This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Basic Civil Engineering course. The key topics covered include building materials, building components, planning aspects and regulations, water and sanitary systems, and surveying and transportation. Unit III focuses on planning aspects and regulations, including building types and design criteria, as well as space standards for different building categories. It also discusses building by-laws applicable for approval by local governing bodies and development control rules for the Chennai Metropolitan Area. Basic guidelines for earthquake resistant structures are also part of the syllabus.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: (1) building materials, (2) building components, (3) planning aspects and regulations, (4) water supply and sanitary systems, and (5) surveying and transportation. Unit 2 discusses different types of building foundations, floors, roofs, and other building components. Shallow foundations include strip footings, isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads to deeper subsurface layers, and well foundations.
This document provides information on Aeon's Construction Products Limited, an Indian company established in 1985 that manufactures a range of construction products including segmental pavers, engineered concrete masonry units, reflective pavers, directional kerbs, and retaining wall blocks. It details Aeon's manufacturing facilities, product offerings, features and advantages of their products, applications, design concepts, and more.
The document discusses advances in building construction techniques that enabled the development of skyscrapers in the late 19th century, including the ability to mass produce steel and concrete, use of elevators, and improved structural analysis. It then describes common construction equipment and methods used for high-rise buildings like tower cranes and precast construction. The document also mentions sustainable "smart buildings" and the strengths of the building technology department in integrating design and technology.
The document discusses high-rise buildings, defining them as buildings 35 meters or taller divided into occupiable levels. It discusses design considerations for high-rises that focus on strength, rigidity, and stability as height increases. Material requirements and weights per floor area have decreased over time due to innovations. Successful high-rise characteristics include being inviting, energy efficient, and economically viable. The document lists the top 10 tallest buildings globally and completed/planned high-rises in Pakistan.
1) The document is a collection of notes on building construction written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student, to share knowledge with other students and engineers.
2) It covers topics like the key components of confined masonry buildings, the history and construction of the Taj Mahal, selection of stones for building construction, and how to build a stone wall.
3) The notes provide information on structural elements like masonry walls, confining elements, floors and roofs, foundations, as well as construction materials, processes, and techniques used to build important structures.
An overview of emerging trends in construction technologiessabnisajit
Awareness in respect of Emerging Trends in Construction technology play a vital role in mitigating impacts of built environment on natural environment. Use of alternative materials and technologies impel towards sustainable development. This is an effort to bridge the gap between Industry and academia.
Introduction of Prefabricated structuresYogi Yogesh
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. It aims to reduce costs, improve quality, and speed up construction. Advantages include reduced work time, fewer workers needed, and omitting interruptions. Limitations include size restrictions and transport difficulties. Modular coordination standardizes dimensions. Precast construction allows for industrial quality control while limiting on-site space needs and waste.
The document discusses various modern construction technologies including concrete walls and floors, precast cladding panels, 3D volumetric modules, twin wall technology, flat slabs, thin joint masonry, insulating concrete formwork, and precast concrete foundations. These technologies aim to reduce costs and construction time while improving quality, through the use of prefabricated concrete elements constructed in a controlled factory environment and assembled on site.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for the Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: (1) building materials, (2) building components, (3) planning aspects and regulations, (4) water supply and sanitary systems, and (5) surveying and transportation. Unit 2 discusses different types of building foundations, floors, roofs, and other building components. Shallow foundations include strip footings, isolated footings, combined footings, strap footings, and raft foundations. Deep foundations include pile foundations, which transfer loads to deeper subsurface layers, and well foundations.
This document provides information on Aeon's Construction Products Limited, an Indian company established in 1985 that manufactures a range of construction products including segmental pavers, engineered concrete masonry units, reflective pavers, directional kerbs, and retaining wall blocks. It details Aeon's manufacturing facilities, product offerings, features and advantages of their products, applications, design concepts, and more.
The document discusses advances in building construction techniques that enabled the development of skyscrapers in the late 19th century, including the ability to mass produce steel and concrete, use of elevators, and improved structural analysis. It then describes common construction equipment and methods used for high-rise buildings like tower cranes and precast construction. The document also mentions sustainable "smart buildings" and the strengths of the building technology department in integrating design and technology.
The document discusses high-rise buildings, defining them as buildings 35 meters or taller divided into occupiable levels. It discusses design considerations for high-rises that focus on strength, rigidity, and stability as height increases. Material requirements and weights per floor area have decreased over time due to innovations. Successful high-rise characteristics include being inviting, energy efficient, and economically viable. The document lists the top 10 tallest buildings globally and completed/planned high-rises in Pakistan.
1) The document is a collection of notes on building construction written by Saqib Imran, a civil engineering student, to share knowledge with other students and engineers.
2) It covers topics like the key components of confined masonry buildings, the history and construction of the Taj Mahal, selection of stones for building construction, and how to build a stone wall.
3) The notes provide information on structural elements like masonry walls, confining elements, floors and roofs, foundations, as well as construction materials, processes, and techniques used to build important structures.
