invasive non invasive procedures.pdf for bsc nursing studentsshanmukhadevi
Chest X-ray:
The chest X-ray is a noninvasive tool used to visualize internal structures, such as the heart, lungs, soft tissues, and bones.
Most chest X-rays are taken while the patient is inhaling so that the lungs are fully expanded.
Several types of chest X-rays can be used to assess heart size, contour, and position; other types reveal cardiac and pericardial calcification as well as physiologic alterations in pulmonary circulation.
Case-1: ECG with NSR
Case-2: ECG with sinus bradycardia
Case-3: ECG with sinus tachycardia
Case-4: ECG with sinus arrhythmia
Determining heart rate
Normal heart rate in adults
Normal heart rate in children
Characteristics of NSR
Factors that can change heart rate
Variations on sinus rhythm
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
INAPPROPRIATE SINUS Tachycardia
Neck angiography cect neck angiography carotid angiography
CT scan neck angiography
Carotid angiography useful for medical radiology students thank you process explain in simple language for more content like this presentation
stroke FOAM Acute central nervous system injury with abrupt onsetDr Aya Ali
Acute central nervous system injury with abrupt
onset
Mechanism:
• Interruption of blood flow(Ischemic Stroke)
or
• Bleeding into or around the brain(Hemorrhagic
stroke)
invasive non invasive procedures.pdf for bsc nursing studentsshanmukhadevi
Chest X-ray:
The chest X-ray is a noninvasive tool used to visualize internal structures, such as the heart, lungs, soft tissues, and bones.
Most chest X-rays are taken while the patient is inhaling so that the lungs are fully expanded.
Several types of chest X-rays can be used to assess heart size, contour, and position; other types reveal cardiac and pericardial calcification as well as physiologic alterations in pulmonary circulation.
Case-1: ECG with NSR
Case-2: ECG with sinus bradycardia
Case-3: ECG with sinus tachycardia
Case-4: ECG with sinus arrhythmia
Determining heart rate
Normal heart rate in adults
Normal heart rate in children
Characteristics of NSR
Factors that can change heart rate
Variations on sinus rhythm
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus tachycardia
INAPPROPRIATE SINUS Tachycardia
Neck angiography cect neck angiography carotid angiography
CT scan neck angiography
Carotid angiography useful for medical radiology students thank you process explain in simple language for more content like this presentation
stroke FOAM Acute central nervous system injury with abrupt onsetDr Aya Ali
Acute central nervous system injury with abrupt
onset
Mechanism:
• Interruption of blood flow(Ischemic Stroke)
or
• Bleeding into or around the brain(Hemorrhagic
stroke)
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
2. • The coronary CT angiography
or cardiac CT angiogram
protocol:
• a non-invasive tool for the
evaluation of the coronary
arteries.
• The coronary arteries arise
from the aortic sinuses to
supply the myocardium of
the heart with oxygenated
blood.
3.
4. Indications :
▪ congenital coronary artery anomalies
▪ coronary artery disease
▪ visualization of cardiac veins
▪ Evaluation of chest pain in patients at low to intermediate
pretest probability of disease.
▪ Pulmonary vein evaluation.
▪ Evaluation of cardiac masses.
▪ Evaluation of pericardial disease.
▪ Pre surgical evaluation, particularly before redo open heart
surgery.
▪ Assessing graft patency after prior bypass surgery.
▪ Evaluation of aortic disease.
▪ Evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism.
5. CONTRAINDICATIONS:
❖ Renal insufficiency:
Given the potential for contrast nephropathy, patients with
significant renal insufficiency (i.e., Cr > 1.6 mg/dL) should not
undergo contrast enhanced CT.
❖ Known history of anaphylactic contrast reactions :
A prior anaphylactic response to contrast is generally felt to be
an absolute contraindication to intravenous iodinated contrast
administration at many institutions.
❖ Pregnancy
❖ Clinical instability
❖ Severe coronary calcium
❖ Inability to breath hold for at least 10 seconds.
6. Technical requirements:
✓ 64-slice scanner .
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has rapidly evolved from 4-detector row systems in
1998 to 256-slice and 320-detector row CT systems :
With smaller detector element size and faster gantry rotation speed
spatial and temporal resolution of the 64-detector MDCT scanners have made
coronary artery imaging a reliable clinical test.
✓ detector element width ≤0.625 mm.
✓ option of cardiac CT and ECG-gated triggering .
