The objective of the ppt of Elements of Costs and classification of expenditure is to have precise information, especially for the non commerce management students. I believe this would help them to understand the subject easily.
The objective of the ppt of Elements of Costs and classification of expenditure is to have precise information, especially for the non commerce management students. I believe this would help them to understand the subject easily.
Introduction of costing , its elements & cost sheetKamlesh Shinde
Basically presentation is based on the costing , its various elements, their classification and the illustration on a simple cost sheet and Estimated Cost sheet. It is very useful to beginners in cost accounting , B.Com and M.com Students.
1.1 identify the type of accounting
1.2 difference between Cost Accounting , Cost Accountancy and Costing
1.3 understand the Management information needs
1.4 identify the objectives of cost accounting
1.5 difference between Cost Accounting Vs. Financial Accounting
1.6 identify the role of cost accountant
A power point presentation describing some basic definitions, father of cost accounting, Indian aspect of cost accounting and Various Methods and Techniques of costing.
Presented by: Aquib Ali, Ajay Gupta and Ashwin Showi. (M.Com students)
at the Bhopal School of Social Sciences(BSSS) on 6 September, 2017
In this slide presentation you will be introduced to the methods of Cost Accounting and why business organizations should follow methods of cost accounting impeccably. In this it is important to establish budget and actual cost of operations, processes, departments or products and the analysis of variances, profitability or social use of funds. This Slideshare will offer insight to entrepreneurs.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This Slideshare is the sole Property of the Welingkar School of Distance Learning – Reproduction of this material , without prior consent, either wholly or partially will treated as a violation of copyright.
Introduction of costing , its elements & cost sheetKamlesh Shinde
Basically presentation is based on the costing , its various elements, their classification and the illustration on a simple cost sheet and Estimated Cost sheet. It is very useful to beginners in cost accounting , B.Com and M.com Students.
1.1 identify the type of accounting
1.2 difference between Cost Accounting , Cost Accountancy and Costing
1.3 understand the Management information needs
1.4 identify the objectives of cost accounting
1.5 difference between Cost Accounting Vs. Financial Accounting
1.6 identify the role of cost accountant
A power point presentation describing some basic definitions, father of cost accounting, Indian aspect of cost accounting and Various Methods and Techniques of costing.
Presented by: Aquib Ali, Ajay Gupta and Ashwin Showi. (M.Com students)
at the Bhopal School of Social Sciences(BSSS) on 6 September, 2017
In this slide presentation you will be introduced to the methods of Cost Accounting and why business organizations should follow methods of cost accounting impeccably. In this it is important to establish budget and actual cost of operations, processes, departments or products and the analysis of variances, profitability or social use of funds. This Slideshare will offer insight to entrepreneurs.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This Slideshare is the sole Property of the Welingkar School of Distance Learning – Reproduction of this material , without prior consent, either wholly or partially will treated as a violation of copyright.
What is job costing? What are its main characteristics?
Characteristics
Features
procedure involve in job order costing.
Applicability
What is BEP? List out the assumption of breakeven analysis
Assumption of BEP analysis
What is Profit Volume (P/V) Ratio
What is CVP analysis? How does it help the management?
What is process costing? What are its main characteristics? Name the industries where process costing can be applied.
Normal Loss
Abnormal Loss
Abnormal Gain
Job Costing & Process Costing
Accounting for losses in process costing
What do you mean by operating costing? Draw a specimen cost sheet for transport costing.
INDUSTRY AND CORRESPONDING COST UNIT
RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Cost control and cost reduction are the two most viewed area in finance. Every corporate entity will have a specialized department to study on cost aspects. Apart from finance it is places a great role in micro economics.This presentation will helpful to university students in their study and enhance greater knowledge.
Definition of leverage, Types of Leverages, meaning of operating leverage, financial leverage, combined leverage, Formulas for Operating and financial leverage, variable cost, fixed cost, EBIT, Contribution, EPS-EBIT Analysis, Income statement, practical problems on leverages, etc.
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Basis Financial Accounting Cost Accounting
Management
Accounting
Accounting
method
It depending on double
entry system.
It is not depending on
double entry system.
It is not depending
on double entry
system.
Accounting
standards
Accounts should be
prepared based on
accounting standards
issued by Institute of
Charted Accountants
of India.
It is not bound by any
accounting standards.
It is not bound by
any accounting
standards.
Analysis of cost
and profit
It shows overview of
business.
It shows detailed cost
and profit data for each
product.
It provides the info.
relating to plants,
departments,
individual product,
etc.
Control Aspect
It does not attach
importance to control
aspect.
It provides detailed
system like standard
costing & budgetary
control.
It provides detailed
info. for taking
optimum decisions.
3. Basis
Financial
Accounting
Cost Accounting
Management
Accounting
External &
Internal Users
It is for external
use.
It is for internal use. It is for internal use.
Format of
presenting
information
Structured format
(P&L a/c, Balance
Sheet, etc.)
There is no uniform
format. Format is
tailored to meet the
needs of
management.
There is no uniform
format. Format is
tailored to meet the
needs of
management.
Historical and
predetermined
cost
It is concerned
historical records.
It depends on
historical data and
extends plans to
improve performance
in the future.
It depends on
historical data and it
is future oriented.
Periodicity of
reporting
Usually on an
annual basis.
Depending on
requirements
(weekly, monthly,
etc.).
Depending on
requirements
(weekly, monthly,
etc.).
4. Basis
Financial
Accounting
Cost Accounting
Management
Accounting
Purpose
To know Profit &
loss.
To provide detailed
cost info. to Mgt.
To take decisions.
Statutory
Requirements
As per Companies
Act & Income Tax
Act.