An overview of emerging trends in construction technologiessabnisajit
Awareness in respect of Emerging Trends in Construction technology play a vital role in mitigating impacts of built environment on natural environment. Use of alternative materials and technologies impel towards sustainable development. This is an effort to bridge the gap between Industry and academia.
Introduction of Prefabricated structuresYogi Yogesh
Prefabrication involves assembling building components in a factory and transporting them to the construction site. It aims to reduce costs, improve quality, and speed up construction. Advantages include reduced work time, fewer workers needed, and omitting interruptions. Limitations include size restrictions and transport difficulties. Modular coordination standardizes dimensions. Precast construction allows for industrial quality control while limiting on-site space needs and waste.
The document discusses various modern construction technologies including concrete walls and floors, precast cladding panels, 3D volumetric modules, twin wall technology, flat slabs, thin joint masonry, insulating concrete formwork, and precast concrete foundations. These technologies aim to reduce costs and construction time while improving quality, through the use of prefabricated concrete elements constructed in a controlled factory environment and assembled on site.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: building materials, building components, planning aspects and regulations, water supply and sanitary systems, and surveying and transportation. For the unit on surveying and transportation, the document defines surveying and its objectives and principles, and classifies surveying based on nature, objective, and instruments used. It also defines various modes of transportation like roadways, railways, and waterways, describing their typical cross-sections, components, and classifications.
This document discusses pre-engineered buildings and their applications. It defines pre-engineered buildings as those designed to be fabricated using standardized materials and construction methods. It describes different types of pre-fabricated construction techniques including pre-cast concrete, pre-engineered metal buildings, and monolithic concrete construction methods. The advantages of pre-engineered buildings are summarized as reduced construction time, lower costs, quality assurance, and seismic resistance. Applications described include industrial, commercial, and institutional building types. Both metallic and non-metallic building systems can be considered pre-engineered, provided they use prefabricated components.
This document discusses best practices for designing steel structures for industrial buildings. It presents various structural forms including rigid frames, portal frames, lattice structures, and suspended structures. These forms provide large open spaces efficiently while allowing for flexibility. Key design factors discussed include loading, fire safety, building physics (thermal insulation), and concept design considerations. National practices for industrial steel building design are also reviewed.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers five units: Building Materials, Building Components, Planning Aspects and Regulations, Water Supply and Sanitary Systems, and Surveying and Transportation. Unit I provides details on various building materials like bricks, stones, timber, cement, steel, and concrete. It describes the composition, classification, properties, manufacturing process, and uses of bricks and the classification, properties, and testing of stones.
Construction Technology III (Group Assignment) - Semester 3Yee Len Wan
The document discusses various formwork systems used in construction projects. It provides details on steel formwork systems including their manufacturing and assembly process. Some advantages of steel formwork are that they are reusable, durable and provide uniform size and surface. Rail climbing systems and panelized slab formwork were used in the Setia City Residences and Equatorial Plaza Hotel projects respectively to enable fast and efficient construction. Tunnel forms were used to construct the high rise Paramount at Buckhead project. In conclusion, the suitability of formwork systems depends on the project scope and requirements.
Construction Technology I Presentation SlidesJiaYu36
This document discusses factors that may influence the cost of constructing a 3-storey shop-house with a 2-storey basement located in town. Five key cost factors are identified: 1) the cost of the design, 2) site investigation and clearance, 3) construction tools, 4) choice of materials, and 5) temporary work. Each factor is then described in 1-2 sentences with regards to how it impacts construction costs.
Aluminium Formwork Vs Conventional Formworkchaitanyakrsk
This technical paper covers the information about formwork introduction, types of formworks and mainly about the comparing aluminium formwork with conventional formwork. Data compiled from various prominent resources and from the experience gained over the years.
Mivan is an aluminum formwork system originally developed in Europe and manufactured in Malaysia since 1990. It is used globally for constructing large numbers of structures rapidly. The system uses lightweight, reusable aluminum panels to cast concrete walls and slabs together in a single pour. This creates a monolithic structure with smooth finishes, high strength, and speed of construction. The document discusses the history and components of the Mivan system, provides examples of its use, and outlines its advantages over conventional construction methods like reduced time, costs, and labor needs. It also notes some limitations and concludes the technology has great potential for affordable housing development in India.
The document provides details on the proposed use of an industrialized building system (IBS) for an apartment building project. It discusses the steel framing system that will be implemented, including the use of H-shaped steel columns, I-beams, and a composite floor slab reinforced with profiled steel decking. Case studies of other projects using similar IBS approaches are presented, along with architectural drawings of the project plans, elevations, and construction drawings. Components of the proposed IBS system like foundations, beams, and connections are described.
Foundations are an essential part of building construction that distribute the weight of the structure to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations, which transfer loads directly to soil near the surface, and deep foundations, which transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Shallow foundations include spread footings, mat slabs, raft slabs, and grillages. Deep foundations include driven piles, drilled shafts, and caissons. The type of foundation used depends on factors like the building design, soil conditions, and cost. Foundation construction involves site preparation, layout, excavation, forming, reinforcement, and concrete placement.
