This document provides an overview of the history, design, construction, and safety aspects of tunneling. It discusses key points such as: - The history of tunnel construction dates back to ancient times but modern tunneling technology evolved from mining and military engineering. - Tunnel planning requires considering geology, hydrology, ventilation, lighting, drainage, and safety systems such as emergency exits. - India has increasingly developed tunneling for transportation and hydroelectric projects, with some of the largest examples being the Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel and underground water supply tunnels. - Ensuring tunnel safety requires adequate width, ventilation, signage, and fire suppression systems. Lighting, electrical works, and drainage are also important design

2. History , Design , Construction
and Safety of Tunnelling
Power point projection
By
Avdhesh Kumar Mathur
At
Senior Center Cupertino
On
Monday , the 11th September 2017
Blog --- Hinduism Omkar Avdhesh Mathur

3. video
Showing Tunnel on Beaverton to
Portland Road

4. Highway Tunnel on Beaverton
to Portland road

5. Introduction
By Gods grace and thanks to M.L.Swami, Today I am
giving a presentation on Tunnels specially with respect to
Development of Tunnels in India.
A tunnel is defined as a passageway through or under
something, usually underground (especially one for trains
or cars )
• A national project to link Jammu with Kashmir Valley by
340 km broad gauge railway line has been recently
completed involving construction of about 63 tunnels in
Jammu-Udhampur sector.
• Metros are also planned for other cities namely
Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahemdabad, Mumbai, Chennai
etc. which include many tunnels.
• Details of Metro tunnels are not dealt in this
presentations.
,

6. • A tunnel is an underground passageway, dug through the
surrounding soil / earth / rock.
• A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic,
or for a canal..
• Some tunnels are aqueducts to supply water for consumption
or for hydroelectric stations or are sewers..
• Secret tunnels are built for military purposes, or by civilians
for smuggling of weapons, contraband, or people.
• Special tunnels, such as wildlife crossings, are built to allow
wild life to cross human-made barriers safely.

7. History of Tunnels in world
• Before there were trains and cars, there
were transportation tunnels such as canal,.
• America's first tunnels was the Paw Paw Tunnel, built in
West Virginia between 1836 and 1850
In the UK, the 1934 Queensway Tunnel under the River
Mersey between Liverpool and Birkenhead tunnel for road
was constructed
Boring method was used in Victorian civil engineering,
the method found favour in the renewal of Britain's
ancient sewerage systems
During the First World War, the system was used by Royal
Engineer tunnelling companies to put mines beneath
the German Empire lines.
•

8. History Joralemon Street Tunnel in
1913, part of the New York City
Subway system---
Much of the early technology of tunneling evolved from mining and military
engineering and civil Engineering

9. List of Famous Modern Tunnels
• 1.Woodhead , 3.5 mile tunnel that was dug for the
purposes of Manchester-Sheffield Railroad in 1845.
• 2. Hoosac Tunnel , first large tunnel in United States. It
was builtt over the period of 20 years (finished in 1876)
and was 4.5 miles long.
• 3. Mont Cenis Tunnel , fist great tunnel networks in the
Alps Mountains. They were 8.5 mile long.
• 4. London underground metro network was made in
1860s. Initially they dug deep trenches, installed support
and then covered them up with dirt.
•

10. HISTORY OF TUNNELS IN INDIA
• Tunnel construction in India dates back to Mahabharata
period when Pandavas excavated an escape tunnel.
• Many kings constructed escape tunnels from their forts
to safer places to be used during emergencies.
• When it comes to Mughal cities, there was an
underground tunnel between Delhi and Agra and Delhi
and Lahore
In the case of Hyderabad in Andhra Pradesh, the tunnel
connecting the Charminar and Golconda fort is believed
to have hidden treasures--kept there by Nizams, with
emergency exits-- at several places.
• Modern tunnel construction in India has its origin mainly
in the nineteenth century
.

11. Types of Tunnels in India
• . Hydro Tunnels
• Railway Tunnels
• Railway Tunnels in Hilly Terrain
• Delhi Metro .
• Kolkata Metro .
• Konkan Railway .
• Road and Highway Tunnels .
• Water Supply and Irrigation Tunnels
• Ancient Caves and Caverns.

