CT perfusion imaging provides functional information about tissue vascularity by measuring temporal changes in tissue attenuation following intravenous injection of iodinated contrast. It quantifies parameters like blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time. While initially developed for research, advances in multidetector CT and software allow clinical use in evaluating cerebral vasculature in acute stroke and tumor response to therapies in oncology. The technique involves rapid dynamic scanning during contrast first-pass to generate time-attenuation curves and calculate perfusion values using deconvolution or other mathematical models.
this presentation targets radio-diagnosis, neurology and neurosurgery junior staff, it presents simple basics of CT perfusion including principle, technique, applications, interpretation with few quiz cases.
Application of Perfusion imaging in radiology is increasing with advancement in technology. This presentation briefly describes different perfusion modalities including Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine. Some of the aspects of perfusion imaging are described in this presentation. This topic was Presented in Radiology department, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj.
this presentation targets radio-diagnosis, neurology and neurosurgery junior staff, it presents simple basics of CT perfusion including principle, technique, applications, interpretation with few quiz cases.
Application of Perfusion imaging in radiology is increasing with advancement in technology. This presentation briefly describes different perfusion modalities including Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Nuclear Medicine. Some of the aspects of perfusion imaging are described in this presentation. This topic was Presented in Radiology department, Institute of Medicine, Maharajgunj.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
A detailed description of ct coronary angiography and calcium scoring with various aspects regarding the preparation, procedure, limitations and a short review regarding post CABG imaging.
Image Quality, Artifacts and it's Remedies in CT-Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
CT is one of the frequently used diagnostic imaging modalities in Radiology. Knowledge about image quality and artifacts is essential when diagnosing a patient with the help of CT images. Moreover, Radiology Technologist's should be very well aware about the ways to identify and eliminate or minimize the artifacts in CT for better image quality.
Triphasic CT (TPCT) Scan of the liver is essential in view of the dual blood supply of the liver. TPCT allows characterisaiton of all liver lesions and close to pathological correlaiton by non invasive imaging alone. Additionally providing segmental vascular analysis as a surgicical guide.
SWI , high susceptibility for blood products, iron depositions, and calcifications
makes susceptibility-weighted imaging an important additional sequence for the diagnostic
workup of pediatric brain pathologic abnormalities. Compared with conventional MRI
sequences, susceptibility-weighted imaging may show lesions in better detail or with higher
sensitivity
Magnetic Resonance Angiography and VenographyAnjan Dangal
Introduction to MR Angiography and Venography Procedure of Brain . Includes Indication, MRI protocol, planning and anatomy as well as brief intoduction to physics behind MRA and MRV principle.
Basic physics of multidetector computed tomography ( CT Scan) - how ct scan works, different generations of ct, how image is generated and displayed and image artifacts related to CT Scan.
A detailed description of ct coronary angiography and calcium scoring with various aspects regarding the preparation, procedure, limitations and a short review regarding post CABG imaging.
Image Quality, Artifacts and it's Remedies in CT-Avinesh ShresthaAvinesh Shrestha
CT is one of the frequently used diagnostic imaging modalities in Radiology. Knowledge about image quality and artifacts is essential when diagnosing a patient with the help of CT images. Moreover, Radiology Technologist's should be very well aware about the ways to identify and eliminate or minimize the artifacts in CT for better image quality.
Triphasic CT (TPCT) Scan of the liver is essential in view of the dual blood supply of the liver. TPCT allows characterisaiton of all liver lesions and close to pathological correlaiton by non invasive imaging alone. Additionally providing segmental vascular analysis as a surgicical guide.
SWI , high susceptibility for blood products, iron depositions, and calcifications
makes susceptibility-weighted imaging an important additional sequence for the diagnostic
workup of pediatric brain pathologic abnormalities. Compared with conventional MRI
sequences, susceptibility-weighted imaging may show lesions in better detail or with higher
sensitivity
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses near-infrared light to generate high-resolution images of coronary arteries in vivo.
The near-infrared light with a wavelength of about 1.3 μm is invisible to the human eye.
