This document discusses cost analysis and various cost concepts. It begins by defining cost analysis and its importance in business decision making. It then outlines several types of costs including: opportunity cost, economic cost, accounting cost, private and social costs, incremental and sunk costs, direct and indirect costs, average, marginal and total costs. It also discusses cost-output relationships in the short-run and long-run, factors determining costs, and break-even analysis. The key purpose is to provide an overview of different cost concepts and cost-output relationships that are important for business analysis and decision making.
In this presentation, we will discuss in details about cost of production and various concepts of cost like fixed cost, variable cost, average cost, marginal costs, etc.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
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Breakeven Analysis- A decision-making aid that enables a manager to determine whether a particular volume of sales will result in losses or profits.
Made up of four basic concepts
Fixed costs- costs that do not change
Variable costs- costs that rise in propitiation to sales
Revenue- the total income received
Profit- the money you have after subtracting fixed and variable cost from revenue
Isoquants, MRTS, Concept of Total Product, Average & Marginal Product, Short Run and Long Run analysis of production, The Law of Variable proportion, Returns to scale,
Production Cost – Concept of Cost, Classification of Short run cost – Long run cost,
A power point presentation describing some basic definitions, father of cost accounting, Indian aspect of cost accounting and Various Methods and Techniques of costing.
Presented by: Aquib Ali, Ajay Gupta and Ashwin Showi. (M.Com students)
at the Bhopal School of Social Sciences(BSSS) on 6 September, 2017
In this presentation, we will discuss in details about cost of production and various concepts of cost like fixed cost, variable cost, average cost, marginal costs, etc.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit:
http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
Breakeven Analysis- A decision-making aid that enables a manager to determine whether a particular volume of sales will result in losses or profits.
Made up of four basic concepts
Fixed costs- costs that do not change
Variable costs- costs that rise in propitiation to sales
Revenue- the total income received
Profit- the money you have after subtracting fixed and variable cost from revenue
Isoquants, MRTS, Concept of Total Product, Average & Marginal Product, Short Run and Long Run analysis of production, The Law of Variable proportion, Returns to scale,
Production Cost – Concept of Cost, Classification of Short run cost – Long run cost,
A power point presentation describing some basic definitions, father of cost accounting, Indian aspect of cost accounting and Various Methods and Techniques of costing.
Presented by: Aquib Ali, Ajay Gupta and Ashwin Showi. (M.Com students)
at the Bhopal School of Social Sciences(BSSS) on 6 September, 2017
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Detailed Presentation on cost analysis including:
01 INTRODUCTION TO COST ANALYSIS
02 COST CONCEPT AND ITS TYPES
03 BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE TYPES
04 PRODUCTION COSTS
05 DETERMINANTS OF COSTS
By: Archit Aditya
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Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
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Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
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what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
2. Introduction
• Cost analysis assumes a great significance in
all major business decisions because the term
‘cost’ has different meaning under different
settings and is subject to varying
interpretations.
• The analysis cost is an important factor in
almost all business analysis and business
decision making like
3. a) locating the weak points in the production
management.
b) Minimizing the cost.
c) Finding the optimum level of output.
d) Determining price and dealers; margins.
e) Estimating or projecting the cost of operation.
5. COST CONCEPT & TYPES
• OPPORTUNITY COST –
• Opportunity cost of a product is value of the next best
alternative forgone (that is not chosen).
• It can also defined as the revenue forgone for not
making the best alternative use.
• The concept of opportunity cost is useful for manager
in decision making.
6. ECONOMIC COST
• This cost includes explicit and implicit cost both. In
other words, economic cost includes both recorded
and unrecorded cost.
EXPLICIT COST is the actual money expenditure
on inputs or payments made to the outsiders for
hiring the factor services.
Example – wages paid to employees, payment for raw
materials etc.
7. IMPLICIT COST is the cost of self supplied
factors .
Example- Interest on own capital ,Rent of own
land etc.
The sum of explicit cost and implicit cost is the
total cost of production of a commodity.
8. ACCOUNTING COST
• Accounting cost is the cost based upon
accounting records in the book of accounts.
• They are recorded in the book of accounts
when they are actually incurred . Its based on
Accrual concept.
• Accounting costs are explicit cost and must be
paid.
9. PRIVATE COST & SOCIAL COST
• Private costs are those which are actually incurred by
a firm on the purchase of goods and services from
the market. For a firm, all actual costs both explicit
and Implicit are private costs.
