The document provides historical details about seven of the tallest skyscrapers in the world: Burj Khalifa, Shanghai Tower, Abraj Al-Bait Towers, One World Trade Centre, Taipei 101, Petronas Towers, and Trump International Hotel & Tower. It discusses the design, construction, and key features of each building such as height, architectural elements, structural design, sustainability aspects, and records held. The document is an informative overview of some of the tallest and most notable skyscrapers globally.

1. Haider Ali Jafferi
Civil Engineer

2. HIGH RISE BUILDINGS OR
SKYSCRAPPERS

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Skyscraper means very tall, multistoried building. The name first came into use
during the 1880s, shortly after the first skyscrapers were built, in the United States.
The earliest buildings (skyscrapers) rested on thick masonry, which were looking
bulky and too much time required to build up. Architects soon turned to the use of a
cast-iron and wrought-iron framework to support the weight of the upper floors.
 James Bogardus built the Cast Iron Building (1848, New York City) with a rigid
frame of iron providing the main support for upper-floor and roof loads.
 It was the refinement first used in the United States in the 1860s, that allowed for
the major advance in construction. As steel is stronger and lighter in weight than
iron, the use of a steel frame made possible the construction of truly tall buildings.
 The term "skyscraper" was first applied to buildings of steel framed construction of
at least 10 stories in the late 19th century, a result of public amazement at the tall
buildings being built in major cities like Chicago, New York City, Detroit, and St.
Louis.
 The first steel frame skyscraper was the Home Insurance Building (originally 10
stories with a height of 42 m or 138 ft) in Chicago

4. SKYSCRAPER ARE CLASSIFIED
INTO TWO TYPES:
 For buildings above a height of 300 m (984 ft), the
term Super tall can be used.
 beyond 600 m (1,969 ft) are classified as Mega tall

5. Buildings we will Discuss
Burj Khalifa 828.9 m
Shanghai Tower 632 m
Abraj al Bait 601 m
One World Trade Centre 541.3 m
Taipei 101 508 m
Petronas Tower 452 m
Trump International Hotel & Tower 423 m

6. We will discuss about
 History
 Architectural design &
 Construction
Of these seven buildings

7. BURJ-KHALIFA
 Bujk Khalifa is also Known as Burj
Dubai & is a skyscraper in Dubai, United
Arab Emirates, the tallest man-made
structure in the world at 829.8 m
 The tower was constructed mainly by
two companies Samsung Engineering &
Construction of South Korea,
 Structure was designed by William
Frazier Baker, also known as Bill Baker,
(born on October 9, 1953, Fulton,
Missouri) is an American structural
engineer.
 Architectural design was given by Adrian
smith + his team. .9.8 m (2,722 ft).
 Construction began on 21 September
2004, with the exterior of the structure
completed on 1 October 2009. The
building officially opened on 4 January
2010.

8. ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN:
 The design of Burj Khalifa is derived
from
 Nature
 Cultural & Historical elements.
 Many thing can inspire the
architecture when designing new
buildings, for burj ul khalifa
Architect Adrian smith and his
team was inspired by the desert
flower known as Hymenocallis
flower

9. According to the structural engineer, Bill
Baker the building's design incorporates
cultural and historical elements
particular to the region such as the spiral
minaret.
(The spiral minaret spirals and grows
slender it rises).
The Y-shaped plan is ideal for residential
and hotel usage, with the wings allowing
maximum outward views and inward
natural light.
To support the unprecedented height of
the building, the engineers developed a
new structural system called the
buttressed core, which consists of a
hexagonal core reinforced by three
buttresses that form the ‘Y' shape.

10. CONSTRUCTION
 Used 330,000 m3 of concrete(110,000 tons of concrete,) and 55,000 tone's of steel
rebar.
 Construction took 22 million man-hours.
 A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa.
 A cathodic protection system under the mat is used to minimize any detrimental
effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water.
 In May 2008 Putzmeister pumped concrete to a then world record delivery height of
606 m (156th floor). Three tower cranes were used during construction of the
uppermost levels, each capable of lifting a 25-tonne load. The remaining structure
above is constructed of lighter steel.
 Special mixes of concrete are made to withstand the extreme pressures of the massive
building weight; as is typical with reinforced concrete construction, each batch of
concrete used was tested to ensure it could withstand certain pressures
 It has the longest single running elevator. The elevators go 10 meters per second and
are among the fastest in the world. It took us approximately only one minute to reach
the observation deck on the 124th floor
 The world's highest mosque and swimming pool is located on the 158th
and 76th floors.
 The tip of the sphere of the Burj Khalifa can be seen up to 95 kilometers away.