This document discusses pre-engineered buildings (PEBs). It describes PEBs as metal buildings constructed from light gauge steel panels and frames. PEBs offer advantages like fast construction, functional versatility through modularity, and architectural flexibility. Key components of PEBs are identified, including rigid frames, roof and wall panels, purlins, and bracing. The document provides examples of PEB applications and concludes by comparing advantages of PEBs to conventional buildings like reduced costs, time, and weight.
Pre-engineered buildings (PEB) are modular steel buildings where components are factory produced according to structural and aesthetic requirements and assembled on site. PEBs are lighter than conventional steel buildings, use optimized steel designs, and can be erected more quickly. The main components of PEBs include anchor bolts, primary structural members like columns and rafters, secondary members like purlins and girts, cladding materials, and accessories like skylights. PEBs offer advantages like architectural versatility, light weight, fast construction, ease of future expansion, and good seismic resistance.
This document discusses materials and methods used in stone and ceramic tile construction. It describes the different types of rocks used as building stones, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses the classification, selection, and laying of different stone types. For ceramic tiles, it outlines the production process and different types including glazed, unglazed, porcelain, and terracotta tiles. It provides details on stone masonry techniques like ashlar, rubble, and properties to consider for stone selection.
This document provides an overview of steel structures design and construction. It discusses materials and specifications, structural design considerations, common member types, connections, fabrication, erection, and detailing. The key points covered include load calculations, stress analysis, failure modes of tension, compression, and flexural members, and welding and bolted joint design. Methods for plate girder design and construction are also summarized.
Mivan shuttering is an aluminum formwork system originally developed in Europe that allows for fast and economical construction of buildings through cast-in-place concrete. It involves erecting large room-sized aluminum forms for walls and slabs that are poured with concrete in a single continuous pour. This results in monolithic structures that require no plastering and can be constructed at a rate of one floor per week. While it has been widely used internationally and offers benefits like reduced costs and timelines, Mivan technology has not been extensively utilized in India but has potential to help achieve goals around affordable housing construction.
New materials and technologies used in some buildings in MumbaiDr K M SONI
This document discusses new materials and technologies used in recent CPWD building projects in Mumbai, including the Central Bureau of Investigation building and a pre-fab building constructed by NBCC for Films Division.
It provides details on the key features of the CBI building such as its RCC framed structure up to 13 floors, central air conditioning, basement parking, fire safety systems, renewable energy systems, and green building rating.
It also explains the process of constructing post-tensioned concrete slabs, including design, concreting, stressing, and grouting steps to be followed. Limitations of disturbing post-tensioned slabs are mentioned. Other materials discussed include dry stone cladding, AAC blocks, Cor
Industrial training report of construction of the residential buildingsuraj jha
This document summarizes a presentation on a residential building construction project. It provides an overview of the project, including the location, number of floors, timeline, and project manager. It also describes the company undertaking the project, M k mehta enterprise, and its past projects. Additionally, it outlines the various steps of construction including site clearance, surveying, excavation, foundation, concreting, beams and columns. Key materials and equipment used are also summarized such as cement, aggregates, bricks, water, admixtures, and concrete pumping equipment. Building bylaws regarding plinth area regulations are also briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes the structural design and materials used in the Heydar Aliyev Culture Center in Baku, Azerbaijan. It describes how the main building uses reinforced concrete and a composite steel frame. The roof structure is a unique space frame design made of steel. High-performance materials like glass and stone were used for the curtain walls, interior and exterior solid skin panels to meet architectural and technical requirements.
This document provides an overview of the Construction Engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Kanya Lal Khatri. It outlines 28 topics that will be covered in the course, including building requirements, types of structures and foundations, masonry, doors and windows, and maintenance of buildings. It also discusses the importance of construction in society by providing shelter, opportunities, and infrastructure like highways, bridges, and dams. Finally, it highlights some key engineering projects from a construction point of view, such as buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, and dams.
This document provides an overview of the syllabus for a Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers 5 units: building materials, building components, planning aspects and regulations, water supply and sanitary systems, and surveying and transportation. For the unit on surveying and transportation, the document defines surveying and its objectives and principles, and classifies surveying based on nature, objective, and instruments used. It also defines various modes of transportation like roadways, railways, and waterways, describing their typical cross-sections, components, and classifications.
This document discusses pre-engineered buildings and their applications. It defines pre-engineered buildings as those designed to be fabricated using standardized materials and construction methods. It describes different types of pre-fabricated construction techniques including pre-cast concrete, pre-engineered metal buildings, and monolithic concrete construction methods. The advantages of pre-engineered buildings are summarized as reduced construction time, lower costs, quality assurance, and seismic resistance. Applications described include industrial, commercial, and institutional building types. Both metallic and non-metallic building systems can be considered pre-engineered, provided they use prefabricated components.