• Social Costs refers to the total cost borne by the
society due to production of a commodity
10. Incremental and Sunk Costs
• Incremental costs are closely related to
marginal costs, incremental costs refers to the
total additional cost associated with the expand
in output.
• Sunk Costs are those which cannot be altered,
increased or decreased by varying the rate of
output.
11. Short Run and long run costs
• Short run costs are costs that vary with
variation in output. Short run costs are the
same as variable costs
• Long run costs are costs that are incurred on
fixed assets like plant, machinery, etc
12. DIRECT AND INDIRECT COST
• Direct cost are the costs that have direct
relationship with a unit of operation. This
includes items such as software, equipment,
labor and raw materials.
• Indirect cost are those cost whose cost can’t
be easily traced to a product such as
electricity , stationary and other office
expenses.
13. TOTAL COST
Total cost is the actual money spends to produce
a particular quantity of output.
It is the summation of fixed and variable costs
TC = TFC+ TVC
TFC(Total Fixed Cost):
Total fixed costs, i.e the cost of plant, building,
equipment etc. remain fixed with a change in output.
TVC(Total Variable Cost):
The total variable cost i.e the cost of labour, raw
material etc varies with the variation in output.
14. AVERAGE COST
Average cost is the total cost of producing per unit of
commodity. It can be found out as follows
AC= AFC +AVC
AC= Total cost/no.of units produced
AFC (Average fixed Cost)-
Fixed cost of producing per unit of the commodity.
AFC= total fixed cost / no. of units produced.
AVC (Average Variable Cost)
Variable cost of producing per unit of the commodity.
AVC= total fixed cost / no. of units produced.
15. MARGINAL COST
• Marginal cost is the additional to total cost
when one more unit of output is produced .
• It can be arrived by dividing the change in
total cost by the change in total output.
MC =
Q
TC
17. Cost-output relationship has 2 aspects:
Cost-output relationship in the short run,
Cost-output relationship in the long run
The SHORT RUN is a period which doesn’t permit
alterations in the fixed equipment (machinery , building
etc.) & in the size of the org.
The LONG RUN is a period in which there is sufficient
time to alter the equipment (machinery, building, land
etc.) & the size of the org. output can be increased
without any limits being placed by the fixed factors of
production
19. Short Run may be studied in terms of
Average Fixed Cost
Average Variable Cost
Average Total cost
20. Total, average & marginal cost
TC) = TFC + TVC, rise as output rises
1. Total cost (TC) = TFC + TVC, rise as
output rises
2. Average cost (AC) = TC/output
3. Marginal cost (MC) = change in TC as
a result
of changing output by one unit
Fixed cost & variable cost
1.Total fixed cost (TFC) = cost of using fixed
factors = cost that does not change when
output is changed, e.g.
2. Total variable cost (TVC) = cost of using
variable factors = cost that changes when
21.
22.
23. Average Fixed Cost and Output
The greater the output, the lower the fixed cost
per unit, i.e. the average fixed cost.
Total fixed costs remain the same & do not change
with a change in output.
Average Fixed Cost and Output
The greater the output, the lower the fixed cost
per unit, i.e. the average fixed cost.
Total fixed costs remain the same & do not change
with a change in output.
24. Average Total cost and output
Average total cost, also known as average costs,
would decline first & then rise upwards.
Average cost consists of average fixed cost plus
average variable cost.
Average fixed cost continues to fall with an increase in
output while avg. variable cost first declines & then
rises.
So , as Avg. variable cost declines the Avg. total cost
will also decline. But after a point the Avg. variable
cost will rise.
When the rise in AVC is more than the drop in Avg.
25.
26. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MARGINAL AND AVERGAE
COST
• The marginal costs and average costs are
related.
• When marginal cost exceeds average cost,
average cost must be rising.
• When marginal cost is less than average cost,
average cost must be falling.
• The position of marginal cost relative to
average total cost tells us whether average
total cost is rising or falling.
27. Relationship between Marginal Cost and Average cost
• If MC>ATC, then ATC is rising
• If MC>MVC , then AVC is rising
• If MC< ATC, then ATC is falling
• If MC<AVC, then AVC is falling
• If MC=AVC and MC=ATC, then AVC and ATC are
at there minimum points
30. DEFINITION
They are costs over a long period of
time.
They permit for enough change in all
factors of production.