7. Patient preparation
❖ patients should take their cardiac medications as usual .
❖ no food 3-4 hours before the scan .
❖ no caffeine for 12 hours Consuming caffeine can make the heart beat
faster, which will interfere with the imaging test. Prior to the test, we ask
that people avoid caffeinated food or beverages, including: coffee .
❖ instruction on how to breathe (breath hold is recommended )
❖ an electrocardiogram signal needs to be acquired
❖ heart rate control
8. Premedication
❖ check heart rate and blood pressure before administration
of medications .
❖ administration of nitrates (400-800 µg of sublingual
nitroglycerin e.g. 1-2 sprays) .
❖ administration of ß-blocker (to target pulse of ≤60 bpm)
o e.g. metoprolol 50-100 mg one hour before the exam
o e.g. metoprolol 5mg iv followed by monitoring for 5 min
repeatedly up to 15-20 mg
9. • Electrocardiography?
• Electrocardiography is the process of producing
an electrocardiogram .
• a recording of the heart's electrical activity.
• It is an electrogram of the heart which is a graph
of voltage versus time of the electrical activity of
the heart using electrodes placed on the skin
10. ECG GATING Mechanism :
• First, the skin is cleaned.
• Up to 12 self-adhesive electrodes will be attached
to select locations of the skin on the arms, legs
and chest.
• Three ECG leads are attached to obtain an adequate
ECG tracing for CT.
• A noise-free ECG signal is important to synchronize
theECG signal to the raw image data.
11. Technique
• patient position
supine with both arms above their head (as comfortably as
possible)
ECG placement
• tube potential
100 kVp if patient’s weight ≤100kg or BMI <30kg/m2
• tube current
use automated current adjustment mode
• scout
pulmonary apices to below the heart
• scan extent
o ideally to be determined by calcium scoring
o just below tracheal bifurcation to below the heart
• scan direction/craniocaudally
12. retrospective ECG gating?
Retrospective gating acquires images continually throughout
the cardiac cycle and simply pieces together
images from the desired phase (typically diastole for anatomic
imaging) after the entire scan is completed.
What does retrospective mean in CT?
A retrospective ECG-gated cardiac CT is usually conducted
in cases in which adequate control of heart
rate cannot be achieved or in which additional information on
ventricular or valvular function is
Required
. Retrospective gating collects data continuously then
groups and fills k-space according to the
phase of the cardiac cycle.
13. prospective ECG triggering?
Prospective ECG-triggered coronary CT angiography uses the
partial-scan technique to the motion of the heart, which is
defined as the step-and-shoot method, so that scan is triggered
by ECG signal instead of spiral CT acquisition .
Prospective cardiac gating (triggering) acquires data
during a specific acquisition window between R waves
14. CT volume rendering?
➢ Volume rendering is a type of data visualization technique
which creates a three-dimensional representation of data.
Calcium Scoring
A coronary CT calcium scan is a computed tomography
scan of the heart for the assessment of severity of
coronary artery disease. Specifically, it looks for calcium
deposits in atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary
arteries that can narrow arteries and increase the risk of
heart attack
The score reflects the total area of calcium deposits and
the density of the calcium.
15. a good score for calcium scoring
A calcium score of 0 means there is no evidence of heart
disease.
1-10 is for minimal evidence of heart disease.
11-100 is for mild evidence of heart disease.
101-400 is for moderate evidence of heart disease
agatston calcium score
The result of the test is usually given as a number .
The score reflects the total area of calcium deposits and the
density of the calcium.
A score of zero means no calcium is seen in the heart.
It suggests a low chance of developing a heart attack in the
future .
16. CCTA of a 61 year old women. A) 3D volume rendered reconstruction of the heart and the coronaries. The coronary
arteries can be seen in the 3D reconstruction. B) Reconstruction of the right coronary artery (RCA) without CAD. C)
Reconstruction of the left anterior descending artery of the same patient, also without stenosis. D) Circumflex (CX)
reconstruction, not showing any disease.
17. Patient with a coronary anomaly. A) The anomalous left coronary artery arises from the proximal RCA,
through the septum into the LAD. B) Maximum intensity projection of the anomalous left coronary artery.
18. Evaluation after bypass-surgery, same patient as in figure 4. A) The distal left internal mammary artery (LIMA)
is anastomosed with the proximal LAD at the location of the former anomalous left coronary artery. B) The
graft and distal LAD show good contrast filling.