This document discusses best practices for designing steel structures for industrial buildings. It presents various structural forms including rigid frames, portal frames, lattice structures, and suspended structures. These forms provide large open spaces efficiently while allowing for flexibility. Key design factors discussed include loading, fire safety, building physics (thermal insulation), and concept design considerations. National practices for industrial steel building design are also reviewed.
This document outlines the syllabus for a Basic Civil Engineering course. The syllabus covers five units: Building Materials, Building Components, Planning Aspects and Regulations, Water Supply and Sanitary Systems, and Surveying and Transportation. Unit I provides details on various building materials like bricks, stones, timber, cement, steel, and concrete. It describes the composition, classification, properties, manufacturing process, and uses of bricks and the classification, properties, and testing of stones.
Construction Technology III (Group Assignment) - Semester 3Yee Len Wan
The document discusses various formwork systems used in construction projects. It provides details on steel formwork systems including their manufacturing and assembly process. Some advantages of steel formwork are that they are reusable, durable and provide uniform size and surface. Rail climbing systems and panelized slab formwork were used in the Setia City Residences and Equatorial Plaza Hotel projects respectively to enable fast and efficient construction. Tunnel forms were used to construct the high rise Paramount at Buckhead project. In conclusion, the suitability of formwork systems depends on the project scope and requirements.
Construction Technology I Presentation SlidesJiaYu36
This document discusses factors that may influence the cost of constructing a 3-storey shop-house with a 2-storey basement located in town. Five key cost factors are identified: 1) the cost of the design, 2) site investigation and clearance, 3) construction tools, 4) choice of materials, and 5) temporary work. Each factor is then described in 1-2 sentences with regards to how it impacts construction costs.
Aluminium Formwork Vs Conventional Formworkchaitanyakrsk
This technical paper covers the information about formwork introduction, types of formworks and mainly about the comparing aluminium formwork with conventional formwork. Data compiled from various prominent resources and from the experience gained over the years.
Mivan is an aluminum formwork system originally developed in Europe and manufactured in Malaysia since 1990. It is used globally for constructing large numbers of structures rapidly. The system uses lightweight, reusable aluminum panels to cast concrete walls and slabs together in a single pour. This creates a monolithic structure with smooth finishes, high strength, and speed of construction. The document discusses the history and components of the Mivan system, provides examples of its use, and outlines its advantages over conventional construction methods like reduced time, costs, and labor needs. It also notes some limitations and concludes the technology has great potential for affordable housing development in India.
The document provides details on the proposed use of an industrialized building system (IBS) for an apartment building project. It discusses the steel framing system that will be implemented, including the use of H-shaped steel columns, I-beams, and a composite floor slab reinforced with profiled steel decking. Case studies of other projects using similar IBS approaches are presented, along with architectural drawings of the project plans, elevations, and construction drawings. Components of the proposed IBS system like foundations, beams, and connections are described.
Foundations are an essential part of building construction that distribute the weight of the structure to the ground. There are two main types of foundations - shallow foundations, which transfer loads directly to soil near the surface, and deep foundations, which transfer loads to deeper, stronger soil layers. Shallow foundations include spread footings, mat slabs, raft slabs, and grillages. Deep foundations include driven piles, drilled shafts, and caissons. The type of foundation used depends on factors like the building design, soil conditions, and cost. Foundation construction involves site preparation, layout, excavation, forming, reinforcement, and concrete placement.
This document discusses pre-engineered buildings (PEBs). It describes PEBs as metal buildings constructed from light gauge steel panels and frames. PEBs offer advantages like fast construction, functional versatility through modularity, and architectural flexibility. Key components of PEBs are identified, including rigid frames, roof and wall panels, purlins, and bracing. The document provides examples of PEB applications and concludes by comparing advantages of PEBs to conventional buildings like reduced costs, time, and weight.
Pre-engineered buildings (PEB) are modular steel buildings where components are factory produced according to structural and aesthetic requirements and assembled on site. PEBs are lighter than conventional steel buildings, use optimized steel designs, and can be erected more quickly. The main components of PEBs include anchor bolts, primary structural members like columns and rafters, secondary members like purlins and girts, cladding materials, and accessories like skylights. PEBs offer advantages like architectural versatility, light weight, fast construction, ease of future expansion, and good seismic resistance.
This document discusses materials and methods used in stone and ceramic tile construction. It describes the different types of rocks used as building stones, including igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. It also discusses the classification, selection, and laying of different stone types. For ceramic tiles, it outlines the production process and different types including glazed, unglazed, porcelain, and terracotta tiles. It provides details on stone masonry techniques like ashlar, rubble, and properties to consider for stone selection.
This document provides an overview of steel structures design and construction. It discusses materials and specifications, structural design considerations, common member types, connections, fabrication, erection, and detailing. The key points covered include load calculations, stress analysis, failure modes of tension, compression, and flexural members, and welding and bolted joint design. Methods for plate girder design and construction are also summarized.