11. Shanghai Tower
 Shanghai Tower is a super tall skyscraper under construction
in Shanghai.
 Height 632 Metres & 121 Stories
 Floor area 380,000 m2 (4,090,000 sq ft)
 Tallest in China & 2nd Tallest in the world

12. Design
 Design By Gensler
 Nine cylindrical buildings
stacked a top each other,
totaling 121 floors,
all enclosed by the inner
layer of the glass façade.
 nine indoor zones will
provide
public space for visitors.

13.  Both layers of the façade will be transparent
 Once opened, the tower is expected to
accommodate as many as 16,000 people on a
daily basis.
 Mitsubishi Electric will supply all of the tower's
106 elevators
 It Has four Season Hotel & will be the Largest
Hotel in the world
 Parking Spaces for 1800 Vehicles

14. SUSTAINABILITY
 Incorporates numerous green architecture elements
 Tower’s glass reduce wind loads on the building by
24%
 Used 25% less structural steel
 Tower's energy will be provided by conventional
power systems
 Produce 3,50000 KWH per year

15. CHALLENGE
 Massive project & Sheer size
Tower
presents complex design and
construction management
challenges.
 It could not be represented
accurately with
typical software or design
methods( Chief Arch)

16. ABRAJ AL-BAIT TOWERS

17. Introduction
 The Abraj Al-Bait Towers, also known as the Makkah
Royal Hotel Clock Tower, is a government-
owned building complex in Mecca,Saudi Arabia.
 The complex's hotel tower became the second tallest
building in the world in 2012,
surpassing Taiwan's Taipei 101, and is currently the
third tallest building in the world, surpassed only
by Dubai's Burj Khalifa and Shanghai's Shanghai
Tower.

18. Location
 The building complex is few meters away from the world's
largest mosque and Islam's most sacred site, the Masjid_al-
Haram.
Description
 The tallest tower in the complex stands as the tallest building in
Saudi Arabia, with a height of 601 meters (1,972 feet).
 Currently it is the third tallest freestanding structure in the world,
surpassing Taipei 101.
In addition, the Abraj Al-Bait Towers has a 20-storey shopping
mall (the Abraj Al Bait Mall) and a parking garage capable of
holding over a thousand vehicles.

19.  Residential towers house permanent residents while
two heliports and a conference center are to accommodate
business travelers. In total, up to 100,000 people could be
housed inside the towers.
 The clock faces are 43 m × 43 m (141 ft × 141 ft),
the largest in the world. The roof of the clocks is 530
meters (1,740 feet) above the ground, making them the
world's most elevated architectural clocks.
 which makes it the second tallest building in the world,
surpassing Taipei 101 in Taiwan. The tower also includes
an Islamic.
 Museum and a Lunar Observation Center which will also
be used to sight the moon during the Holy Months.

20. Features
 The building is topped by a four-faced clock, visible from
25 kilometers (16 miles) away.
 The clock is the highest in the world at over 400 meters
(1,300 ft) above the ground.
 Each of the clock's four faces measure 46 m (151 ft) in
diameter and are illuminated by 2 million LED lights, with
four oriented edges, just above the clock alongside huge
Arabic script reading: “God is the Greatest” on the north
and south faces and on the west and east the Koran.

21. The Spire
 The clock tower is topped by a 93 m
(305 ft) spire with 23 m (75 ft) high
golden crescent at the top.
 The spire has the black observation
pod at the bottom which contains a
lunar gallery, a control tower and the
main observation deck.
 The minaret and its base have
massive loudspeakers that will emit
prayer calls to a distance of seven km
while nearly 21,000 lamps will
illuminate the surrounding area to a
distance of 30 kilometres (19 mi).

22. One World Trade Centre
 1 WTC is the primary building of the
new World Trade Center complex
in Lower Manhattan, New York City,
and is the tallest skyscraper in
the Western Hemisphere, having a
height of 541.3 m, and the world’s
4th tallest building.
 The construction began in
2006, and was a joint venture
between The Port Authority of
New York & New Jersey and
The Durst Organization.
 It was also named as “Freedom
Tower” during its initial construction
work,

23. CONSTRUCTION & LAYOUT:
 The tower was designed as framed
tube structure, which provided space
for inhabitants with open floor plans,
uninterrupted by columns or walls.
 Numerous perimeter columns were
used to provide strength to the
structure.
 1 WTC comprises of 104 floors in
addition with 5 basement floors
having a total of 3,501,274 sq ft floor
area.
 Building has 86 usable floors out of
which 78 will be assigned as office
floors having 2,600,000 sq. ft of space.
 The structure of the Freedom tower
consists of Steel frame, concrete core
with concrete flooring and glass
cladding.