12. Steps in Planning of Tunnels
• 1.Site Selection
• 2. Obligatory Points
• 3. .Preliminary Survey
• 4. Fixing Location of
Tunnels
• 5.Geological and
• Geotechnical considerations
• 6. Environmental
Considerations
• 7. Drainage Design
• 8. Fire Safety
• 9. Ventilation Design
• 10. Lighting Design
• 11. Electrical Supply
Design
• 12. Design for Monitoring
and Control
• 13. Services Buildings and
Plant Rooms
• 14. Construction Issues
• 15. Tunnel Commissioning

13. Project planning and cost
estimates
• When a tunnel is being planned or constructed,
economics and politics play a large factor in the
decision making process.
• Civil engineers usually use project
management techniques for developing a major
structure.
• The project duration must be identified using
a work breakdown structure (WBS) and critical
path method (CPM).
• The costs and benefits for an infrastructure such
as a tunnel must be identified. Political disputes
can occur

14. Current and planned tunneling
activity in India
• The country has major needs for tunnelled infrastructure to improve and
expand
• 1. urban water supply and sewerage,
• 2. Hydropower potential in the Himalayas,
• 3.Improve road and railway connections and
• 4. Building and expanding mass rapid transit systems.
• . The country has a well-established and experienced base of national
tunneling contractors and state rail, hydro and water supply authorities
have experience in managing and procuring major tunneling projects.
• Foreign expertise is invited for BOOT concession projects, for
specialized tunnel design, construction and project management know-
how, and
• for procurement of state-of-the- art equipment and materials supply.
Opportunities for international consultants, machine manufacturers and
suppliers are present and expanding.

15. Geotechnical investigation and
design
A major tunnel project must start with a comprehensive investigation
of ground conditions by collecting samples from boreholes and by
other geophysical techniques.
In planning the route, the horizontal and vertical alignments can be
selected to make use of the best ground and water conditions
Ground water control is very important in tunnel construction.
Water leaking into a tunnel or vertical shaft will greatly decrease
stand-up time, causing the excavation to become unstable and risking
collapse.
The most common way to control groundwater is to install dewatering
pipes into the ground and to simply pump the water out.

16. Aerodynamics and ventilation in rail
tunnels May 2015

17. Factors to Consider in Building a Tunnel

18. Design Requirements
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1. Structure of the
Road Tunnels
• 1.2. Purpose of the
Guide
• .1.3. Safety System
• 1.4. Purpose & scope
of the Guide
• 2. General Design
Requirements
• 3. Structural
Requirements
• 4. Geometric Design
• 5. Pavement Design

19. Design criteria
Tu
• For more than 20 years we have
fomented new technologies and best
practices for the design and
construction of road tunnels.
• Tunnels represent the most expensive
type of transportation structures
• National Hughway authorities , the state
highway agencies, municipalities as
well as the general public has to have
• VISION: Preserve and Enhance Tunnel
Engineering Expertise
• MISSION: To develop, promote and
advance road tunnel engineering
principles, technology, and
maintenance practices in the through
a national team of road tunnel
experts.
• GOALS:
• Form a national team of road tunnel
experts to serve as a reliable and
credible information source to internal
and external (all other) customers.
• Develop a web page to include such
items as:
– A database of ongoing tunnel
projects and future tunnels
planned
The Guide to Road Tunnels provides guidance to those making decisions in
the planning, design, operation and maintenance of new road tunnels

20. Choice of tunnels vs. bridges
A tunnel is generally more costly to construct than a bridge.
However, navigational considerations may limit the use of high bridges or draw
bridge spans intersecting with shipping channels, necessitating a tunnel
Other reasons for choosing a tunnel instead of a bridge include 1. avoiding
difficulties with tides, 2.weather, and 3.shipping during construction (aesthetic
reasons (preserving the above-ground view, landscape, and scenery), and also
for 4. weight capacity reasons
A View of Tunnel under river

21. India Will Have Its First Underwater Tunnel Ever In
Andhra Pradesh Soon
DEC 29, 2015
• India's newest state capital Amaravati will get
an underwater tunnel in river Krishna, about
three-km long, for vehicular traffic if the state
government has its way.
• The detailed master plan for the upcoming
capital envisages a transparent road tunnel
from beneath the river connecting the
administrative capital with Vijayawada, the
commercial hub of Andhra Pradesh.