To generate cross-sectional images, OCT uses low-coherence interferometry by measuring the echo time delay and intensity of the light reflected from internal structures in tissue.
This presentation includes stroke and infarct latest defination an pathophysiology and CT MRI imaging features and management . This presntation help alot. Thanks
Computed Tomography and Spiral Computed Tomography JAMES JACKY
1. Computed Tomography / Spiral Computed Tomography
2. Clinical and Principle Operation of Computed Tomography
3. Law and Regulation in Malaysia
4. Radiation Dose
A comprehensive study about new and upcoming modalities in imaging and screening of breast lesions with description about every new modalities with their advantages and pitfalls.
A radiological insight into various musculoskeletal complications in patients suffering from AIDS and how it'll affect the management of the patient. A must know for all Radiologists.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
CT perfusion physics and its application in Neuroimaging
1. CT PERFUSION PHYSICS AND ITS
APPLICATION IN
NEUROIMAGING
Dr. Suhas Basavaiah
Resident (MD Radio-diagnosis)
2. INTRODUCTION
• In 1979, Leon Axel first proposed a method of determining the tissue perfusion from dynamic contrast enhanced
CT data.
• First attempt was made with stable Xenon.
• Due to requirement of rapid image acquisition and processing, it was confined to research studies.
• The advent of spiral CT systems in 1990s enabled perfusion CT to be performed with conventional CT.
• It is a technology that allows functional evaluation of tissue vascularity.
• It measures the temporal changes in tissue density after intravenous injection of a contrast medium bolus using a
series of dynamically acquired CT images.
• Because of rapid technologic advancements in multidetector CT (MDCT) systems and the availability of
commercial software, perfusion CT offers a wide array of clinical and research applications.
3. INTRODUCTION (CONTD.)
• major clinical applications - acute stroke and oncology.
• rapid scan timing and faster image processing - modality of choice for evaluation of the status of cerebral
vasculature.
• In the field of oncology it has found use in diagnosis, staging, prognostic evaluation, and monitoring of response to
therapies.
• perfusion CT has the potential to become the preferred technique for the assessment of tumor response to
antiangiogenic drugs.
4. PERFUSION CT TECHNIQUE: BASIC PRINCIPLES
• The fundamental principle - temporal changes in tissue attenuation after intravenous administration of iodinated
contrast.
• enhancement of tissues - iodine concentration is an indirect reflection of tissue vascularity and vascular physiology.
• After intravenous injection of the iodinated contrast, the ensuing tissue enhancement can be divided into two
phases based on its distribution in the intravascular or extravascular compartment.
• In the initial phase, the enhancement is due to the contrast within the intravascular space, and this lasts
approximately first 40 to 60 seconds.
5. • Later, in the second phase, due to passage of contrast from intra to extra-vascular compartment, tissue
enhancement results from contrast distribution.
• Thus, in the initial phase, the enhancement is determined by blood flow (BF) and blood volume (BV), whereas in
the second phase, by the vascular permeability to the contrast.
• The temporal changes in tissue attenuation after contrast injection can be recorded quickly, and by applying
appropriate mathematic modeling, tissue perfusion can be quantitated.
6. TERMS COMMONLY USED IN CT PERFUSION
Blood Flow or Perfusion
• Flow rate through vasculature in tissue region (mL per 100 g/min)
BV or Blood volume
• Volume of flowing blood within a vasculature in tissue region (mL per 100 g)
MTT or Mean transit time
• Average time taken to travel from artery to vein (Seconds)
PS or Permeability surface
• Total flux from plasma to interstitial space (mL per 100 g/min)
Time to peak enhancement
• the time from the beginning of contrast material injection to the maximum concentration of contrast
7. CT perfusion parameters can be analyzed by –
• Compartmental analysis
• Deconvolution analysis
Both the analytical methods require obtaining time attenuation data from the arterial input for estimation of
tissue vascularity and to correct for inter patient variations in bolus geometry.
8. SINGLE COMPARTMENT MODEL
• Fick’s principle - tissue perfusion based on conservation of mass within the system
• maximal slope or the peak height of the tissue concentration curve normalized to the arterial input
function
9. DUAL COMPARTMENT MODEL
• Patlak analysis - determine the rate constant of tissue uptake of a tracer from the
vascular space by using the value of tracer concentration in tissue and blood
• quantifies the passage of contrast from intravascular space into the extra vascular space.