Mivan shuttering is an aluminum formwork system originally developed in Europe that allows for fast and economical construction of buildings through cast-in-place concrete. It involves erecting large room-sized aluminum forms for walls and slabs that are poured with concrete in a single continuous pour. This results in monolithic structures that require no plastering and can be constructed at a rate of one floor per week. While it has been widely used internationally and offers benefits like reduced costs and timelines, Mivan technology has not been extensively utilized in India but has potential to help achieve goals around affordable housing construction.
New materials and technologies used in some buildings in MumbaiDr K M SONI
This document discusses new materials and technologies used in recent CPWD building projects in Mumbai, including the Central Bureau of Investigation building and a pre-fab building constructed by NBCC for Films Division.
It provides details on the key features of the CBI building such as its RCC framed structure up to 13 floors, central air conditioning, basement parking, fire safety systems, renewable energy systems, and green building rating.
It also explains the process of constructing post-tensioned concrete slabs, including design, concreting, stressing, and grouting steps to be followed. Limitations of disturbing post-tensioned slabs are mentioned. Other materials discussed include dry stone cladding, AAC blocks, Cor
Industrial training report of construction of the residential buildingsuraj jha
This document summarizes a presentation on a residential building construction project. It provides an overview of the project, including the location, number of floors, timeline, and project manager. It also describes the company undertaking the project, M k mehta enterprise, and its past projects. Additionally, it outlines the various steps of construction including site clearance, surveying, excavation, foundation, concreting, beams and columns. Key materials and equipment used are also summarized such as cement, aggregates, bricks, water, admixtures, and concrete pumping equipment. Building bylaws regarding plinth area regulations are also briefly mentioned.
This document summarizes the structural design and materials used in the Heydar Aliyev Culture Center in Baku, Azerbaijan. It describes how the main building uses reinforced concrete and a composite steel frame. The roof structure is a unique space frame design made of steel. High-performance materials like glass and stone were used for the curtain walls, interior and exterior solid skin panels to meet architectural and technical requirements.
This document provides an overview of the Construction Engineering course taught by Prof. Dr. Kanya Lal Khatri. It outlines 28 topics that will be covered in the course, including building requirements, types of structures and foundations, masonry, doors and windows, and maintenance of buildings. It also discusses the importance of construction in society by providing shelter, opportunities, and infrastructure like highways, bridges, and dams. Finally, it highlights some key engineering projects from a construction point of view, such as buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, and dams.
This document provides information about building bye-laws in India. It defines building bye-laws as legal tools used to regulate building design and construction to achieve orderly development. It discusses the target of bye-laws as pre-planning building activity and providing safety. Aspects regulated include plot size, building height, margins, and more. Residential bye-laws cover topics like plot size types, built up area, front/rear/side margins, height, and basements. Provisions for high rises discuss parking, stairways, and more. Structural safety requirements include following codes and having designs checked. Illegal buildings are defined as those constructed without approval.
This document summarizes hot finished hollow sections for construction applications from ISMT Limited. It discusses India's growing infrastructure needs and some landmark projects using these types of tubes from around the world. The document defines ultra high strength seamless hot rolled hollow sections and outlines their applications in architecture, construction, vehicles, offshore installations and more. It highlights advantages like strength, flexibility in design, aesthetics and cost effectiveness. Product information is provided on structural grades, dimensional ranges and a cost comparison showing potential weight and cost savings versus other steel structures.
This document discusses building bye laws, which are guidelines that architects, engineers, and planners must follow regarding building design, construction standards, and orderly city planning. It outlines various regulations covering construction work, zoning, building dimensions, floor area ratios, ground coverage, height limits, parking requirements, and more. The bye laws are an important tool for controlling urban growth and development in a planned manner that considers infrastructure needs and environmental factors.
Building bye laws CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWINGjay231287
The document discusses building bye-laws, which are strict rules that must be followed to regulate building construction and town planning. It outlines several purposes of bye-laws such as providing suitable areas for activities, avoiding traffic problems, and ensuring access to services. The document also defines several key terms related to building construction measurements and zoning. It provides details on rules for building heights, floors, parking, and other structural aspects regulated by local bye-laws.
This document is an internship report submitted by Ritika Vyas for her B.Tech in Civil Engineering. It summarizes her 2 month internship from May 7th to July 7th, 2018 at a construction site for Arihant Anchal, a residential building project in Jodhpur, India consisting of 21 G+7 story buildings. The report includes an acknowledgements section, index, abstract, and sections describing the project details, building classification, construction process, materials used, tests conducted, equipment, transportation methods, and conclusions from the internship experience.
1) Tall buildings are defined differently depending on the context but generally refer to buildings where lateral loads from wind and sway must be considered in the structural design. 2) There are several reasons for building tall, including limited land availability in cities, prestige, and showing economic or political power. 3) Early tall buildings used masonry load-bearing walls but reinforced concrete and steel frames allowed for much greater heights. 4) Planning considerations for tall buildings include economics, soil conditions, structural systems, mechanical systems, and fire safety.
