This document provides an overview of the Construction Engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Kanya Lal Khatri. It outlines 28 topics that will be covered in the course, including building requirements, types of structures and foundations, masonry, doors and windows, and maintenance of buildings. It also discusses the importance of construction in society by providing shelter, opportunities, and infrastructure like highways, bridges, and dams. Finally, it highlights some key engineering projects from a construction point of view, such as buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, and dams.

1. Presented by: Prof .Dr Kanya Lal Khatri
CONSTRUCTION
ENGINEERING

2. S. # TOPICS Lecture Required
1 Introduction to the subject, syllabus / teaching plan 1
2
Building requirement & steps of construction
1
3 Classification of buildings 2
4 Ventilation and orientation of buildings 1
5 Parts of building structural components 1
6
Type of structure
1
7 Layout techniques of buildings 2
8 Foundation, its purpose & selection 1
9 Types of foundation 2
10 Design of wall footing 1
11 Soil investigation & type of soil 1
12 Bearing capacity & methods of improving Bearing capacity 1
13 Methods of sub-soil exploration 1
14 Brick masonry, technical terms, principles of brick masonry 1
15 Type of bonds
1
16 Reinforced Brick masonry
1
17 Stone Masonry, its types
1
18
Types of lintels and arches 1
19
Form work, its requirement & removal 1
20 Scaffolding & its types
1
21 Shoring & its types 1
22 Damp proof Course & its Methods 1
23 Curing and its methods 1
24 Types of Doors & Windows 1
25 Maintenance of buildings 1
TOTAL 28
TENTATIVE
TEACHING
PLAN
2016
BATCH 16CE
Total Marks: 50
05 Marks on attendance
05 Marks Class Test /
Project
10 Marks Mid Paper
30 Marks Regular Paper

3. INTRODUCTION:
Construction is a broad subject and is an old activity.
In fact it starts from the beginning of civilization, people
built their shelters for themselves.
Today we construct homes, places of worship, commercial
buildings, industrial buildings, railway tracks, air- ports,
etc. Every day we depend upon such structures to serve our
needs or problems..
The knowledge and skills of so many people go into
construction project, such as architect, civil engineer,
estimators or quantity surveyor, carpenters and masons, or
computer technicians and others find their place in life by
working in construction.
Homes or houses, bridges, dams, highways, factories start
from ideas. Continued-----

4. Client Ideas Architect
Research
&
Development
Civil Engineer
Electrical
Engineer
Mechanical
Engineer
Analysis
Possible
Solution
Decision
Implementation

5. IMPORTANCE OF CONSTRUCTION IN OUR
SOCIETY:
Construction in our society is important because:
(1) It provides shelter for homes, industries and
institutions.
(2) It provides highways, bridges, dams etc.
(3) It provides many carrier opportunities and
thousands of jobs. So people may earn a
living and get satisfaction in life.

6. UTILITY OF THE SUBJECT CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING:
The practical utility of teaching the subject Construction Engineering
to engineering students is discussed below.
(1) To develop ability in them to construct buildings or any other
structures systematically, safely, economically and strictly according
to prescribed specifications and detailed drawings.
(2) To provide good working knowledge of various equipment's used
in the construction.
(3) To develop ability in them to differentiate between good and bad
work, so as to remove or reduce the constructional faults and effects.
(4) To develop ability in them to execute the constructional work
through contractors and through department or client or labour
according to the prescribed specifications within the specified time.

7. An overview of
Engineering Projects
according to construction point of view

8. TYPES OF ENGINEERING PROJECTS
There are so many types of engineering projects
but major projects are:
-Buildings
-Highways
-Airports
-Tunnels
- Bridges
- Dams

9. (1) BUILDINGS:
Buildings can be classified into three major
types.
• Residential Buildings,
• Commercial Buildings,and
• Industrial Buildings

10. Residential Construction includes:
-Single family houses, multi-family dwellings and
high-rise apartments
-Developers or sponsors usually well familiar with
construction industry
-Deigns-Architectures and Engineers
-Construction-Contractors or sub-contractors
-Heavily affected by general economic conditions,
taxes and fiscal policies of government.