22. Design and Construction Techniques of tunnels
• .
• One method is to cut two parallel excavations in which
the side walls are constructed first. Arches connecting
them are then built as the material between them is
extracted.
• A tunnel cut through rock frequently requires no lining.
Hard rock is removed by blasting.
• In all cases, however, pumping equipment must be
installed.
• River-crossing tunnels are also constructed
by dredging a trench in the riverbed and
then lowering prefabricated tunnel sections
through the water into the trench.

23. The safety concept for the Tunnel
• 1. Width of Tunnel
• 2.Ventilation
• 3.Provision Of loud speakers
• 4.Fire Safety Measures

24. Ventilation Guide lines
• Ventilation is an important consideration for
life safety and for dissipation of heat from
various electrical devices.
• Heat produced by transformers or lighting
ballasts could accumulate and contribute to
unfavorable conditions within these locations.
• In larger tunnel installations, there exist many
heat producing devices and ventilation would
need to be considered.
• Ventilation will also allow for air exchanges
that are necessary to remove moisture and to
allow for air exchanges within these areas.

25. Safety--- Criterias for Ventilation
The points are awarded as under are added up to provide
the following risk assessment::
• –1. Tunnel length (1 to 6 points)
• – 2. Traffic frequency in the case of one-way and two-
way traffic (1 to 10 points)
• –3. The proportion of lorries (max. 8 points)
• – 4. Transportation of hazardous goods (max. 5 points)
• – 5. Greatest longitudinal incline of the tunnel (max. 3
points)
• –6. Additional dangers posed by the tunnel (max. 3
points)
The ratings “very good”, “good”, “adequate”, “critical” and
“sub-standard” are generally applied according to
points.

26. Shafts
• 1886 illustration showing the ventilation and
drainage system of the Mersey railway tunnel
• A temporary access shaft is sometimes
necessary during the excavation of a tunnel.
• Once construction is complete, construction
access shafts are often used as ventilation
shafts, and may also be used as emergency
exits.

27. Longest Tunnel of USA & India
• Longest Tunnel of USA
• The Anton Anderson
Memorial Tunnel (Whittie
rTunnel) is a multi-use
highway and
railroad tunnel that
passes under Maynard
Mountain. At 13,300 ft
(4,100 m), it is the
second-
longest highway tunnel
and longest combined
rail and highway tunnel
in North America.
• Longest Railway Tunnel
of India:
• Pir Panjal Tunnel:
• The Pir Panjal Tunnel is
a longest railway tunnel
11.00 km long on Banihal
railway
• at the Pir Panjal Range of
Himalayas, in the state of
Jammu and Kashmir.

28. Safety and security
Owing to the enclosed space of a tunnel, fires
can have very serious effects on users.
The main dangers are gas and smoke
production, with even low concentrations
of carbon monoxide being highly toxic.
halted in a long tunnel. Carbon monoxide
poisoning is the main cause of death
Tunnels require ventilation shafts and
powered fans to remove toxic exhaust
gases during routine operation.[19]
Rail tunnels usually require fewer air changes
per hour, but still may require forced-air
ventilation

29. Lighting within Tunnels
Lighting is extremely important for the safety of
the user of the trail/sidewalk system
Lighting also allows for people to see in the
tunnels. Walkers, and bicyclists need lighting in
these locations to avoid possible injuries due to
collisions.
It goes without saying that these requirements
are also necessary for tunnels that allow for
vehicular movements as well
Types of luminaries
used in tunnels

30. Instalation of electrical fixtures
This environment
requires the electrical
contractor to install the
correct electrical
devices and
components that will
“survive” as well as
function properly
under damp
conditions.

31. Tunnels on Road

32. Roadways tunnels are governed by
1. Important document, which addresses lighting, ventilation
and other electrical concerns,
safety standard covers roadway tunnels as well as other
highway structures.
2. Emergency lighting is one of these items, as one might
think Total darkness for emergency response personnel in
the likelihood of an emergency would not be acceptable.
3. Signaling features such as tunnel closure and traffic
control and exit signs are to be on the system too.
4. emergency communication,
5. tunnel drainage equipment,
6. emergency ventilation, fire alarm and detection, closed-
circuit television, and video and firefighting equipment.
7. Emergency power for road tunnels is required

33. Tunnel on Mumbai Poona Express Highway

34. The longest road tunnel in Maharashtra has 2
tubes with 3 lanes lies on amazing Mumbai Pune
Expressway.
The Mumbai Pune Expressway is the India’s first
six-lane concrete tolled expressway with a
distance of 93 km and one of the best too.
Maharashtra will soon have the eight-kilometer-
long tunnel, the second longest tunnel in the
country that will connect Khopoli to Lonavla.