The document is an industrial training report submitted by Raz Mohammad to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Civil Engineering. It provides details of the internship, including acknowledging those who assisted and guided the training. The report will analyze and design a proposed circular building for LUVAS in Rohtak, Haryana in two parts: analysis and design. The analysis will examine slabs, beams, and columns, while the design will create slabs, beams, and columns. Standard building codes, loading conditions, materials, and the software STAAD Pro will be used.
This document provides a summary report of Kishore Anand's summer training internship from May 19th to June 28th, 2014 at the Larsen & Toubro Construction and Building site for the Bihar Museum project in Patna, Bihar. The report discusses L&T's construction practices, the project details including scope, structure and materials. It also describes the quality control and assurance processes including testing, audits and the project quality plan. Execution details are given for activities like pile foundations, grade slabs, and flat slabs. The report concludes Kishore's learning experience at the construction of this flagship project.
Principles of planning and bye laws pnsPratap Shinde
This document outlines principles of planning and building bye-laws including definitions of key terms. It discusses factors to consider for planning like aspect, prospect, privacy, and economy. It also outlines requirements for building permits including necessary plans, specifications, fees and approvals. Dimensional requirements are provided for minimum room sizes, lighting/ventilation, staircases, and other building elements. Key considerations include privacy, access, structure safety, and ensuring health standards.
IRJET- Comparative Study of an Industrial Pre – Engineered Building with Conv...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study and analysis of a pre-engineered steel building versus a conventional steel building for an industrial application. Some key points:
1. Pre-engineered buildings offer advantages such as lighter weight structures, faster construction times, standardized components, and reduced costs compared to conventional steel buildings.
2. An example industrial building of dimensions 44m x 20m was modeled and designed using Staad Pro software to analyze and compare the steel requirements between a pre-engineered steel truss roof vs a conventional steel truss roof.
3. The pre-engineered building design resulted in a 48.77% reduction in the amount of primary frame steel needed compared to the conventional design.
Muslim Hussaini Adam presents his semester project in civil engineering. He took courses in engineering surveying and mapping, foundation engineering, and AutoCAD design. For his project, he designed building foundations using AutoCAD. Foundation design involves creating construction plans to support a building structurally. His AutoCAD design included layout drawings for shallow foundations. He learned about different types of foundations and their engineering applications.
All business occupancy buildings fifteen meters or more in height in the Philippines shall be equipped with an approved, supervised sprinkler system designed to NFPA 13 standards, or an equivalent safety system. Additionally, all buildings must comply with applicable provisions of the Fire Code of the Philippines and its implementing rules and regulations.
This document provides an overview of materials and methods of construction. It introduces the course syllabus and objectives, which include discussing new building products and regulatory changes. The text is described as challenging, covering various construction topics across 330 pages. Laboratories involve experiments that must be completed in a single day. Key aspects of construction are then outlined, including why buildings are needed, stakeholders in the process, constraints on building system selection, and performance considerations during and after construction. Local construction materials in Newfoundland and Labrador are also reviewed.
Larsen & Toubro (L&T) is conducting a training visit at their Jipmer Phase II construction project site from June 1-29, 2012. L&T is India's largest construction company, known for buildings, factories, airports and other major infrastructure. The Jipmer Phase II project involves construction of new buildings and facilities at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) campus in Puducherry, India. The project covers over 50,000 square meters and has a contract value of 359 crores (3.59 billion rupees). The training covers important aspects of the project such as safety protocols, quality control procedures, formwork, finishing works
This document provides an overview of the construction industry. It discusses the key sectors of the industry, including residential, commercial/institutional buildings, heavy/infrastructure projects, and industrial construction. It notes that construction accounts for 6% of a country's GDP and employs millions of workers. The goals of construction project management are outlined as completing projects on schedule, within budget, and to a high quality standard.
CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL BUILDING CODE,
Introduction to various building codes in professional practice emphasizing the importance of codes and regulations to protect public health, safety and welfare and to ensure compliance with the local authority.
The document outlines building bye laws for Delhi that cover topics such as building permits, document formatting, mandatory specifications, parking requirements, lifts and escalators, rainwater management, solid waste management, setbacks, firefighting installations, pollution control, mixed land use, and guidelines for allowing certain activities in residential areas. It also notes that the bye laws were framed 24 years ago and are now outdated given changes in building technologies and population pressures.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
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This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
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1. Basic Civil Engineering
( Subject Code: 1150CE101 )
Lecture Slides
By
Department of Civil Engineering
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
1
2. Syllabus
UNIT I: Building Materials
Introduction – Civil Engineering – Materials – Bricks – Composition – Classifications – Properties – Uses – Stone – Classification of
Rocks – Quarrying – Dressing – Properties – Uses – Timber – Properties – Uses – Plywood –Cement – Grades – Types – Properties –
Uses – Steel – Types – Mild Steel – Medium Steel – Hard Steel –Properties – Uses – Market Forms – Concrete – Grade designation –
Properties – Uses – Advancements in Concrete – Pre-stressed Concrete – Pre fabricated concrete.