11. Institutional & Industrial Building Construction:
It includes:
- Great variety of project types and sizes
- Owners may or may not be familiar with construction
practices.
- This market segment is shared by less competitors.
- It takes some time.
- Develop the social-economical conditions of that
particular area.

12. Specialized Industrial Construction:
- Very large-scale projects.
- Technology with modern style
- Oil-Refineries, Steel Mill, Power Plants,
Chemical Plants etc.
- Owners intensely involved.
- Future expansion keep in mind.
- Need Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

13. (2) HIGHWAYS:
- Highways construction is a general term used for
the construction of any road.
- Highways are constructed to give wheeled
vehicles a proper surface on which to travel.

14. Types of Pavement construction:
There are two types of Pavement construction.
(1) Flexible Pavement:
-It requires a thick gravel sub-base
-Such sub-base spreads the load of the highways
to the underlying soil.
(2) Rigid Pavement:
Rigid road base consists of RCC.
Such RCC slab pavement is capable of spreading the weight
of traffic over a large area. It spreads the load of the
highways into the soil beneath the highway.

15. (3) AIR PORTS:
It is usually a combination of road and building
construction
The major road includes:
-Runways
-Taxiways
-Aprons
-Parking lots
Usually runways are of 13000 to 14000 feet (3900 to
4200 m) long to accommodate Boeing 747.
Also runways should be strong enough to support 350
tons air craft (thick and strong soil base, RCC pavement).
Continued…

16. AIRPORTS:
Airports also need several kinds of buildings:
-Terminal buildings
-Freight buildings (for logistics facility)
-Hangars (for Aviation storage)
-Control towers
-Maintenance buildings
-Fire stations
It must be remembered that each of its structure has its own unique
construction requirements.

17. (4) TUNNELS:
- Tunnels are constructed as
underground
passageways for roads and
railroads, etc.
- Their usual purpose is to
streamline traffic around or
through an obstruction.
- Tunnels are also constructed under
river, or
through mountains and also
through structures.

18. (5) BRIDGES:
- Bridge is a structure that is built to span or cross over a
river or a gap into the earth.
- It provides a way for people and vehicles to cross from
one side to the other.
- Bridges are also constructed over other structures
such as:
On a highway, over railroad, etc)
- Different types of bridge carry railway, highway traffic,
pipelines, and pedestrian traffic.

19. Types of Bridges:
(a) Slab Bridge: It consists of a pre-stressed slab
supported by abutments. Larger slab bridges are
supported by a pier or beam in the middle.

20. (b) Arch Bridge: It is one in which an arch is
used to carry the weight of the bridge. Arch
bridges are made of concrete or steel and are
usually constructed over deep rivers.

21. (c) Truss bridge:
These bridges are supported by steel or wooden
trusses or beams that are put together to form
triangular shapes.

22. (d) Cantilever bridge:
Cantilever bridge is used for fairly long span. It
has two beams or cantilevers that extend from the
ends of the bridge.

23. (e) Suspension bridge:
Suspension bridge is suspended from cables
made of thousands of steel wires wound
together.

24. (6) DAMS:
A dam is a structure that is constructed across
a river to block the flow of water.
Usually dams are constructed for:
-To create a water reservoir for water supply,
irrigation, re-creation purpose,
- To collect water for generation of
hydroelectric power generation.
- For war strategic purpose.

25. Rawal Dam
Islamabad-Pakistan

26. BUILDINGS
(State Life Building @ Larkano)
B+GF+4th Floor

27. Faiz Mahal, Khairpur Mir’s

28. Can You define term
BUILDING?

29. BUILDING:
• A permanent shelter used for Residential,
Commercial and other purposes is called
Building.
• It consists of walls, columns, beams, floors,
doors, windows, ventilators, etc.