10. DECONVOLUTION ANALYSIS
• It is the most commonly used algorithm because of its advantages over other methods:
I. the absence of unrealistic assumptions about venous outflow
II. the ability to use lower intravenous infusion rates.
• Mean Transit Time is calculated by performing a deconvolution of the regional (tissue) time-attenuation curve with
respect to the arterial time-attenuation curve (arterial input function).
• Cerebral Blood Volume is calculated by dividing the area under the time-attenuation curve in a parenchymal pixel
by the area under the time-attenuation curve in an arterial pixel.
• The central volume equation then can be solved to obtain the cerebral blood flow.
• visual assessment of the venous time-attenuation - normalization of perfusion parameters because it helps correct
the data for partial volume averaging effects.
11. • In the ideal case, we would examine the inflow to, and the outflow from every region (i.e., pixel).
• Thus, we would expect the outflow signal to be equal to the inflow signal convolved with the impulse
response:
hSS inout
12. Tracer Measurement over time
• The response to an impulse input is the
distribution of all possible transit times
through the system.
• h(t)dt is the fraction of “particles” that leave
the system between t and t+Dt
• The Mean transit time is at the center of
mass of the distribution, h(t). I.e., 1st
moment.
0
)( dtthtt
13. • Rather than measure at inflow and outflow, we make observations of something equivalent to
I. signal at ~inflow (the arterial function) and,
II. signal from the entire pixel.
14. • The integral H(t), of the histogram is all the tracer that has LEFT the system.
• The residue function, R(t), describes all tracer still remaining, at time t and NOT yet drained from the system.
Our observations are related to R(t)
15. • In the case of an ideal input, the view from within the pixel would look like:
16. Why measure CBV?
• 1. Vasodilation (increased CBV ) may occur distal to narrowed carotid arteries.
• 2. Decreased CBV/CBF may reflect slowed cerebral circulation.
• 3. CBV necessary to measure residual Oxygen in tissue
17. • The evaluation of brain perfusion is based on the central volume principle, according to which
CBF = CBV/MTT
• The two most commonly used CT perfusion imaging techniques are dynamic contrast material–enhanced
perfusion imaging and perfused-blood-volume mapping.
18. DYNAMIC CONTRAST-ENHANCED CT
• Based on the multicompartmental tracer kinetic model and performed by monitoring the first pass of an
iodinated contrast agent bolus through the cerebral circulation.
• The contrast agent bolus causes a transient increase in attenuation that is linearly proportional to the amount of
contrast material in a given region.
• This principle is used to generate time-attenuation curves for an arterial ROI, a venous ROI, and each pixel.
• The perfusion parameters then can be calculated by employing mathematical modeling techniques such as
deconvolution analysis
19. • Both the arterial and the venous ROIs are chosen in large vessels that course in a direction nearly
perpendicular to the plane of CT acquisition (the axial plane).
• Color-coded perfusion maps of cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and mean transit time are
then generated at the workstation
20. TECHNICAL IMPLEMENTATIONS
• The baseline CT study should have 3 components: unenhanced CT, vertex to-arch CT angiography (CTA), and
dynamic first-pass CTP.
• cardiac multidetector row CT (MDCT) for the detection of possible left atrial appendage thrombus is optional.
• Contrast Administration - A contrast bolus of 35–45 mL is administered via power injector at a rate of 7 mL/s,
with a saline “chaser” of 20–40 mL at the same injection rate. The contrast used should typically be a high
concentration, ideally 350–370 g/dL of iodine.
• The CTP imaging protocol has been performed at 80 kV, rather than the more conventional 120–140 kV.
Theoretically, given a constant milliampere-second (typically 200 mAs), this kilovolt setting would reduce the
administered radiation dose.
• maximum degree of vertical coverage could potentially be doubled for each bolus by using a “shuttle-mode”
technique.