UNIT II: Building Components
Building – Selection of site – Classification – Components – Foundations – Functions – Classifications – Bearing Capacity – Flooring –
Requirements – Selection – Types – Cement concrete marble – Terrazzo floorings – Roof – Types and requirements.
UNIT III: Planning Aspects and Regulations
Building types and design criteria – Space standards for residential, commercial and institutional categories – Building by-laws
applicable for approval by the local governing body – Development control rules for Chennai Metropolitan Area. Basic guidelines for
earthquake resistant structures.
UNIT IV: Water Supply and Sanitary Systems
Water supply – Objectives – Quantity/Quality of water –Sources – Standards of drinking water – Distribution system –Sewage –
Classification – Technical terms – Septic tank – Components and functions – layout of external services –water supply – Sewage
disposal – water supply and plumbing layout for a residential building.
UNIT V: Surveying and Transportation
Surveying – Objectives – Classification – Principles of Survey – Transportation – Classification – Cross section and components of
road – Classification of roads – Railway – Cross section and components of permanent way – Functions – Water way – Docks and
Harbors – Classification - Components – Bridges – Components of bridges.
2
3. Unit III: Planning Aspects and Regulations
Building types and design criteria – Space standards for residential, commercial
and institutional categories – Building by-laws applicable for approval by the local
governing body – Development control rules for Chennai Metropolitan Area. Basic
guidelines for earthquake resistant structures.
3
4. Building Types
Based on the material of the
construction, types of the
building are:
(i) Reinforced Cement
Concrete structure
(ii) Steel Structure
(iii) Composite Structure
4
5. Building Types
RCC Structure:
• Made up of Reinforced Cement Concrete
structure. And at some places PCC (Plain
Cement Concrete) also used to build up
the components
• RCC is being the most preferred type for
the construction of residential,
commercial and industrial buildings.
• IS 456: 2000 is referred for the design of
RCC structure.
5
6. Building Types
Steel Structure:
• Made up of steel sections.
Preferably with I, T and
Channel sections.
• Joints would be made with
Bolt & Nut connections (or)
with welded connections.
• IS 800 – 2007 is referred for
the design of steel structures.
6
7. Building Types
Composite Structure:
• Made up of both RCC components
along with steel sections.
• Preferably chosen for high rise
buildings for lateral stability.
• IS 11384 – 1985 is referred for the
design of composite structures.
7
8. Design Criteria
Design Criteria:
Design criteria of a building is
meant by the structural requirements of
various building components (Columns,
Beams, Slabs, etc.) regarding various
parameters such as loading, load
transfer, failure and durability.
Design criteria are usually provided
by IS Codes for various structural
related design process.
8
Design of Buildings:
It is defined as the process of
working out the required dimensions
and specifications of any building
component based on the design criteria.
9. Design Criteria
Significances / Importance / Necessity of Design Criteria:
(i) All possible loads coming on to ta building have to be identified so that to
design a required adequate building components
(ii) Based on the load transferring mechanism, components such as columns,
beams, slabs have to be designed accordingly.
(iii) By having checks at various stages of design process, we can adequately
reduce the failure possibilities of building components.
9
10. Space Standards for Buildings
10
Important Terminologies:
(i) Building Line: This is the line up to which the plinth of a building may lawfully extend within the plot on a
street. No overhead projections are allowed beyond the building line.
(ii) Building Setback: Minimum distance between any building or any structure from the boundary line of the plot.
(iii) Frontage: Frontage means the width of the site abutting the access road.
(iv) Height of building: It means the vertical distance measured from the average level of the surround ground to the
highest point of the building. In case of flat roof.
(v) High Rise Building: It means a building, which has a height of 24m or more above the average ground level.
(vi) Floor Area Ratio: It is the ratio of a building’s total floor area to the size of the plot on which it is built.
(vii) Carpet Area: It is the area enclosed within the walls, actual area to lay the carpet. This area does not include the
thickness of the inner walls.
(viii) Plinth Area (Built up area): It is the carpet area plus the thickness of outer walls and the balcony.
11. Space Standards for Buildings
11
Space standards for a building consists of following sub categories:
(i) Common Plot Area
(ii) Frontage
(iii) Side & Rear open spaces
(iv) Interior minimum space requirements
(v) Parking spaces
(vi) Lighting & Ventilation openings
12. Space Standards - Common Plot Area
12
Common Plot Area for Residential / Commercial / Institutional buildings:
• Open space or the purpose of entertainment shall have to be kept when the area of layout exceeds 0.3
hectors.
• Minimum area should not be less than:
• 15% of the area of the layout
• 0.3 to 0.4 hectare per 1000 persons
• 0.3 hectare per 1000 persons for low income group housing
Common Plot Area for Industrial buildings:
• For industrial units having area more than 0.8 hectares, 5% area shall be reserved for amenities.
• For industries having area > 1000 m2, 10% area shall be reserved for amenities.