30. Great Building of the
modern World
Burj Khalifa-UAE
World tallest building
Height
Tip 829.8 m (2,722 ft)
No. of floor & Floor area
Floor count 163 floors
Floor area 309,473 m
2
(3,331,100 sq ft)

31. Requirements of a good Building:
A good residential building should fulfill the following
requirements.
(1) It should be situated at a good building site.
(2) All rooms of the building should be properly placed
according to their relative utility.
(3) It should be properly oriented so as to provide physical
comforts such as entrance of fresh air, morning sun rays in
the living rooms of the building.
(4) There should be privacy outside as well as inside of the
building.
(5) It should provide free movement of inmates from one
room to another.
(6) It should be well equipped with modern sanitary
fittings and electric supply.

32. Brainstorming

33. Components of a Building:
Major components of building are:
-Sub-structure
-Super-structure
* Foundations
* Plinth
* Walls
* Columns
* Floors
* Doors, Windows and Ventilators
* Stairs
* Roof
* Finishes
* Services / Utilities

34. (1) Foundation:
The lowest artificially built part of structure which
transmits the load of super-structure to the ground is
called foundation.

35. (2) Plinth:
The portion of the building between the ground
surrounding the building and the top of the floor
immediately above the ground is known as plinth.

36. (3) Wall:
The structure constructed to enclose
an area or to divide the floor area of
building into required number of
rooms is called wall.
(4) Column:
An isolated vertical load bearing
member is called column.
Its width should not be less than its
thickness and also should not be
more than four times its thickness.

37. (5) Floor:
The surface which provides rooms for the
inmates to live upon in a building is called
floor. Floors are essential to divide a building
into different levels and provide a hard
surface to live.
(6) Door, Windows, Ventilators:
A door can be defined as a barrier secured in
an opening left in a wall to provide usual
means of access to a building room or
passage.
A window may be defined as an opening left
in a wall for the purpose of providing day
light, vision and ventilation.

38. (7) Stair:
A stair may be defined as a structure comprising of a
number of steps connecting the floor to another.
(8) Roof:
It is the upper most component of a building and its main
function is to cover the space below and protect it from rain,
snow, sun, wind etc.

39. Building finishes:
Painting, treatments, pointing,
varnishing.
Building services:
Water supply,
Drainage,
Sanitation,
Electricity,
Air conditioning,
Heating, etc.

40. PHYSICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION
FOR BUILDING:

41. Environmental Considerations:
-Planning requirements,
-Building regulations,
-Land restrictions by vendor and lesser,
-Availability of services,
-Local amenities including transport,
-Sub soil conditions,
-Levels and topography of land,
-Adjoining buildings or land,
-Use of building,
-Day light and view aspects

42. Physical conditions:
-Natural contour of land
-Natural vegetation and trees
-Size of land and /or proposed building
-Approach and access roads and foot paths.
-Future developments
-Services availability
-Natural water ways, lakes and ponds
-Restrictions such as rights of way, tree preservation
and ancient buildings
-Climate conditions created by surrounding properties,
land or activities

43. Orientation of Building:
Orientation means placing the building in such a
way that it derives maximum benefits from nature.
The houses should be oriented facing the direction
in which wind blows for most of the time during the
year. In hot climate, the houses should be oriented
facing east, so that there may be protection from
western wind.

44. Drawing and Living rooms = SE & W
Dining Rooms = SE & SW
Verandahs = S & W
Kitchens = NE & SE
Staircases and Stores = NW & NE
Bed Rooms = SE & NW

45. OBJECTS OF ORIENTATION OF BUILDING:
The main object of orientation of building is discussed
as under:
(1) To provide natural comforts to the residence.
(2) To protect the residence from dust problem.
(3) To provide privacy to the residence.
(4) To protect the residence from noise.
(5) To have good planning and design of the building.
(6) To place the building in such that its minimum
portion comes in contact with the direct showers of the
rain so as to prevent dampness in the building.