21. Acquisitiontype Dynamic
Tube voltage 80 - 100kV
Tube current 200 mAs/ Auto mAs
Detector coverage 40mm
Scan time 31 seconds
Table pitch 1:0.984; 39.37
Noise index 11.57
Gantry rotation time 0.4 sec
DFOV 35cm
Slice interval 5mm
Reconstruction slice thickness 0.625
Reconstruction intervals 3.75 to 5.0mm
Number of shuttle pass 18
Scan type Helical
Filter kernel Soft
22. PERFUSION CT PROTOCOL
• A typical perfusion CT protocol consists of a baseline acquisition without contrast enhancement, followed by a dynamic
acquisition performed sequentially after intravenous injection of CM
• The dynamic image acquisition includes a first-pass study, a delayed study, or both, depending on the pertinent
physiologic parameter that needs to be analyzed.
Unenhanced CT Acquisition
• Provides wide coverage to include the organ of interest.
• Serves as a localizer to select the appropriate tissue area to be included in the contrast-enhanced dynamic imaging
range.
Dynamic CT Acquisition
• The imaging volume is chosen on the basis of the unenhanced CT images
• The first-pass study for perfusion measurements comprises images acquired in the initial cine/helical phase for a total of
approximately 40 to 60 seconds.
• For permeability measurements with the compartmental model, images are acquired every 10 to 20 seconds.
23.
24. POST PROCESSING
• Define ROIs for artery and vein. Most
commonly selected artery is ACA and
vein is superior sagittal sinus.
• The new CT perfusion software has
automated vessel selection capability.
25. Normal :By convention, all color maps are coded RED for higher values and BLUE for lower values.
27. OTHER TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• Motion during data acquisition can lead to image misregistration and can cause errors in the estimation of
perfusion values.
• breath-holding instructions to the patient, use of abdominal Straps , use of motility-inhibiting agents, to curtail
bowel peristalsis during the perfusion examination of bowel.
• In addition, luminal distention with water or saline is encouraged for studies of hollow viscera to enable optimal
tumor delineation.
• Metallic stents, prostheses, and surgical implants cause beam-hardening artifacts and can negatively influence the
perfusion measurements.
• areas with excessive tumor necrosis or those located along organs with motion (in chest examinations) and areas
near metallic prostheses or stents should be avoided.
28. • A major concern of perfusion CT is the risk for exposure to ionizing radiation, especially in patients
who require serial perfusion studies.
• In patients with compromised renal function, contrast-induced nephropathy is a valid concern and
should be dealt with cautiously
29. PERFUSED-BLOOD-VOLUME MAPPING
• Unenhanced CT followed by CT angiography of the brain can be used to assess arterial patency and tissue
perfusion during the infusion of a single bolus of contrast.
• Cerebral blood volume values are obtained by subtracting the unenhanced CT image data from the CT
angiographic source image data.
• degree of parenchymal enhancement depends on the actual cerebral blood volume and the quantity of contrast
material reaching the tissue during the image acquisition - the subtracted images are referred to as perfused-blood-
volume maps.
• Can depict entire brain parenchyma, however cannot quantitate CBF and MTT.
30. PITFALL AND CONTROVERSIES
• the accuracy of the flow values obtained has not been fully validated.
• Perfusion CT uses an intravascular tracer to measure CBF, which reflects a different physiologic mechanism than that
of PET and xenon CT.
• Few studies reported systematically low values for CBF as measured with perfusion CT, compared with xenon CT.
• Larger ROIs may result in greater volume averaging of gray and white matter - lower quantitative values for CBF,
compared with the results obtained when smaller ROIs are used.
• It is probably more accurate to use an input artery from the normal side. Extra-cranial arteries can be better choices.
• The reproducibility of perfusion CT has also not been fully validated.
• restricted anatomic coverage
• Increased radiation exposure.
32. CTP IN STROKE
• Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the developed world.
• The goals of an imaging evaluation are
I. to establish a diagnosis as early as possible
II. to obtain accurate information about the intracranial vasculature
III. to identify critically ischemic or irreversibly infarcted tissue (“core”) and to identify severely ischemic but
potentially salvageable tissue (“penumbra”).