24. Architectural Design
 The building's footprint is a 200-foot (61 m) square
with an area of 40,000 square feet (3,700 m2).
 The tower rises from a 187 ft windowless concrete
base consisting of stainless steel panels and blast-
resistant glass, designed to protect it against truck
bombs and other ground-level terror threats.
 From the 20th floor upwards, the square edges of the
tower's cubic base are chamfered back, transforming
the building's shape into tall isosceles triangles.

25. SUSTATINABILITY
 Much of the building's structure and interior is made from
recycled materials, including gypsum boards and ceiling tiles,
and about 80 percent of its waste products are also being
recycled.
 The tower has a scheme for the collection and recycling of rain
water for its cooling systems and the electricity generation
system that will generate 4.8 Megawatts (MW) of power.
 Also, the waste steam of the building will also help in
generating electricity.
 The windows are made of an ultra-clear glass which allows
maximum daylight to pass through, while interior lighting is
equipped with dimmers that automatically lower the lights on
sunny days, thereby reducing energy costs.
 One World Trade Center has the facility to be heated by steam,
with limited oil or natural gas utilities located on-site.

26. SAFETY & SECURITY
 Several security features have also been included in the
Freedom Tower, in addition to those were in the Twin
towers.
 The tower building comprises a 3-foot (91 cm) thick
reinforced concrete walls for all stairwells, elevator shafts,
risers, and a dedicated set of stairwells exclusively for the
use of firefighters; and biological and chemical filters
throughout its ventilation system.
 An advanced "cocoon" scaffolding system was also
installed during the construction of the tower to protect
the workers from falling.
 Such a safety system was first time introduced in the USA
for any building construction.

27. Cocoon
Scaffolding in
WTC
Isosceles
Triangle
shape of
WTC

28. Taipei 101
 Formerly known as the Taipei World
Financial Center
 Located in Xinyi
District,Taipei, Republic of China.
 The building ranked officially as
the world's tallest from 2004 until
the opening of the Burj
Khalifa in Dubai in 2010.
 In July 2011, the building was
awarded LEED Platinum
certification, the highest award in
the Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design (LEED)
rating system and became the
tallest and largest green
building in the world.

29.  The Taipei 101 tower has 101 floors above ground and five
underground. The height of Taipei 101 is 508.0 m (1,667 ft.)
Records:
 Ground to highest architectural structure (spire): 508 m
(1,667 ft.).Previously held by the Petronas Towers451.9 m
(1,483 ft).
 Ground to roof: 449.2 m (1,474 ft.). Formerly held by the Willis
Tower 442 m (1,450 ft.).
 Ground to highest occupied floor: 438 m (1,437 ft.). Formerly
held by the Willis Tower 412.4 m (1,353 ft.).
 Fastest ascending elevator speed: designed to be 1,010 meters
per minute, which is 16.83 m/s (55.22 ft./s) (60.6 kilometers
per hour (37.7 mph)).
 Largest countdown clock displayed on New Year's Eve.

30.  Taipei 101 is designed to withstand the Typhoon winds
and earthquake tremors common in its area of the Asia-
Pacific. Planners aimed for a structure that could
withstand gale winds of 60 m/s (197 ft./s, 216 km/h or
134 mph) and the strongest earthquakes likely to occur in
a 2,500 year cycle.
 The design achieves both strength and flexibility for the
tower through the use of high-performance steel
construction. Thirty-six columns support Taipei 101,
including eight "mega-columns" packed with 10,000 psi
(69 MPa) concrete. Every eight floors, outrigger trusses
connect the columns in the building's core to those on the
exterior.

31.  Foundation of Taipei 101
one of the most stable
buildings ever constructed.
The foundation is reinforced
by 380 piles driven 80 m
(262 ft.) into the ground,
extending as far as 30 m
(98 ft.) into the bedrock.
Each pile is 1.5 m (5 ft.) in
diameter and can bear a load
of 1,000-1,320 tones .

