The Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia were the tallest buildings in the world from 1998 to 2004. Each tower is 452 meters tall and has 88 floors. They were designed by architect Cesar Pelli with a geometric Islamic design consisting of two squares that decrease in size as they intersect. The towers required deep foundations of over 100 piles due to being built partially over limestone and soft rock. They use innovative construction techniques such as GPS and were built with over 160,000 cubic meters of concrete each.

2. The Petronas Towers, also known as
the Petronas Twin Towers (Menara
Petronas, or Menara Berkembar
Petronas), are twin skyscrapers in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia. According to the
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat (CTBUH)'s official definition and
ranking, they were the tallest buildings
in the world from 1998 to 2004 and
remain the tallest twin towers in the
world. The buildings are a landmark of

3.  FLOOR AREA : 395000 m sq
 MATERIAL : Concrete , steel
 ARCHITECT : Cesar pelli
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEER : Thornton
thormaseti
 CONTRACTORS : TOWER 1 : Hazama
corporation
TOWER 2 : Samsung engg.& Co.
HEIGHT OF EACH TOWERS : 452 M above
street level
LIFTS : 29 double-decker high-speed
passenger lifts in each tower

4.  FLOOR AREA : 395000 m sq
 MATERIAL : Concrete , steel
 ARCHITECT : Cesar pelli
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEER : Thornton
thormaseti
 CONTRACTORS : TOWER 1 : Hazama
corporation
TOWER 2 : Samsung engg.& Co.
HEIGHT OF EACH TOWERS : 452 M above
street level
LIFTS : 29 double-decker high-speed
passenger lifts in each tower

5. CASE STUDY

6. CESARPELLI
Born October 12, 1926 (age 89)
San Miguel de Tucuman,Argentina
Nationality Argentine American
Occupation Architect
Awards Doctor of Arts, CTBUH Skyscraper Award, The
Lynn S. Beedle Lifetime Achievement Award
Buildings Petronas Towers( Malaysia)
Cira Centre, Philadelphia, PA
30_Hudson_Street,New_Jersey
Canada Square, London,United Kingdom
Design Metallic, art deco-influenced buildings

7. ONE CANADA SQUARE
(LONDON)
CAJASOL TOWER
(SPAIN)
Cira centre
(Philadelphia)
30 Hudson street
(new jersy)

8. - Two separate construction teams -> competition
- First to use GPS (Global Positioning Satellite)
- Built by concrete instead of conventional steel
- 1000 people worked on each tower (3 shifts)
- Floors up to 73rd  Identical & easiest
- 4 days to built each floor (Normal – 10 days)
TOWER 1
• Led by Japan  Hazama Corporation
• Started on March 1994 (25 months & 1 week)
TOWER 2
• Led by Korea  Samsung Engineering Co.
• Started on April 1994 (24 months)

9. The geotechnical survey discovered that the
actual construction site was situated partially
over decayed limestone deposition and rest over
soft rock.The whole foundation was rested on
104 piles.To reach safe bed rock the piles were extended
to depth ranging from (200-374) feet. To reach
this depth, PETRONAS Tower became the
structure having the deepest seated foundation
of the world.
The piles were embedded by thick raft. This raft
was 15 feet in depth and it requires enormous
amount of concrete to cast it.
This is about 4470,000 cubic feet which was the
largest continuously poured concrete until 2007.
This huge quantity of concreting for each tower

10. The towers evoke traditional motifs of
Islamic art, honoring the Malaysian Muslim
heritage, combined with innovative
technology. Represent a change in the
style of skyscrapers built in Kuala Lumpur,
closer to traditional international style.
Pelli used an Islamic geometric design in
its plant, by interlacing two squares of
gradually decreasing size at the top, which
is based on a traditional motif in Islamic
culture, a star of 12 peaks including a
circle at each intersection. At the
suggestion of Prime Minister Datuk Seri Dr
Mahathir Mohamad and Islamic

11. Structure is the most important
element to ensure the strength
and the stability of a building.
Without a strong structure, the
buildings is not safe to be
occupied.
These pictures show the
cross section of the tower.
The cross section shows
TWO squares interlocking to
each other to form an eight-
point star shape, which is
the most common shape
design in Islamic design.
These pictures is taken from:
Pelli, C. and Crosbie, M.J. Petronas Towers:
The architechture of high construction. Wiley
Academy.

12. Geometry is used as the main concept of
the design of Petronas Twin Towers.
This design means:-
Unity (Perpaduan)
Harmony (Harmoni)
Stability (Stabil)
Rationality (Rasional)

13. Geometry is used as the main concept of
the design of Petronas Twin Towers.
This design means:-
Unity (Perpaduan)
Harmony (Harmoni)
Stability (Stabil)
Rationality (Rasional)

14. The roof uses a lot of triangular shape
structure to give a better support to the
building.

15.  DOUBLE DECK BRIDGE SPANNING 58.4 m
 CONNECTS TWO TOWER AT SKYLOBBY ELEVATOR
• TRANSFER STATION
 ON FLOOR 41 AND 42
 EASY CIRCULATION B/W UPPER TOWER FLOORS
 MINIMIZE LIFT USAGE
 REDUCES FIRE EXIT REQUIREMENT
 GREAT HEIGHT AND SPAN
 REQUIRES STEEL FOR LIGHT WEIGHT AND EASY
CONST.
 TWO HINGED ARCH SUPPORTS THE SPAN
 SELF CENTRING ACTION FROM RESTRAIN AT ARCH
• CROWN AND SPHERICAL PIN AT SUPPORTS

16. The skybridge built between the two
towers uses the combination of
rectangles and triangles structure to
add more strength and stability to the
bridge

17. The top view from skybridge of petronas twin
tower. It shows the landscape of roof design of
near by buildings. It portrays an interesting
symmetrical design.

