Cotton is a natural fiber composed mainly of cellulose. It is produced as a soft, fluffy fiber that can be spun into a strong thread or yarn. The main cotton producing countries are China, India, USA, Pakistan, and Brazil. Cotton fibers are hollow tubes with a cellulose wall and waxy cuticle layer that make the fiber water-absorbent and allow it to be dyed.

6. COTTON is a unicellular, natural fiber
composed of almost pure cellulose.
As taken from plants, the fiber is
found in lengths of 3/8 to 2 inches.

7. cotton
cotton is an important cash crop in more than 80
countries
the major producers in the world are:
•China—32.0%
•India—21.8%
•USA—12.2%
•Pakistan—7.8%
•Brazil—5.7%
in 2007 worldwide, 113 million bales (480 lbs/bale)

8. Light to dark cream.
SHADES
Colored cottons also
have following shades
Greens
Blue
Rust

10. Each cotton fiber is composed of concentricEach cotton fiber is composed of concentric
layers. The cuticle layer on the fiber itself islayers. The cuticle layer on the fiber itself is
separable from the fiber and consists of waxseparable from the fiber and consists of wax
and pectin materials.and pectin materials.
•Primary WallPrimary Wall
•Secondary WallSecondary Wall
•LumenLumen

11. COTTON
Cellulose 80-90%
Water 6-8%
Waxes and fats 0.5 - 1%
Proteins 0 - 1.5%
Hemicelluloses 4 - 6%
Ash 1 - 1.8%

12. • Comfortable Soft hand
• Good absorbency
• Color retention
• Prints well
• Machine-washable
• Dry-cleanable
• Good strength
• Drapes well
• Easy to handle and sew

13. PROCESS GINNING
CULTIVATE
WEAVE SPIN
END
USE

15. CULTIVATIONREQUIREMENTS
A long growing seasonA long growing season
Plenty of sunshinePlenty of sunshine
Water during the period of growthWater during the period of growth
Dry weather for harvestDry weather for harvest
In general, these conditions are metIn general, these conditions are met
within tropical and warm subtropicalwithin tropical and warm subtropical
latitudes in the northern andlatitudes in the northern and
southern hemispheressouthern hemispheres..

17.  Modern gins place modules in front of
machines called MODULE FEEDERS.
 It break the modules apart and “feed”
the seed cotton into the gin.
 Some gins use powerful
pipes to suck the cotton
into the gin building.

18.  Once in the cotton gin, the seed cotton
moves through dryers and through
cleaning machines.
 It remove the gin waste such as
Burs
Dirt
Stems
Leaf Material.

19. • FIBER LENGTH
• LENGTH UNIFORMITY
• FIBER STRENGTH
• MICRONAIRE
• COLOR

20. FIBER LENGTH
Fiber length is described as “The
average length of the longer one-half
of the fibers (upper half mean
length)“..

21. FIBER STRENGTH
Fiber strength is measured in grams per
denier. It is determined as the force
necessary to break the beard of fibers,
clamped in two sets of jaws.
 The breaking strength of cotton is about
3.0~4.9 g/denier.
 The breaking elongation is about 8~10%.

22. MICRONAIRE
 Micronaire measurements reflect fiber fineness and
maturity.
 A constant mass (2.34 grams) of cotton fibers is
compressed into a space of known volume and air
permeability measurements of this compressed
sample are taken. These, when converted to
appropriate number, denote Micronaire values.
COTTON RANGECOTTON RANGE MICRONAIRE READINGMICRONAIRE READING
PremiumPremium 3.7-4.23.7-4.2
Base RangeBase Range 4.3-4.94.3-4.9
Discount RangeDiscount Range >5.0>5.0

23. COLOR
The color of cotton samples is determined from two
parameters:
 Degree of reflectance (Rd)
 Yellowness (+b)
The color of the fibers is affected by climatic conditions,
impact of insects and fungi, type of soil, storage
conditions etc.
There is five recognized groups of color:
White
Gray
Spotted
Tinged


24. • SWELLING
• ATTACK OF ACIDS & BASES
• OXIDATION & HYDROLYSIS

25. SWELLING
Cotton swells in a HIGH HUMIDITY
environment, in WATER and in
concentrated solutions of certain ACIDS,
SALTS and BASES. The swelling effect is
usually attributed to the sorption of highly
hydrated ions. and the moisture
absorption is 7~8%
The moisture regain for cotton is about 7.1~8.5%The moisture regain for cotton is about 7.1~8.5%
Moisture absorption for cotton is 7~8%Moisture absorption for cotton is 7~8%

26. ATTACK OF ACIDS AND BASES
 Cotton is attacked by HOT DILUTE or
COLD CONCENTRATED ACID solutions.
Acid hydrolysis of cellulose produces
hydro-celluloses. Cold weak acids do not
affect it.
 The fibers show excellent RESISTANCE
TO ALKALIS.
 There are a few other SOLVENTS that will
DISSOLVE COTTON completely.

27. identification of cotton
microscopic identification of cotton is relatively easy—
convolutions are easily seen along the fiber
burn tests verify cellulose
fiber length helps identify content
cotton is soluble is sulfuric acid

28. properties of cotton—care
cotton can be washed with strong detergents and
requires no special care during washing and drying
white cottons can be washed in hot water—dyed
cottons retain their color better if washed in warm water
cotton releases most soils readily but soil-resistant finishes
are desirable for some interior & apparel uses
excessive bleaching weakens cellulosic fibers
cotton fabrics respond best to steam pressing or ironing
while damp—can be ironed safely at high temperatures

29. properties of cotton—care
cotton draperies should be dry-cleaned
cotton upholstery may be steam-cleaned with caution
cottons should be stored clean and dry
cotton is harmed by acids—fruit & fruit juice stains
should be treated promptly
cotton oxidizes in sunlight which causes yellowing and
degradation—some dyes are especially sensitive

30. APPAREL
Wide range of wearing
apparel:
 Shirts
 Dresses
 Children wear
 Active wear
 Blouses
 Separates
 Swimwear
 Suits
 Jackets
 Skirts
 Pants
 Sweaters
 Hosiery
 Neckwear

31. Home Fashion Curtains
 Draperies
 Bedspreads
 Comforters
 Throws
 Sheets
 Towels
 Table Cloths
 Table Mats
 Napkins

32. NON-WOVENS
 Swabs
 Puffs
 Wipes
 Filters
 Weddings
Personal care products
 Diapers
 Feminine Hygiene
products
Semi-durable Segments
 Bedding
 Household furnishing
 Pillow fillers