Thus firms can produce more.
Supply of a commodity is adjusted to its
demand.
31. LONG RUN COST CURVES
All costs are variable in the long run.
There are only average variable cost in
long run, since all factors are variable.
It is also called as planning curve or
envelope or scale curve.
32. Production Rules for the Long Run
If selling price > ATC (or TR > TC):
• Continue to produce.
• Maximize profit by producing where MR =
MC.
If selling price < ATC (or TR < TC):
• There will be a continual loss.
• Sell the fixed assets to eliminate fixed
costs.
• Reinvest money is a more profitable
alternative.
33.
34. Economies of Scale:
Economies of Scale are the cost
advantages that a firm obtain due to
expansion.
Factors responsible for this:
• Use of technically efficient machines.
• Division of labor.
• Indivisibility
• Financial economics.
35. Diseconomies of Scale:
Increase in long-term average
cost of production as
the scale of operations increases beyond a
certain level.
After a certain sufficiently large size these
inefficiencies of management more than
offset the economies of scale and thereby
bring about the rise in long run average cost
& make the LAC curve upward sloping.
37. Factors determining the cost are
(a) Size of plant: There is an inverse relationship
between size of plant and cost. As size of plant
increases, cost falls and vice versa.
(b) Level of Output: There is a direct relationship
between output level and cost. More the level of
output, more is the cost ( i. e., total cost) and vice
Versa.
(c) Price of Inputs: There is a relationship between
price of inputs and cost. As the price of inputs rises,
cost ruses and vice versa.
38. (d) State of technology: More modern and upgraded
the technology implies lesser cost and vice versa.
(e) Management and administrative efficiency:
Efficiency and cost are inversely related. More the
efficiency in management and administration better
will be the product and less will be the cost. Cost will
case of inefficiencies in management and
administration.
40. What is a break-even analysis
• Break-even analysis or what is also known as profit
contribution analysis is an important analytical
technique used to study the relationship between
the total costs (TC), Total revenue (TR) and total
profits and losses over the whole range of stipulated
output.
• The breakeven analysis is a technique of having a
preview of profit prospects and a tool of profit
planning. It integrates the cost and revenue
estimates to ascertain the profits and losses
associated with different levels of output.
41. To illustrate the break-even analysis under linear cost and
revenue conditions, let us assume linear cost and linear
revenue functions are given as follows.
Cost function: TC = 100 + 10 Q………..eq. (1)
Revenue function: TR = 15 Q……..……eq. (2)
The cost function given in eq. (1) =>
firm’s TFC (total fixed cost) = 100 and its variable cost
varies at a constant rate of 10 per unit in response to
increase in output. The revenue function given in fig.
implies that price for the firm’s product is given in the
market at 15 per unit of sale.
43. • The line TFC shows the total fixed cost at 100 for a
certain level of output.
• The line TVC shows the variable cost rising with a slope.
• The line TC has been obtained by plotting the TC
function.
• The line TR shows the total revenue.
• The line TR & TC lines intersect at point B
• At point B, Q = 20 ;firm’s total cost =total revenue
• At Q=20, TC breaks-even with TR. Point B, therefore the
break-even point and Q= 20 is break-even output.
44. • Below this level of output, TC exceeds TR.
• Vertical difference TC-TR known as operating loss.
• Beyond Q=20, TR>TC and TR-TC is known as operating
profit.
• It may be noted that a firm producing a commodity
under cost and revenue conditions given in above eq.
(1) & (2).
• Must produce at least 20 units to make its total cost
and total revenue break-even.
• At break-even point, TR = TC
46. Q1
Break–even analysis under non-linear function
Q2
x
y
TC
TR
TFC
B1
B2
0
Totalcostandrevenue
F
Output per time unit
47. • TFC line shows the fixed cost at OF and the vertical
distance between TC and TFC measures the total
variable cost (TVC).
• The curve TR shows the total revenue at different
output & price.
• The vertical distance between the TR and TC
measure profit/loss.
• TR & TC curves intersect at two points, B1 & B2,
where TR = TC.
• OQ1 corresponding to break-even point B1 and OQ2
corresponding to break-even point B2 ;TR > TC.
• Profitable range lies between OQ1 and OQ2 units of
output.
48. Thank you
A presentation by-
1. Aishwarya
2. Arpita
3. Anvita
4. Ajay soni
5. Arpit Kumar Parashar