18. Tower One is fully occupied by Petronas and a
number of its subsidiaries and associate companies,
while the office spaces in Tower Two are mostly
available for lease to other companies.
A number of companies have offices in Tower Two,
including Accenture, Al Jazeera English, Carigali Hess
Bloomberg, Boeing, IBM, Khazanah Nasional Berhad,
McKinsey & Co, TCS, HCL Technologies, Krawler

19. The main bank of Otis Lifts is located in the centre of
each tower. All main lifts are double-decker with the
lower deck of the lift taking passengers to odd numbered
floors and upper deck to even numbered floors.
From the ground floor, there are three groups of lifts:
The short haul, group of 6 lifts, take passengers to floors
between level 2-16 and level 3-17.
The mid haul, group of 6 lifts, take passengers to floors
between level 18-38 and level 19-37.
The shuttle lifts take passengers directly to levels 2-42,
3-41.
To get to levels above 41/42, passengers must take the
shuttle lifts, then change to lifts to the upper floors.
These connecting lifts are directly above the lifts that
serve levels 2 to 38. The pattern now repeats with the

20. `
 EACH TOWER CROWNED BY- 73 m TAPERING TOP
 ACCOMMODATES – BUILDING MAINTENANCE
 MACHINE , AVIATION LIGHTING AND LIGHTING
 PROTECTION
 DUE TO STEEP SLOPING COLUMN
 CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION IMPARACTICAL
 STEEL USED THROUGHOUT
 LOWER PINNACLE- 8 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAMES
 UPPER PINNACLE – SINGLE MAST OF TAPERING
CIRCULAR
 CROSS SECTION

21. `
PINNACLE ELEVATION

22.  CROSS WIND EFFECTS ON STRUCTURE AND USER
COMFORT
 ANALYTICAL MODELLING :
 3D MODELLING USING SAP90
 INCLUDING PERIMETER BEAMS, COLUMNS, CENTRAL
COLUMN REPRESENTING CORE & OUTRIGGER SYSTEM
 COLUMN GROSS CROSS SECTION PROPERTIES USED-
COMPRESSIVE STRESSES DOMINANT
 ELASTIC MODULI ‘E’ VALUES VARIED WITH STRENGTh
ACCORDING TO ACI318
 ‘E’ VALUES NOT REDUCED FOR CREEP- SHORT TERM
WIND LOADING

23.  WIND MODELLING
 DESIGN WIND 35 m/s ASSUMED AT 10m ELEVATION
 RETURN PERIOD 50 YEARS
 FORCING FUNCTION DETERMINED USING IT
 ANALYSIS FOR DYNAMIC FORCE AT 1-2% DAMPING
 RESULTS REVEALED
 2% DAMPING REDUCES BASE SHEAR
 VALUES WELL BELOW LIMITS
 NO REQIREMENT OF TUNED DAMPERS
 SIMILAR DYNAMIC MODELLING DONE FOR SKY
BRIDGE,PINNACLE
 SKY BRIDGE REQIRED TUNED MASS DAMPERS-3 EACH LEG

34. Number of Storeys 88
Overall Height 451.9m from street level (1483ft)
Design/Architecture Cesar Pelli & Associates (US) in association with KLCC architects
Height of Superstructure
(without pinnacle)
378m (1240ft)
Tip of longest pile to tip of pinnacle mast 592.4m (1944ft)
Total built-up area 341,760 sq. m. (3.7 mn sq. ft.)
Location of Skybridge Levels 41 and 42
Length of Skybridge 58.4m (192ft) double-decked
Height of Skybridge 170m from street level (558ft)
Weight of Skybridge 750 tonnes
Skybridge Support Two-hinge arch with rotational pins (spherical bearings) at Level 29, rising 63 degrees
Vertical Transportation Total= 76 lifts. 29 Double-deck high speed passenger lifts in each tower. Each double-deck can carry 26 persons.
Number of escalators 10 in each tower
Stainless Steel Cladding 65,000 sq m (700,000 sq ft)
Vision Glass 77,000 sq m (830,000 sq ft)
Concrete
(various strength up to grade 80)
160,000 cu m in the superstructure (5.7mn cu ft)
Steel 36,910 tonnes of beam, trusses and reinforcement
Foundation
4.5m (15 ft) thick raft containing 13,200 cu m of grade 60 concrete, weighing approximately 32,550 tonnes under each
Tower, supported by 104 barrette piles from 60m to 115m in length.
Building Control System Central management of air-conditioning and lighting
Building Security System
Card Access and Alarm Monitoring System, Closed Circuit Television System (CCTV), Voice Intercom System, and Photo
Identification System.

35. By- Nawal Kishor Dwivedi
M.Tech Structural Engineering , MNIT Jaipur