32.  Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers along
with Evergreen Consulting
Engineering designed a 660-tonne
steel pendulum that serves as a tuned
mass damper.
 Two additional tuned mass
dampers, each weighing 6 tones
(7 short tons), are installed at the
tip of the spire which help prevent
damage to the structure due to
strong wind loads.
A tuned mass damper, also known
as a harmonic absorber, is a
device mounted in structures to
reduce the amplitude of
mechanical vibrations

33. Structural façade
 Taipei 101's characteristic blue-green glass curtain
walls are double paned and glazed, offer heat
and UV protection sufficient to block external heat by
50 percent, and can sustain impacts of 7 tones .
 The façade system is able to withstand up to 95mm of
seismic lateral displacements without damage.

34. Interior
 The original 2004 fiber-
optic and satellite Internet connections
permitted transfer speeds up to
a gigabyte per second.
 The double-deck elevators set a new
record in 2004 with top ascending
speeds of 16.83 m (55.22 ft) per
second (60.6 km/h, 37.7 mi/h).
 A 660-metric-ton (728 short
ton) tuned mass damper stabilizes the
tower against movements caused by
high winds. The damper can reduce up
to 40% of the tower's movements

35. PETRONAS TOWERS
 The Petronas Towers, also
known as the Petronas Twin
Towers.
 According to the Council on
Tall Buildings and Urban
Habitat (CTBUH)'s official
definition and ranking, they
were the tallest buildings in the
world from 1998 to 2004. The
buildings are a landmark of
Kuala Lumpur, along with near
by Kuala lumbar
tower.(Malaysia)

36. CONSTRUCTION DETAIL
 Construction date
Construction started: 1March 1993
Completed: 1 March 1996
 Floor count: 88
 Elevators/ Lifts: 78
 Cost: US$1.6 billion
 Height: 1,483 ft (452 meters)
 Architects: Cesar Pelli & Associates

37. Comparison with the Other Towers
 The Petronas Towers were the tallest buildings in
the world for six years, until Taipei 101 was
completed in 2004.
 Willis tower (formerly Sears Tower) and the World
Trade Center towers were each constructed with
110 occupied floors – 22 more than the 88 floors
of the Petronas Towers. Willis Tower’s tallest
antenna is 75.41 m (247.4 ft) taller than those of
the Petronas Towers, however, in accordance
with CTBUH regulations and guidelines.
 the Petronas Towers exceed the official height of
Willis Tower by 10 m (33 ft) even though the roof
of Petronas Towers at 378.6 metres (1,242 ft) is
63.4 m (208 ft) lower than the roof of Willis Tower

38.  The construction of the Petronas Towers turned out to
be a multinational effort.
 The structural design engineers worked out of New
York City, while the wind-tunnel consultants and
elevator design engineers were from Canada.
 In order to meet local safety construction codes, the
towers had to be able to withstand 65 miles per hour
(105 km/h) winds. In order to assure this requirement
would be fulfilled, the engineers tested the towers
twice within a wind tunnel, first by computer
simulation and second by building an actual model of
the towers.

40. Sky Bridge
 The towers feature a double Decker Sky
bridge connecting the two towers on the 41st and
42nd floors, which is the highest 2-story bridge in
the world.
 It is not attached to the main structure, but is
instead designed to slide in and out of the towers
to prevent it from breaking,]as the towers sway
several feet in towards and away from each other
during high winds. The bridge is 170 m (558 ft)
above the ground and 58 m (190 ft) long.
 The sky bridge is open to all visitors, but tickets
are limited to about 1000 people per day, and
must be obtained on a first-come, first-served
basis

41.  The sky bridge also acts as a safety device, so
that in the event of a fire or other emergency in
one tower, tenants can evacuate by crossing the
sky bridge to the other tower.

42. TRUMP INTERATIONAL
HOTEL AND TOWER
 The trump tower is also known as
trump tower Chicago.
 This building was designed by the
architect
Adrian Smith of skid more owing
and Merrill
and Bovie Lend Lease built 96
storey structure in this building.
 The over all height of this structure
is 1,389 ft (423m)
 April 28 of that year marked with
the grand opening
 This structure now consist of the
five star rating.

43. Design and Architecture
 The body of the building is raised 30feet (9.1m)
above from the Wabash entrance and 70feet
(21m) above the Chicago river
 In march the construction process began with
sinking of the first cassain for the tower
 In april construction began with foundation below
the Chicago river.
 Design consists of retail space, ground up,
parking garage, a hotel and condominiums.
 Hotel comprises 339 rooms.

44. Construction
 Sir James Mchugh construction co , the
concrete subcontractor implemented a
comprehensive framework for the construction
of the building .
 At the completion of construction, the building
had the tallest formwork structure in the world.
 In this structure there is the concrete spine uses
five I-beams –shaped walls and exterior columns
narrowing to two as the building rises.