35. The Dhauliganga Valley
in the Himalayas

36. Jawahar Tunnel: India
Jawahar Tunnel is a 2.5 Km long road tunnel under the Banihal pass, situated between
Banihal and Qazigund in Jammu and Kashmir. lighting system.
Jawahar Tunnel: Banihal Tunnel Qazigund in Jammu and Kashmir

37. Decorated entrance to a road
tunnel in Guanajuato, Mexico

38. . These are twin Tunnels 2400 feet long, costing $439
millions and are fitted with sensors and cameras.
Twin Tunnels on Highway no 1 near Sanfransisco CA

39. Chenani-Nashri Tunnel:
The Chenani-Nashri Tunnel is the India’s longest road tunnel in Udhampur district of
Jammu and Kashmir. The 9.2 km long road tunnel is biggest in the country.

40. The Kamshet West-Tunnel or Kamshet I tunnel is 1.843
km long road network tunnel situated near Kamshet in Pune
Maharashtra.

41. Tunnels for Hydropower
projects

42. Maneri Bhali Hydro Electric Project, Uttarakhand, India
ete diversion Dam/Barrage across river Bhagirathi, coffer dam, river diversion,
intake structure, desilting basin and sedimentation chambers, forebay,
flushing
conduits and appurtenant works.
Head Race Tunnel of 6 M finished diameter, 4.5 Kms long, of Maneri Bhali
Hydroelectric Project stage II at Uttarkashi, Uttrakhand, India.

43. Lower Sileru Hydro Electric Power
Project
•
It includes about two
miles of Tunnel
constructed under
supervision of Sri
M.L.Swami Our
Secretary Foswel

44. Hydro-electric power is the cleanest, cheapest,
renewable, non polluting source,” “We have to find a middle
path balancing of Hydroelectric projects and Thermal electric
projects.
The earliest project was BhakraNagal Hydro electric Project with
tunnels and another project was Tehri Dam and Hydro electric
Project with big tunnels.
Over the years, several hydro power companies have shown
interest in setting up projects in the hill state owing to the
adequate amount of water available in the Ganga basin.
Insiders say more than ₹19,000 crore is at stake due to the
uncertainty over hydro-power projects in Uttarakhand.
Tunnel is a must for all Hydroelectric
Projects

45. Shark tunnel at the Georgia
Aquarium
: Undersea tunnel
There are also several approaches
to underwater tunnels, the two
most common being bored tunnels
or immersed tubes, examples
are Bjørvika Tunnel and Marmaray.
Underwater tunnels[

46. The Transbay Tube
• The Transbay Tube is an underwater rail tunnel which carries Bay Area
Rapid Transit's four transbay lines under San Francisco Baybetween
the cities of San Francisco and Oakland in California
• . The tube is 3.6 miles (5.8 km) long; including the approaches from the
nearest stations (one of which is underground), it totals 6 miles (10 km)
in length. It has a maximum depth of 135 feet (41 m) below sea level.
• The tube was constructed on land, transported to the site, then
submerged and fastened to the bottom (mostly by packing the sides
with sand and gravel).This immersed tube technique is in contrast to
bored tunneling, where rock is removed to leave a passage.
• The Tube was the final segment to open in the original BART plan.All
BART lines except the Richmond–Warm Springs line operate through
the Transbay Tube, making it one of the busiest sections of the system
in terms of passenger and train traffic

47. The Bay Area UnderwaterRapid
Transit Tube

48. The Bay area under water Tunnel

49. FAMOUS TUNNLS of World

50. Tunnels in India 1st &2nd
• 1st
• Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel
• 11,215 metres (36,795 ft)
• Banihal
• Hillar Shahabad
• Jammu and Kashmir
• Northern Railway
• 2013
• 33.5617942°N
75.1988626°E
• 2nd
• Karbu de (T-35)
• 6,506 metres (21,345 ft)
• Ukshi
• Bhoke
• Maharashtra
• Konkan Railway
• 1997
• 17°6′9″N 73°24′59″E