46. FACTORS AFFECTING ORIENTATION OF
BUIDING:
The different factors to be considered while deciding the
orientation of a building are discussed below:
(1) Nearness of a road or Street:
The building should be so oriented as to provide easy
approach from the nearby road or street.
(2) The sun’s path and its relative position with respect
to locality:
The building should be so oriented that the sun rays may
fall sufficiently on the building into its rooms through
doors and windows.

47. (3) To control the direction and intensity of wind during
winter and summer seasons:
The building should be so oriented that cool breeze enters the
bed rooms during night in summer but not in winter. It should
prevent direct entry of wind of heavy intensity into the
building so as to protect the inmates from dust problem.
(4) Surrounding of the site:
The building should be so oriented that it suits the
surroundings of the site.
(5) The character and intensity of rain:
The building should be so oriented that there should be
prevention of entry of rain inside the room. It should also
provide minimum portion of the building subjected to direct
showers of rain so as to prevent dampness inside the building.

48. VENTILATION OF BUIDINGS
“A process of supplying fresh air (outside air) by
natural or artificial means or the removal of inside
air from an enclosed space (room, etc)” is called
Ventilation.

49. PURPOSE OF VENTILATION OF BUILDING:
The main purpose of ventilation of a building is
summarized as under:
(1) To supply fresh air for the respiration or breathing of
inmates.
(2) To control the concentration of bacteria within the
residence.
(3) To keep humidity within limits.
(4) To remove any type of products of combustion
(burning) such as gases, fumes present in air (especially in
kitchens) which are likely to be injurious to the residence.
(5) To remove unpleasant odour due to humidity or
warmth.

50. METHODS / TYPES OF VENTILATION:
There are two methods of ventilation of building which are:
(1) NATURAL METHOD:
In this method ventilation of a building is done normally by
providing doors and windows in the opposite wall of the room.
This process of providing doors and windows in the opposite
wall of room is also known as “Cross Ventilation”.
(2) ARTIFICIAL METHOD:
In this method, ventilation of a building is done artificially by
providing either exhaust fans or pushing fans. In case of
exhaust fans the dirty air (foul air) is expelled out due to which
there is reduction of pressure inside and thus the fresh air
enters through doors and windows to take its place. But in case
of pushing fans outside air is blown (enters) and retain out foul
air through ventilation.

51. LAYOUTS
• “Lay-out" or "setting-
out" is to stake out
reference points and
markers that will guide
the construction of new
structures such as
roads or buildings.

52. Types of Building Layouts:
Building layouts may be of two types: simple or
complex.
Both have their advantages and disadvantages.
Simple: This type of layout are easier to execute.
Complex: This type of layouts required skilled labor to
carryout execution work.

53. Building layout Plan

54. Building grids:
• In the case of buildings, an arbitrary system of grids is often
established so as to correspond to the rows of columns and the
major load-bearing walls of the building.
• The grids may be identified alphabetically in one direction, and
numerically in the other direction .
• The grids are usually but not necessarily perpendicular, and are
often but not necessarily evenly spaced. Floors and basement
levels are also numbered.
• Structures, equipment or architectural details may be located in
reference to the floor and the nearest intersection of the
arbitrary axes.

56. Housing Scheme layout
1Marla = 272.25 square feet, 30.25 square yards

57. Steps to carryout Layout work:
When design and drawings are prepared then the next step
is to transfer the foundation detail on the ground from the
drawings.
Different requirements in the connection are;
1. Design detail are available.
2. Skilled & un-skilled labor is arranged.
3. Required supervising staff is appointed.
Sequence of construction are as under;
1. Prepare the foundation plan.
2. Setting out foundation plan on ground.
3. Timbering of foundation trenches.
4. Final inspection & checking of levels.

58. General consideration for big projects:
-Before any specific considerations and decisions can
be made regarding site layout a general
perception should be obtained by conducting a
through site investigation at the pre-tender stage.
-Also examine in detail the drawings, specifications
and Bill of Quantities (BOQ) to formulate proposals
of how the contract will be carried out if the tender is
successful.
- This will involve a preliminary assessment of Plan,
materials & man-power requirements.