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Dr.ssa Laura Conti UOSD Patologia Clinica IRE Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena Roma Emicrania e Trombofilia
Definizione di Trombofilia ereditaria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cause principali di trombofilia Disfibrinogenemia Variante  20210 Iperprotrombinemia Sindrome Nefrosica Iperomocisteinemia PNH Fattore V Leiden Sindromi Mieloproliferative Difetti di Proteina S Neoplasia e CVC Difetti di Proteina C APLA (LAC,ACA) Difetti di AT DIFETTI ACQUISITI DIFETTI EREDITARI
Prevalenza delle alterazioni trombofiliche  Prevalenza % Rischio relativo Carenza di AT 1 5-50 Carenza di PC 3 7-10 Carenza di PS 1-2 6-10 Fattore V G1691A 15-20 7-10 Fattore II G20210A 6 2-3 Iperomocisteinemia 10 2 Aumento FVIII 25 4 LAC 5 9
La cascata coagulativa
Meccanismo Anticoagulante della Proteina C   Corrente ematica VIIIa inattivo Superficie fosfolipidica Trombomodulina Va inattivo PC APC T T PC VIIIa V IXa PS VIII APC V Xa PS Va APC
 
Protrombina Anomala ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Un Nuovo Fattore di Rischio Modificabile:  l’Iperomocisteinemia  “ L’Iperomocisteinemia è  un fattore di rischio indipendente per malattia cardiovascolare?
Homocysteine and Endothelial Effects ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Homocysteine and Endothelial Effect s ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Epidemiology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
I Livelli Plasmatici di Omocisteina Totale. Distribuzione dei Valori di Omocisteina nella Popolazione “ Agreement among four homocysteine assay and results in patients with coronary atherosclerosis  and controls” Yu, HH et al., Clinical Chemistry 2000 Range normale   (a digiuno)   5-15  mol/l Desiderabile (?)   <10  mol/l Iperomocisteinemia  Moderata  16-30  mol/l Intermedia  31-100  mol/l Severa  >100  mol/l
Homocysteine Metabolism THE LANCET Neurology Vol 2 July 2003, 425 – 428. B12 dependent methionine synthetase B6 dependent carbon exchange inhibition activated B6 dependent cystationine-beta-synthase Betaine in the liver Remethylation pathway Folic Acid dependent Urine Excess
Cause di Iperomocisteinemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1
Ipotetici Effetti dell’Omocisteina sulla Funzione Endoteliale “ Endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia”  Weiss, N. et al., Vascular Medicine 2002 Vascular endothelial cells Omocisteina Alterata funzione  vasodilatarice Stato protrombotico Reclutamento e adesione leucocitaria Attivazione e  aggregazione piastrinica Dimetilarginina asimmetrica Chemochine Molecole di adesione Tissue factor Factor Va Thrombomodulina Attivazione Proteina C  Legame antithrombina  Legame Attivatore plasminogeno O 2 - Ossido nitrico Cellule endoteliali vascolari
Omocisteina e Malattie Cardiovascolari : Studi Caso-Controllo vs Studi Prospettici: Rischio Relativo di Coronaropatia (sx) o Malattie Cerebrovascolare (dx) Associato a Elevati Livelli di Omocisteina Plasmatica “ Blood levels of homocysteine and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Causal or Casual?”  Christen, WG et al., Arch Intern Med 2000 0.1  1.0  10.0  100.0 Relative risk (95% CI) 0.5  5.0  50.0  500.0 Relative risk (95% CI)
“ Homocysteine lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in vascular disease” The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluaton (HOPE) 2 Investigators N Engl Med 2006 Livelli Plasmatici di Omocisteina Totale, Folato, Vitamina B6 e Vitamina B12 Percentuale di Pazienti con l’Endpoint  Primario Composito di Morte per Cause Cardiovascolari, Infarto Miocardico,  o Stroke HOPE-2 5522 soggetti di età  >  55 anni che avevano una malattia vascolare o diabete trattati con  una combinazione di acido folico 2.5mg,  vitamina B 6  50mg e vitamina B 12  1mg o  con placebo.  Follow-up: 5 anni Baseline  two  five years  years Baseline  two  years  Baseline  two  years  Baseline  two  years  Total Homoysteine Folate Vitamna B6 Vitamina B12 Years Placebo 50 40 30 20 10 0 400 300 200 100 0 1000 800 600 400 200 0 25 20 15 10 5 0 Acido folico, B6, and B12 Placebo Folic acid B6, and B12 0  1  2  3  4  5 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Proportion of Patients with  Composite Primay Endpoint P=0.41
VISP STUDY ,[object Object],[object Object]
VISP STUDY ,[object Object],[object Object]
VISP STUDY ,[object Object],[object Object]
Emicrania e trombofilia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Markus Schürks, et al.  Neurology  2008;71;505
Interrelationships between  MTHFR  677TT genotype, migraine with aura, and ischemic stroke as well as other gene variants and environmental factors
 