51. 3rd and 4th
• 3rd
• Nathuwadi (T-6)
• 4,389 metres (14,400 ft)
• Karanjadi
• Diwan Karate
• MaharashtraKonkan Railway1997
• 17°53′37″N73°23′14″E
• 4th
• Tike (T-39)
• 4,077 metres (13,376 ft)
• Ratnagiri
• Nivasar
• Maharashtra
• Konkan Railway
• 1997
• 16°58′48″N73°23′42″E

52. Tunnels on Railways

53. Work on the 125-km Rishikesh-Karnprayag rail link, which will
have India’s longest tunnel of 15.1 km, is set to begin in four-
five months. The cost of the railway project will be Rs 16,200
crore, up from around Rs 4,000 crore estimated when it was
mooted six years ago

55. Konkan Railway, with 2,000 bridges
and 91 tunnels, is an engineering
marvel
• . Konkan Railway is one of the most beautiful train route
in India, runs from Mangalore in Karnataka to Mumbai in
Maharashtra through Goa,along the west coast of India
and Western Ghats. Mumbai/ Mangalore :
It is known as an engineering marvel across the world.
Built across some of the toughest terrains, Konkan
Railways has over 2,000 bridges and 91 tunnels.
•

56. Picture of Entrance to Tunnel In Kokkan Railways

57. Tike Tunnel:
The 4.0 km long Tike Tunnel is located at the western ghat region of
Maharashtra,between Ratnagiri and Nivasar.

58. Natuwadi Tunnel: The 4.3 km long tunnel was constructed on 1997
and comes under the Zonal railway of Konkan

59. Karbude Railway Tunnel
The Karbude Tunnel
remained India's longest rail
tunnel till the Indian
government gave green light
to the Railways plan to
construct Pir Panjal tunnel.
This 6.5 km long tunnel is
located on the Konkan
Railway route near Ratnagiri
in Maharashtra. Situated
between Ukshi and Bhoke
station, Karbude tunnel is
Konkan railway line's longest
tunne

60. Tunnel Entrance in KonKan Railways

61. Photo of Tunnel Entrance Konkan Railways

62. The tunnel is 4000 meters long constructed for single line
board gauge railway, at Berdewadi in Ratanagiri (South)
section. The cross sectional area is 34 sq.m. in linear reach.

63. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel 1
• Coordinates: 33°30′45″N 75°11′50″E
• Pir panjal railway tunnel
• Overview Line Jammu Tawi-Udhampur- Srinagar-
• Baramulla Railway Link Location Jammu and
•
• Shahabad Operation Opened June 2013 Owner Indian
• RailwaysOperatorIndian
• Railways Traffic TrainTechnical Line length11.21 km
• (6.97 mi)No. of trackssingle track Track
• gauge1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) (Broad gauge) Operating
• speedup to 75 km/h (47 mph)

64. 2
The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013
and commercial runs started from 27 June 2013.
The rail tunnel reduces the
distanbetween Quazigund and Banihal by 17 km
(from 35 km by road to 17.5 km by train).
Banihal railway station is situated at 1,702 m
(5,584 ft) above mean sea level.
.

65. 3
The railway network in Kashmir from Banihal
to Baramulla is now 137 km.
Until the 148 km Katra-Banihal section of
Jammu–Baramulla line gets constructed in
another five years in 2018, people can travel
from Jammu Tawi or Udhampur to Banihal by
road and take the train from Banihal to
Srinagar through the Banihal railway tunnel

66. 4
Jammu–Baramulla lineThe Pir Panjal
Railway Tunnel or Banihal railway tunnel is
an 11.215 km (7 mile) railway tunnel located
in Pir Panjal Range of
middle Himalayas in Jammu and
Kashmir, India, north of Banihal town.
The north portal of the railway tunnel is
at 33.5617942°N 75.1988626°E and its south
portal is at 33.463203°N 75.193992°E.

67. 5
The average elevation of the 11.215 km long
railway tunnel is 1,760 m (5,770 ft) or about
440 m (1,440 ft) below the existing road tunnel,
the Jawahar Tunnel, which is at elevation of
about 2,194 m (7,198 ft).
The tunnel is 8.40 m wide with a height of
7.39 m.
There is a three metre wide road along the
length of the tunnel for the maintenance of
railway tracks and emergency relief. It is
India's longest railway tunnel
It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30
seconds for the train to cross the tunnel.[2][3]

