
Twisting one or more threads of raw silk into a
strand sufficiently strong for weaving or knitting.
Raw silk skeins are sorted according to
size, color and length or quality.
It is then soaked in warm water with
soap and oil.
After mechanical drying the skeins are
wound on bobbins.
During this winding, single strands may
be given any desired amount of twist.
If two or more yarns are to be doubled,
they are twisted again in same direction.
12. FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF SILK THREADS ARE
PRODUCED BY THROWING PROCESS
1 – Loose Twist Singles 2 – Hard Twist Singles
3 – Tram 4 – Organzine
The process where filaments or threads from three or more bobbins are
wound together is called doubling.
Tram was wound, thrown and doubled, organzine was wound,
doubled then thrown and doubled again
Silk throwing is the process where the filament from the bobbins is given its full twist.
13. DEGUMMING OF THROWN SILK
The process of degumming involves putting
thrown silk yarn through final soap bath to
remove the sericin.
This process brings out the natural luster
and soft feel of the silk.
25% of the weight is lost by this process.
After degumming, the silk fiber is creamy
white and less stiff.
14. CHARACTERISTICS OF SILK FIBER
1. Composition: Silk is composed of 80% of fibroin, which is
protein in nature and 20% of sericin.
2. Strength: Silk has good tensile strength, which allows it
to withstand great pulling pressure.
3. Elasticity: It is an elastic fiber and may be stretched
from 1/7 to 1/5 of its original length.
4. Resilience: Silk fabric retains their shape and have
moderate resistance to wrinkling.
5. Drapability: Silk has a liability and suppleness that ,
aided by its elasticity and resilience, gives it excellent
drape ability.
6. Heat Conductivity: Silk is a protein fiber and is a non-
conductor of heat. It make suitable for winter wear.
15. 7. Absorbency: Silk fabric has good absorbency. Silk can
absorb 11% of its weight in moisture, but range varies
from 10% to as much as 30%.
8. Cleanliness and Wash ability: Silk does not attract dirt
because of its smooth surface. Dirt can be easily
removed by washing or dry cleaning.
9. Reaction to Bleaches: Silk is deteriorated with chlorine
bleaches like sodium hypochlorite. Mild bleach of
hydrogen peroxide or sodium per borate may be used
for silk.
10. Shrinkage: Silk fabrics are subjected only to normal
shrinkage which can be restored by ironing.
11. Effect of Heat: Silk is sensitive to heat and begins to
decompose at 165C.
12. Effect of Light: Silk fabric weakens on exposure to
sunlight.
16. CHARACTERISTICS OF SILK FIBER
13. Resistance to Mildew: Silk will not mildew unless left
for sometime in damp state.
13. Resistance to Insect: Silk may be attacked by the
larvae or clothe moths or carpet beetles.
13. Reaction to Alkalis: Silk can be damaged if the
concentration and temperature is high. A mild soap or
detergent in lukewarm water is advisable.
13. Reaction to Acid: Concentrated mineral acids will
dissolve silk faster than wool. Organic acids do not
harm.
13. Affinity for Dyes: Silk has good absorbency and thus
has good affinity for dyes.
13. Resistance to Perspiration: Perspiration weakens and
yellows silk fabric.
17. CARE
Dry cleaning is preferred. But can be
laundered at home using mild detergent. It
should be ironed at medium to low
temperature by placing a semi wet muslin
fabric. It should be dried in shade.
18. SUMMARY - SILK
Silk is a protein fiber, which is obtained from
cocoons of the silkworms.
The fabric made of twisted fibers exhibits good
strength and are very elastic in nature.
These fibers are suitable for winter apparels as
these are bad conductors of heat and also
provides comfort in warmer weathers
Silk is called as hygienic material as it does
not attract dirt.
Silk absorb the dyes very well because of
their amorphous nature.