Emicrania e trombofilia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
E Rubino, and al.  Cephalalgia  2009 29: 818
Emicrania e trombofilia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Liu et al. BMC Research Notes 2010, 3:213
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The Vascular Endothelium
Changes in endothelium antithrombotic properties . ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Emicrania e trombofilia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Model of relationship of migraine and endothelial dysfunction
Regulatory Functions of the Endothelium Normal Dysfunction Vasodilation Vasoconstriction NO, PGI2, EDHF, BK, C-NP ROS, ET-1, TxA2, A-II, PGH2 Thrombolysis Thrombosis Platelet Disaggregation NO, PGI2 Adhesion Molecules CAMs, P,E Selectins Antiproliferation NO, PGI2, TGF-  , Hep Growth Factors ET-1, A-II, PDGF, ILGF, ILs Lipolysis Inflammation ROS, NF-  B PAI-1, TF- α , Tx-A2 tPA, Protein C, TF-I, vWF LPL Vogel R
Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1012-1016 Patent  Foramen Ovale and Trombofilia
(from Giardini A et al,  Am J Cardiol  2004; 94: 1014)
(from Giardini A et al,  Am J Cardiol  2004; 94: 1015)
META-ANALYSIS  (Pezzini et al., Thromb Haemost 2009;101:813-817) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Patent  Foramen Ovale and Trombofilia
Emicrania e trombofilia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anomalie congenite  riscontrate in età pediatrica ,[object Object],[object Object]
Situazioni nelle quali è indicato eseguire uno screening per trombofilia
Linee guida per l’esecuzione di uno screening per trombofilia
DOMANDE? ,[object Object]