68. Construction of Tunnels

69. How to Build a Tunnel . 1.
• Factors to Consider in Building a Tunnel
• Consider where the tunnel will be built.
• Soft-ground tunnels. These tunnels require support at
the openings to keep the tunnel from collapsing. These
tunnels are usually shallow and used for subways, water
delivery, and wastewater removal systems.
• Rock tunnels. Because they are excavated from solid
rock, these tunnels require little added support or none
at all. Train and car tunnels are usually of this variety.
• Underwater tunnels. As the name indicates, these
tunnels go under rivers, lakes, canals, and in the case of
the “Channel,” straits such as the English Channel
• Building a tunnel under a city offers problems similar to
an underwater tunnel, in that the ground around the
tunnel tends to sag under the weight of the buildings
above it

70. How to Build a Tunnel
2.
• Consider the tunnel’s path. 3
• Consider the tunnel’s purpose.
• Part2
• Using the Cut-and-Cover Method
• 1
• Dig a trench
• Create the tunnel walls and roof. The tunnel walls and
roof can be built as the tunnel is being dug or may be
pre-constructed and put into place as the tunnel is being
dug. Materials today include the following:Corrugated
steel arches.
• Precast concrete arches.
• Precast concrete walls.
• Poured or sprayed concrete.

71. Types of Tunnels & Construction
Methods
• Mountain Tunnel -- Drilling and blasting (D&B) method
• Tunnel boring method TBMs are used to excavate
tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety
of subterranean matter; hard rock, sand or almost
anything in between.
• Shallow-buried Tunnel or Soft Soil Tunnel
• Cut-and-cover method
• Shield method The Shield method uses one or two
shields (large metal cylinder) to cut out a tunnel
through the soft ground.
• . Immersed tube tunnel, sunk into a body of water and
laid on or buried just under its bed.

72. • HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING 1
• 1. . BY METHOD OF DIRECTIONAL DRILLING, GRADES,
SEDIMENT, STREAMS, FREEWAYS AND NICELY LANDSCAPED
YARDS STAY OUT OF THE FRAY.
• 2. Horizontal directional drilling (HDD), also known as
underground boring, installs and replaces
underground utilities by steering a rod in the
ground, around obstructions then pulling the utilities
through the bore hole to the connection point.
.
•

73. 3. Rock tunnelling is a specialty that is incorporated
across all of our market sectors, including
transportation, roads and highways, rail and transit
systems, underground stations, water and waste
water conveyance, power and energy, and
underground storage facilities, including petroleum
and nuclear waste repositories.
.4. Drill and Blast
Drill and blast is an excavation method used
frequently in hard rock tunnelling because its
flexibility allows for different layout setups.
HORIZONTAL DIRECTIONAL DRILLING2

74. Other construction metyhods1. Drilling and blasting
Hydraulic splitter
Slurry-shield machine
2. Wall-cover construction method.
3. Double-deck and multipurpose tunnels
The upper level traffic lanes the San Francisco–Oakland
Bay Bridge through Yerba Buena Island, part of the San
Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
Some tunnels are double-deck, for example the two major
segments of 36) are linked by a 540-foot (160 m) double-
deck tunnel section through Yerba Buena Island, the
largest-diameter bored tunnel in the world.
now converted to one-way road

75. Sprayed concrete
techniques
The New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) was developed in
Introduced in 1960s and is the best known of a number of
engineering practices that use calculated and empirical
measurements to provide safe support to the tunnel lining.
The main idea of this method is to use the geological stress of the
surrounding rock mass to stabilize the tunnel, by allowing a
measured relaxation and stress reassignment into the surrounding
rock to prevent full loads becoming imposed on the supports.
Based on geotechnical measurements, an optimal cross section is
computed.
The excavation is protected by a layer of sprayed concrete,
commonly referred to as shotcrete.

76. INDIA GETS ITS LONGEST
TUNNEL (11.55 KM)
• Work has been recently commenced on Indian Railway’s
longest tunnel – the Jiribam-Tupul-Imphal new broad gauge
railway line in Manipur.
• The 111-km-long new broad gauge railway line from Jiribam
to Imphal comprises 37 tunnels, of which Tunnel No. 12 will
be the longest in the Indian Railway at 11.55 km.
• The Allain barrage, at an elevation of 2,750 m, diverts a
nominal discharge of 19 m3/s through a desilting basin before
entering a headrace tunnel.
• An intermediate storage basin, used during low flow periods,
regulates the headwater level before transiting flow through a
2.94 km-long headrace tunnel.
• The intermediate basin has live storage capacity of 220,000
m3 and provides peaking generation for a minimum of four
hours per day during lean flow months.