• This information can guide triage and management in acute stroke.
33. ACUTE STROKE IMAGING PROTOCOL
• When acute stroke patients present within 6 hours of the onset of symptoms - un-enhanced CT or with
conventional/MR imaging.
• Hemorrhage at unenhanced CT or >1/3 MCA territory - not treated with thrombolytic drugs.
• ischemia of < 1/3 MCA territory, those who present <3 hours after the onset of acute stroke - intravenous
thrombolytic drugs
• 3–6 hours after the onset of symptoms - CT angiography and CT perfusion imaging to assess the intracranial and
neck vessels and detect any penumbra.
• Intraarterial therapy is usually considered for patients in whom a penumbra is seen.
• Patients in whom no penumbra is seen are not usually treated with thrombolytic drugs
34. ROLE OF CT IN ACUTE STROKE EVALUATION
The three key CT techniques—
Unenhanced imaging
CT Angiography
CT Perfusion Imaging
35. UNENHANCED CT
• Widely available
• Performed quickly
• Does not involve the administration of intravenous contrast material.
• It can:
I. help identify a hemorrhage (a contraindication to thrombolytic therapy)
II. help detect early-stage acute ischemia by depicting features such as the hyperdense vessel sign, the
insular ribbon sign, and obscuration of the lentiform nucleus.
III. identification and quantification of parenchymal involvement in acute stroke.
36. Hyperdense Vessel sign
Axial unenhanced CT images in a proximal segment of the left MCA in a 53-year-old man
(a) and a distal segment of the left MCA in a 62-year-old woman
(b), obtained 2 hours after the onset of right hemiparesis and aphasia, show areas of hyperattenuation (arrow)
suggestive of intravascular thrombi
37. Obscuration of lentiform nucleus
Acute ischemia of the lenticulostriate
territory result in obscuration of the
lentiform nucleus, which appears
hypoattenuated
May be seen within 2 hours after the
onset of a stroke
Axial unenhanced CT image obtained in a 53-year-old man shows
hypoattenuation and obscuration of the left lentiform nucleus
(arrows), which, because of acute ischemia in the lenticulostriate
distribution, appears abnormal in comparison with the right
lentiform nucleus.
38. Insular Ribbon Sign
• Acute ischemia of the insular
cortex, which is susceptible to
early and irreversible ischemic
damage, also causes local
hypoattenuation, which results in
the so-called insular ribbon sign
Axial unenhanced CT image, obtained in a 73-year-old
woman 21/2 hours after the onset of left hemiparesis,
shows hypoattenuation and obscuration of the posterior
part of the right lentiform nucleus (white arrow) and a loss
of gray matter–white matter definition in the lateral
margins of the right insula (black arrows).
39. CT ANGIOGRAPHY
• Widely available technique for assessment of both the intracranial and extracranial circulation.
• Its utility in acute stroke lies in –
I. demonstrating thrombi within intracranial vessels and
II. evaluating the carotid and vertebral arteries in the neck .
40. • (a) Unenhanced CT image in a 72-year-old woman with acute right hemiplegia shows hyperattenuation in a proximal segment of the
left MCA (arrows).
Axial (b) and coronal (c) reformatted images from CT angiography show the apparent absence of the same vessel segment (arrows).
The presence of an intravascular thrombus in this location was confirmed by comparing the reformatted images with the CT source
images (not shown).
41. • Intra-arterial thrombolysis may be more efficacious - acute stroke and a significant thrombus burden
• demonstration of a significant thrombus burden can guide appropriate therapy in the form of
intraarterial or mechanical thrombolysis.
• identification of carotid artery disease and visualization of the aortic arch - cause ischemic event and
guidance for the interventional neuroradiologist.
42. CT PERFUSION IMAGING
• The imaging volume is chosen on the basis of the unenhanced CT images
• The arterial ROI is typically chosen in either of the two anterior cerebral arteries (if they are unaffected) or
in the unaffected MCA.
• The venous ROI is usually placed over the superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, or torcular herophili.
• At least one of the axial sections passes through the level of the basal ganglia.