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  • 1. Dr.ssa Laura Conti UOSD Patologia Clinica IRE Istituto Nazionale Tumori Regina Elena Roma Emicrania e Trombofilia
  • 2.
  • 3. Cause principali di trombofilia Disfibrinogenemia Variante 20210 Iperprotrombinemia Sindrome Nefrosica Iperomocisteinemia PNH Fattore V Leiden Sindromi Mieloproliferative Difetti di Proteina S Neoplasia e CVC Difetti di Proteina C APLA (LAC,ACA) Difetti di AT DIFETTI ACQUISITI DIFETTI EREDITARI
  • 4. Prevalenza delle alterazioni trombofiliche Prevalenza % Rischio relativo Carenza di AT 1 5-50 Carenza di PC 3 7-10 Carenza di PS 1-2 6-10 Fattore V G1691A 15-20 7-10 Fattore II G20210A 6 2-3 Iperomocisteinemia 10 2 Aumento FVIII 25 4 LAC 5 9
  • 6. Meccanismo Anticoagulante della Proteina C Corrente ematica VIIIa inattivo Superficie fosfolipidica Trombomodulina Va inattivo PC APC T T PC VIIIa V IXa PS VIII APC V Xa PS Va APC
  • 7.  
  • 8.
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  • 12.
  • 13. I Livelli Plasmatici di Omocisteina Totale. Distribuzione dei Valori di Omocisteina nella Popolazione “ Agreement among four homocysteine assay and results in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and controls” Yu, HH et al., Clinical Chemistry 2000 Range normale (a digiuno) 5-15  mol/l Desiderabile (?) <10  mol/l Iperomocisteinemia Moderata 16-30  mol/l Intermedia 31-100  mol/l Severa >100  mol/l
  • 14. Homocysteine Metabolism THE LANCET Neurology Vol 2 July 2003, 425 – 428. B12 dependent methionine synthetase B6 dependent carbon exchange inhibition activated B6 dependent cystationine-beta-synthase Betaine in the liver Remethylation pathway Folic Acid dependent Urine Excess
  • 15.
  • 16. Ipotetici Effetti dell’Omocisteina sulla Funzione Endoteliale “ Endothelial dysfunction and atherothrombosis in mild hyperhomocysteinemia” Weiss, N. et al., Vascular Medicine 2002 Vascular endothelial cells Omocisteina Alterata funzione vasodilatarice Stato protrombotico Reclutamento e adesione leucocitaria Attivazione e aggregazione piastrinica Dimetilarginina asimmetrica Chemochine Molecole di adesione Tissue factor Factor Va Thrombomodulina Attivazione Proteina C Legame antithrombina Legame Attivatore plasminogeno O 2 - Ossido nitrico Cellule endoteliali vascolari
  • 17. Omocisteina e Malattie Cardiovascolari : Studi Caso-Controllo vs Studi Prospettici: Rischio Relativo di Coronaropatia (sx) o Malattie Cerebrovascolare (dx) Associato a Elevati Livelli di Omocisteina Plasmatica “ Blood levels of homocysteine and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Causal or Casual?” Christen, WG et al., Arch Intern Med 2000 0.1 1.0 10.0 100.0 Relative risk (95% CI) 0.5 5.0 50.0 500.0 Relative risk (95% CI)
  • 18. “ Homocysteine lowering with Folic Acid and B Vitamins in vascular disease” The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluaton (HOPE) 2 Investigators N Engl Med 2006 Livelli Plasmatici di Omocisteina Totale, Folato, Vitamina B6 e Vitamina B12 Percentuale di Pazienti con l’Endpoint Primario Composito di Morte per Cause Cardiovascolari, Infarto Miocardico, o Stroke HOPE-2 5522 soggetti di età > 55 anni che avevano una malattia vascolare o diabete trattati con una combinazione di acido folico 2.5mg, vitamina B 6 50mg e vitamina B 12 1mg o con placebo. Follow-up: 5 anni Baseline two five years years Baseline two years Baseline two years Baseline two years Total Homoysteine Folate Vitamna B6 Vitamina B12 Years Placebo 50 40 30 20 10 0 400 300 200 100 0 1000 800 600 400 200 0 25 20 15 10 5 0 Acido folico, B6, and B12 Placebo Folic acid B6, and B12 0 1 2 3 4 5 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 Proportion of Patients with Composite Primay Endpoint P=0.41
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  • 34. Regulatory Functions of the Endothelium Normal Dysfunction Vasodilation Vasoconstriction NO, PGI2, EDHF, BK, C-NP ROS, ET-1, TxA2, A-II, PGH2 Thrombolysis Thrombosis Platelet Disaggregation NO, PGI2 Adhesion Molecules CAMs, P,E Selectins Antiproliferation NO, PGI2, TGF-  , Hep Growth Factors ET-1, A-II, PDGF, ILGF, ILs Lipolysis Inflammation ROS, NF-  B PAI-1, TF- α , Tx-A2 tPA, Protein C, TF-I, vWF LPL Vogel R
  • 35. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1012-1016 Patent Foramen Ovale and Trombofilia
  • 36. (from Giardini A et al, Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1014)
  • 37. (from Giardini A et al, Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 1015)
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  • 43. Linee guida per l’esecuzione di uno screening per trombofilia
  • 44.

Editor's Notes

  1. * 16/07/96 * ## Patients, particularly adults, rarely have just one risk factor. As we go along, see how many risk factors you can identify for this patient.
  2. * 16/07/96 * ##
  3. * 16/07/96 * ##
  4. * 16/07/96 * ##
  5. * 16/07/96 * ##
  6. * 16/07/96 * ##