77. India’s longest tunnel is the 11.2 kilometre link from Banihal to Quazikund
linking the Jammu region to the Kashmir valley.(Waseem Andrabi/HT
Photo)
Work on the 125-km Rishikesh-Karnprayag rail link, which will have India’s
longest tunnel of 15.1 km, is set to begin in four-five months.
The cost of the railway project will be Rs 16,200 crore, up from around Rs
4,000 crore estimated when it was mooted six years agoofficials said.

78. PirPanjal Tunnel of Himalyas

79. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel -
Jammu and Kashmir
Construction in stages shown by
Videos

80. Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel - Jammu and Kashmir
Construction in stages shown by Videos
There is a three metre wide
road along the length of the
tunnel for the maintenance
of railway tracks and
emergency relief.
It takes approximately 9
minutes and 30 seconds for
the train to cross the tunnel.

81. Video
Drilling ,Charging and Blasting

82. Drilling
Drilling ,Charging and Blasting

83. Drilling ,ChargingBlasting and
Loading

84. Drill & Blastand
Loading

85. The Prime Minister, the Governor and the Chief Minister then
posed for a photograph with the engineers who were involved
in construction of the tunnel.

86. Berdewadi Tunnel
4.0 Km long Berdewadi railway Tunnel is located between
Adavali to Vilawade train route in the Maharashtra state of
India. Berdewadi Tunnel is also the part of Konkan Railway

87. Labour and Engineers working in Tunnelling

88. CUt-and-cover
Cut-and-cover construction of
the Paris Métro in France

90. Enlargement
• A utility tunnel in Prague

91. Approaching ends of tunnels are chain locked
to prevent land sliding and shooting stones

92. Boring machines
. As of August 2013, the world's largest TBM is "Big
Bertha", a 57.5-foot (17.5 m) diameter machine built
by Hitachi Zosen Corporation, which is digging
the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel in Seattle,
Washington (US).
Clay-kicking[
Clay-kicking is a specialised method developed in
the United Kingdom of digging tunnels in strong clay-
based soil structures.
Turning the tool manually, the kicker extracts a section
of soil, which is then placed on the waste extract.

93. Using a Tunnel Boring Machine
• Using a Tunnel Boring Machine
Choose the right tunneling machine for the
job. Tunnel boring machines, called TBMs for short or
“moles,” feature circular plates on the front called
shields.
• Disc-shaped cutters on the shield tear through rock and
dirt, which passes through openings in the shield onto a
conveyor belt inside the TBM that deposit it behind the
machine.The types of TBM shields vary according to
whether the mole is to dig into soft, wet ground or hard
rock.
• Shield diameters range from Aker Wirth’s 26.3-foot (8.03
m) shield on its TBM used for Switzerland’s Linth-
Limmern power stations to Hitachi Zosen’s “Big Bertha,”
with its diameter of 57.5 feet (17.5 m).[7]

94. Drilling Of Tunnels

95. Drilling in Progress

96. Boring Machine
Tunnel boring machines (TBMs) and associated back-up
systems are used to highly automate the entire tunnelling
process, reducing tunnelling costs.

97. Boring machines

98. Video
Boring Machine
Cut waste turn profile

100. Drilling Operations

101. Excavator Mounted Drilling Rigs

102. The Weehawken, New Jersey helix and entrance to
the Lincoln Tunnel leading to New York City in 1955, with
the south tube under construction

103. Tunnelling in Construction

104. Drilling in Progress

105. Big Machines

106. Tunnel on the Taipei
Metro in Taiwan

107. Tunneling work for the Allain
Duhangan project was completed
successfully after encountering several challenges,
including unexpected rock conditions during excavation
of the Allain headrace tunnel.

109. Conclusion
• A decision must be made as to what type of tunnel one is dealing
with before you can begin the work
• Safety factors including lightening and ventilation of tunnels are
important factors.
• Method of constuction and machineries required have to be
decided and procured.
.
• Good communication between the installer and the executing
authority will help with an understanding of the requirements of
the National Code and of other documents.
• Tunnels can provide years of enjoyment and safety for
individuals and community.
• Together we can make sure tunnels will be functioning correctly
for years to come
• Longest tunnel under construction in the world is about 15 KM
long is on Rishikesh to Karanprayag Railway line under
construction in India
• . They help shortening of time to travel saving effort in travelling
as well as fuel.