• cerebral blood volume, cerebral blood flow, and mean transit time are quantitated.
• CT perfusion maps then can be generated in a short time at an appropriate workstation
• A penumbra can be evaluated based on perfusion parameter mismatch.
43. SIGNIFICANCE OF A PENUMBRA
• brain tissue is exquisitely sensitive to ischemia, because of the absence of neuronal energy stores.
• complete absence of blood flow, the available energy for 2–3 minutes.
• In acute stroke, ischemia is incomplete and injured area of the brain receives collateral blood supply
from uninjured arterial and leptomeningeal territories.
• Acute cerebral ischemia may result in a irreversibly infarcted tissue core surrounded by a peripheral
region of stunned cells that is called a penumbra .
• Evoked potentials in the peripheral region are abnormal, and the cells have ceased to function, but
this region is potentially salvageable with early recanalization .
44. Schematic of brain involvement in acute stroke shows a core of irreversibly infarcted tissue surrounded by a
peripheral region of ischemic but salvageable tissue referred to as a penumbra. Without early recanalization, the
infarction gradually expands to include the penumbra.
45. CBF CBV MTT
Infarcted core Markedly
decreased(<30%)
Decreased
(<40%)
Increased
Penumbra Moderately decreased Normal or
increased
Increased
Gray matter White matter
CBF 60 – 85 ml/100
g/min
25 – 40 ml/100
g/min
CBV 4 ml/100 g 2 ml/100 g
MTT (s) 4 s 4.8 s
Normal Perfusion CT Parameters
CTP Parameters in Ischemic stroke
46. HYPOTHESIS IN STROKE
• The clinical application of CT perfusion imaging in acute stroke is based on the hypothesis -
• the penumbra shows either
(a) Increased MTT with moderately reduced CBF and normal or increased CBV - autoregulatory mechanisms or
(b) increased MTT with markedly reduced CBF and moderately reduced CBV,
• the infarcted tissue shows severely decreased CBF (<30%) and CBV with increased MTT
• quick visual analysis for color changes that are indicative of perfusion deficits or with a more tedious measurement
of perfusion parameters within ROIs placed in multiple regions.
47. • CT perfusion maps of
(a )cerebral blood volume
(b ) cerebral blood flow show, in the left hemisphere, a region of decreased blood volume (white oval) that corresponds to the
ischemic core and a larger region of decreased blood flow (black oval in b) that includes the ischemic core and a peripheral region of
salvageable tissue.
The difference between the two maps (black oval = white oval) is the penumbra.
48. • Acute stroke in a 65-year-old man with left hemiparesis. CT perfusion maps of
( a )cerebral blood volume
(b) cerebral blood flow
(c ) and mean transit time
show mismatched abnormalities (arrows) that imply the presence of a penumbra.
The area with decreased blood volume represents the ischemic core, and that with normal blood volume but decreased blood flow
and increased mean transit time is the penumbra.
55. RESULTS
• CTP imaging is more accurate than unenhanced CT for detecting stroke and determining the extent of stroke
• MTT more sensitive, while CBF & CBV maps are more specific for detection of acute stroke.
• Hence CT angiography and CT perfusion studies in patients with acute stroke could be performed, processed,
and interpreted quickly
• Investigators in subsequent trials showed good clinical outcomes of thrombolytic drug therapy.
• Thrombolytic therapy may be made more effective by performing appropriate CTP rather than relying on
the time of onset as the sole determinant of selection.
57. CEREBROVASCULAR RESERVE
• chronic cerebral ischemia from carotid artery stenosis - CBF is preserved initially because of the
cerebrovascular reserve.
• The cerebrovascular reserve - vasodilatation ability of cerebral arteries to compensate for CBF
• It is necessary to quantify - risk of ischemia, which can be triggered by any hemodynamic stress, and
requires intervention to increase CBF.
• Endovascular Hemodynamic stress - tolerance test (acetazolamide administration)
58.
59.
60. VASOSPASM
• Frequent complication after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)
• MTT maps are reviewed for arterial territories with prolonged MTT values. Such territory is
considered at risk for vasospasm and then evaluated.