It is voluntary (it is
mandatory for certain
industries as per
Companies Act)
It is optional.
Types of
statements
prepared
For general
purpose (P&L
a/c., Balance
Sheet, etc.)
For specific purpose
(variance report, idle
time report, etc.)
For specific purpose
(ex. Performance
report of sales
manager).
Types of
transactions
recorded
It records only
monetary
transactions.
It records external as
well as internal
transactions (issue of
materials to
production dept.)
It records external
as well as internal
transactions (sales,
expenditure,
product quality,
etc.)
6. Essentials of Good Information System
• Proper Form (comprehensive form with suggestive title,
heading, sub heading and number of paragraphs)
• Contents (need to simple)
• Promptness (preparation and submission of report at the
proper time)
• Accuracy
• Comparability
• Consistency (need to follow same methods)
• Relevancy (Info. should be relevant and not to use unambiguous
terms )
7. Types of Information
Management
Information
Oral Written
According to
objects
External Internal
To the
top mgt
To the
middle
level
Mgt.
To the Jr.
Level
Mgt.
According to
Period
Routine Special
According to
Functions
Operating
Control
Venture
Mgt.
Financial
Static Dynamic
8. Info. meant for Top Level Management
• Info. on budgeted and actual profits
• Info. on sales and production
• Capital budgeting
• Master budget
• Periodical financial reports
• Machine and labour utilization report
• Info. on research and development activities
• Project evaluation report
• Overhead cost and efficiency reports
• Info. on selling and distribution overheads.
9. • Purchase Manager
– Info on material price and usage variance
– Info on material carrying cost, loss of material in the
storage etc.
– Info on trends in the pertaining of various items of
materials.
• Materials Manager
– Info on stock of raw-materials, work in progress and
finished goods
– Info about materials wastage and loss
– Info on level of materials stock at the stores
– Info on surplus and deficiency reports
Info. meant for Middle Level Management
10. • Production Manager
– Info on budgeted and actual production
– Info on overtime work and idle time
– Info on labour utilization statement
– Info on machine utilization statement
• Sales Manager
– Info on budget and actual sales
– Info on sales trend
– Info on orders received and orders executed
– Info on cash sales and credit sales
Info. meant for Middle Level Management
11. • Info on labour efficiency variance
• Info on idle time, overtime and machine
utilization
• Info on material usage variance
• Info on credit collections and outstanding
• Info on budgeted and actual production
• Info on material spoilage
• Info on cost of materials, labour etc.
Info. meant for Jr. Level Management
13. Cost Methods
1. Job order Costing: Cost ascertainment used in job order
industries.
2. Contract costing: Work is undertaken to customer’s
special requirements and each order is of long duration.
3. Batch costing: Where similar articles are manufactured
in batches either for sale or for use within the
undertaking.
4. Process costing: Sequence of continuous or repetitive
operations or processes and products are identical and
cannot be segregated.
5. Service (Operating)
14. Techniques of Costing
• Standard costing: It is predetermined as a target of
performance and actual performance is measured
against the standard. The difference between
standard and actual costs are analysed to know the
reasons for the difference so that corrective actions
may be taken.
• Budgetary control: It is a technique applied to the
control of total expenditure on materials, wages and
overheads by comparing actual performance with
planned performance.
Contd …
15. Techniques of Costing
• Marginal costing: In this technique, separation of
costs into fixed and variable (marginal) is of special
interest and importance. Marginal costing regards
only variable costs as the cost of the products.
• Absorption costing: Costing whereby total cost (fixed
and variable costs)are charged to products.
• Uniform costing: A situation in which a number of
firms adopt a uniform set of costing principles.
16. Material Labour Other Expenses
Direct
Material
Indirect
Material
Direct
Labour
Indirect
Labour
Direct
Expenses
Indirect
Expenses
Overheads
Direct
Material
Indirect
Material
Direct
Labour
Indirect
Labour
Prime Cost
Elements of Cost
17. Formulas
• Prime cost + Production OH
= Factory Cost
• Factory cost + Administration OH
= Cost of Production
• Cost of Production + Selling & Dist. OH
= Total Cost
• Total cost + Desired Profit
= Sales (Price)
19. By Nature of Expenses
–Material
• Raw-materials
• Semi finished goods &
• Finished goods
–Labour
• Skilled
• Semi skilled &
• Unskilled
–Expenses
• Direct
• Indirect
20. • Production or manufacturing cost
• Administration cost
• Selling and distribution cost and
• Research and development cost
By Nature of Function
21. By Variability
• Fixed costs tend to remain unaffected by the
variation or change in the volume of output,
such as supervisory salary, rent, taxes, etc.
• Variable costs tend to vary directly with
volume of output, such as direct material,
direct labour and direct expense.
• Semi-fixed/semi-variable cost is partly fixed
and partly variable, such as telephone
expense, electricity charges, etc.
22. • Controllable cost can be influenced by the
action of a specified member of an
undertaking.
• Uncontrollable cost cannot be influenced by
the action of a specified member of an
undertaking.
By Controllability
23. By Normality
• Normal cost refers to the cost, at a given level
of output in the conditions in which that level of
output is normally attained.
• Abnormal cost is a cost which is not normally
incurred at a given level of output in the
conditions in which that level of output is
normally attained.
24. On the basis of Time
• Historical cost
• Predetermined cost
• Estimated cost and
• Standard cost
25. Cost Analysis for Decision Making
• Marginal vs. Absorption Costing
(with fixed cost and without FC)
• Sunk - irrelevant
• Committed – pre committed
• Opportunity
• Incremental / Differential
• Avoidable & Unavoidable
• controllable / uncontrollable