110. The End
• I am thankful to Sri M.L.Swami for chairing the
session so gracefully and Khatrijifor wonderful
mike arrangements and you audience for
patiently listening to my talk and all other staff of
ICC Cupertino in making the presentation a
success.
• Over to the chair person for question answer
session/
• The end/Time permitting I shall present Video
of P.M. Modi’s Speech inaugurating J& K
Railway Tunnel

111. Speech Of P.M. Modi at Udhampur

113. Modi Inaugurates Longest Tunnel in J&K

114. Failure of Tunnels

115. session on Risk management, in
the World Tunnel Congress 2016 in
San Francisco.• some incidents in operating tunnels, which result from faults in
design, specification, and construction, incubating since the
beginning of the tunnels operation, and occurring unexpectedly at
some point throughout the life time of the structure
• For instance the collapses in the Boston I-90 or the Tokyo Sasago
tunnel
• . These are likely to have been avoided, were the tunnels’ inspection
and maintenance plans are more educated and vigorous.
• The experiences (and the mistakes) of others are significant lessons
for ourselves – and vice versa
• . Statistics of failures are very useful to understand where our
industry suffers. And then it is a duty of our industry to honestly and
openly share information from failures, in order to increase
awareness and knowledge with our fellow professionals and to
minimise risk for our society.

116. Collapsed Tunnel in Central Japan
• Fully Reopens
February 13, 2013General, Geotechnical informationtunnel
collapse, tunnel failureElina Apostolou
An expressway tunnel in central Japan whose
ceiling collapsed in December, killing nine, became fully
operational Friday after a 68-day hiatus, its operator Central
Nippon Expressway Co. said.
• The nearly 5-kilometer-long Sasago Tunnel in Yamanashi
Prefecture became fully usable again ahead of the previously
targeted reopening date later this month as restoration work
was hastened ahead of the upcoming long weekend when
traffic is expected to increase.
• Tunnel collapse can happen for a number of reasons such
as: inadequate ground investigation, shallow ground
conditions, inadequate support measures, cost optimization,
inexperienced contractors, inadequate supervision, delays of
excavation and support erection.

117. Underwater Tunnel –
- Immersed-tube method
Shield method .
Why Tunnel Structures
Deteriorate
Typical Defects in the Impermeability of the Tunnel Lining Moisture, water and
chemical damage to concrete z Even concrete of high quality is a porous
material –
Excess water evaporation during hardening will leave millions of pores and
capillaries in concrete –
The zones between cement and aggregates are prone to cracking during
hardening due to drying shrinkage, temperature stress and outside forces z
Porosity of concrete -- Allows moisture, water and chemicals to move freely
throughout the concrete -- Increases absorption of deleterious chemicals -
Cracks may develop as tunnel structures are constantly moving
and developing strains due to earth loads, stress redistribution
and tectonic seismic influences. –’
Moisture, water and chemical intrusion -- Results in corrosion of
the concrete due to chemicals dissolved in water -- Results in
concrete neutralization (carbonizationOver time, any untreated
concrete structure will slowly succumb to damage due to the
presence of water and chemic) -- Results in alkali-aggregate
reaction -- Freeze/thaw cycles can lead to concrete cracking and
dam
Moisture, water and chemical damage to reinforcing steel

118. Tunnel failures and collapses: learning from mistakes.
Published on May 15, 2016

119. Traffic through a collapsed tunnel which
reopens
Collapsed Tunnel in Central Japan Fully Reopens

121. Metro Underground trains and
Stations

122. New Delhi Metro Map

123. Under ground Metro Station

125. The Picc Vic Project

126. Delhi Metro Station

127. Photo courtesy Kmf164/ Creation
Commons Attribution Share-alike License

129. KonKan Railways ---Mudgao Rly . Station

131. Tunnel Test
• Tunnels throughout Europe are tested each year within
the scope of the ADAC Tunnel Test
• Assessment Criteria
• The check list is is split up into 6 categories possessing
varying degrees of significance:
• 1. Tunnel system (14 %)
• 2. Lighting and energy supply (7 %)
• 3. Traffic and traffic monitoring (17 %)
• 4. Communication such as radio, loudspeakers and
emergency call facilities
• 5. Escape and rescue paths (14 %)
• 6. Fire protection (18 %)