• If CTA of the corresponding artery is abnormal, the diagnosis of vasospasm is made
• Finally, the arterial territories are carefully assessed for a decrease in cortical CBF values.
• If present, the latter prompts a conventional angiogram for possible endovascular treatment.
61. HEAD TRAUMA
• distinguishing between patients with preserved and deranged autoregulation.
• detect altered brain perfusion - compression by an epidural/subdural hematoma
• require more aggressive and early treatment to prevent intracranial hypertension.
• Normal brain perfusion or hyperemia - favorable outcome, and oligemia in case of unfavorable
outcome .
62. Patient who fell from a 6-m height, admitted with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9. Neurological examination
in the emergency room revealed an asymmetry of tone and deep tendon reflex involving both right upper and lower
limbs. Admission contrast-enhanced cerebral CT demonstrated a displaced left parietal skull fracture, associated with a
large cephalhematoma. A small left parieto-occipital epidural hematoma (white arrowhead) and a small contusion area
(white star) could also be identified on the conventional CT images. PCT demonstrated a much wider area of brain
perfusion compromise (white arrows), with involvement of the whole left temporal and parietal lobes, the latter showing
63. TEMPORARY BALLOON OCCLUSION
• Performed in patients in whom prolonged temporary occlusion is considered as part of the surgical or
endovascular therapy.
• in conjunction with a quantitative analysis of CBF can help identify patients who will not tolerate permanent
occlusion.
• use of an absolute CBF value of < 30 mL/100 g/min as a criterion for the success or failure.
• patients undergo angiography and balloon occlusion, during which time they are clinically evaluated for 30
minutes.
• Patients who pass the clinical portion of the examination are brought to the CT suite with the balloon in place.
• A perfusion CT scan is obtained with the balloon inflated and again with the balloon deflated.
• The balloon is reinflated, 1,000 mg of acetazolamide is injected intravenously, and a final perfusion CT scan is
obtained.
64. ONCOLOGY
Utility of perfusion CT in oncology include:
(1) lesion characterization (differentiation between benign and malignant lesions);
(2) identification of occult malignancies;
(3) provision of prognostic information based on tumor vascularity
(4) monitoring therapeutic effects of the various treatment regimens, including chemoradiation and
antiangiogenic drugs
65. • increased angiogenic activity and neovascularization results in increased blood volume and hyperpermeability
related to the immature vessels – increase in rCBV
• Microvascular permeability increase - aggressiveness of tumors; reduction in permeability in response to
antiangiogenic therapy correlates with decreased tumor growth.
• quantification of the abnormal vasculature within tumors - assessment of tumor aggressiveness.
• measure vascular physiologic changes by virtue of changes in the contrast enhancement characteristics of tissues.
• perfusion CT allow earlier assessment of response with treatment with newer antiangiogenic drugs effect than
conventional methods, which rely on tumor size.
66.
67. CONCLUSION
• perfusion CT is clearly a viable alternative to other modalities used to measure cerebral perfusion.
• technique is fast and available for most standard spiral CT scanners equipped with the appropriate software.
• It is indispensable in imaging of patients with acute stroke.
• It can also be utilized in evaluation of patients with other cerebrovascular diseases.
• It may also be helpful in diagnosis and subsequent treatment response in patients with a variety of tumors.
• By virtue of its temporal resolution, it can replace PET in tumor imaging.
• It can also be utilized in imaging the disorders of liver, lungs, pancreas and pelvis.
• Further investigations are necessary to determine the accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of the quantitative
results.
considers the intravascular and extra-vascular spaces as a single compartment.
Fick’s principle calculates tissue perfusion based on conservation of mass within the system.
estimates the perfusion either from the maximal slope or the peak height of the same tissue concentration curve normalized to the arterial input function
Intravascular and extra vascular spaces as separate compartments and measures perfusion parameters.
Patlak analysis - patlak analysis is a nuclear medicine processing technique that is used to determine the rate constant of tissue uptake of a tracer from the vascular space by using the value of tracer concentration in tissue and blood
to create the greatest peak enhancement and hence the optimal signal-intensity-to noise ratio for CTP map calculation.