13. Space Standards - Frontage
13
For Residential Buildings:
Type of Residential
Building
Plot Size (m2) Frontage (m)
Detached Building Above 250 Above 12
Semi-Detached
Building
125 – 250 8 – 12
Row type Building 50 - 125 4.5 - 8
For Institutional & Industrial Buildings:
Width of Proposed
Road (m)
Frontage (m)
9m or less 3
9 – 12m 4.5
12 – 18m 6
18 – 30m 7.5
30 – 60m 9
More than 60m 12
14. Space Standards – Open Spaces
14
For Residential Buildings:
Height of the
Building (m)
Left around
building (m)
10 3
15 5
18 6
21 7
24 8
30 10
40 12
50 14
53 and Above 16
For Institutional & Industrial Buildings:
Maximum Side open space along
perimeter of the plot:
(i) For area up to 1000 m2 -- 6m
(ii) For area > 1000 m2 -- 4.5m
For High Rise Buildings:
(i) High rise building shall be permitted
on roads having more than 12m
width.
(ii) Side Open space should be 6m (or)
0.2 x H of building, whichever is
more.
(iii) Road Side Open space should be 9m
(or) 0.3 x H of building, whichever is
more.
15. Space Standards – Interior Space Requirements
15
For Residential Buildings:
S.No
Name of
Room
Minimum Size
(m2)
1
Habitable
Room
9.5
2 Kitchen 5
3
Bath / Water
Closets
1.8 / 1.1
4 Store Room 3
5 Garage 12.5
6 Staircase 15
For Institutional & Industrial Buildings:
S.No Name of Building Minimum Size (m2)
1 Primary & High School 1000
2
Educational Institutions, Community hall,
Marriage hall, Assembly hall, Cinema theatre
2000
3 Petrol Pump without service station 1000
4 Petrol Pump with service station 2000
5 Religious Places
500 (Built up area
< 20% of plot area)
6 Industries
More than 300
(Width > 15m)
16. Space Standards – Parking Space
16
S.No Building Type Suggested Parking Area
1 Residential 15% of total built up area of all floor
2 Cinema & Assembly hall 1m2 per seat
3 Shops, Offices, Institutes, Hospitals 30% of total built up area of all floor
4 Community hall, recreation club, party plot 50% of area
5
Colleges 70m2 per 100 students
Secondary & Higher secondary schools 50m2 per 100 students
Primary Schools 20m2 per 100 students
6 Grain, Timber, Agriculture, whole sale markets 30% of total built up area of all floor
17. Space Standards – Lighting & Ventilation
17
Door Openings are not counted in the lighting and ventilation of a building. Hence, the minimum
area for opening shall not be less than:
(i) 1/10th of the floor area for dry hot climate
(ii) 1/6th of the floor area for wet hot climate
(iii) 1/8th of the floor area for intermediate climate
(iv) 1/12th of the floor area for cold climate
(v) For stair rooms, the ventilation per floor shall not be less than 1m2
18. Building By-Laws
Definition of Building By-Laws:
Building by-laws are the set of “minimum provisions designed from National
Building Code (NBC) by town planning authority to protect the safety of public with
regarding to structural sufficiency, fire hazards and health aspects”
If everyone constructs the building without obeying the prescribed rules, then
there will be problems of:
• Irregular and narrow roads
• Frequent Traffic
• Problem of parking
• Health problems due to pollution
• Poor light and ventilation
• No proper planning of gardens, play ground, etc.
18
19. Building By-Laws
Purposes of Building By-Laws:
• Provides suitable areas for selected activities
• Avoids problem of traffic
• Develops town in systematic manner
• Provides well lightened and ventilated buildings
• Assures basic services like water supply, drainage, electricity, gas, telephone lines, etc.
Creators of Building By-Laws:
By considering the local situations and the actual requirements of the people, the Local Governing
Body prepares certain rules and norms for the buildings, and for the development of the town.
These rules are submitted to the government for the approval. After getting the approval of the
government, these rules becomes by laws.
19
20. Building By-Laws for the approval by Local Governing Body
For any building to get constructed, the builder will need to have a set of
approvals as well as sanctions from all the authorities concerned. Any building that
comes up without these approvals will invite penalty in the form of fines and even
prosecution.
Here is a detailed procedure required to get approvals and sanctions for building
construction:
(i) Land Title
(ii) Land Clearance
(iii) Zonal Clearance
(iv) Building Approval
(v) Completion Certificate
(vi) Services & Utilities Installation
(vii) Occupancy Certificate 20
22. Building By-Laws for the approval by Local Governing Body
(i) Land Title:
• First and foremost, the builder has to get clear title for the land or plot.
• Clear title ensures that the property is clear, marketable and it traces any charges or encumbrances created
on the property and its present status.
(ii) Land Clearance:
• On account of urbanization agricultural land is sometimes converted into Non – Agricultural land which
can further be used for constructing building for residential or commercial purpose.
• In such cases a developer needs to get approval from concerned authority to convert agricultural land to
non-agricultural (NA) purpose.
• Approval for change in land use of the plot is required from local body and the State Ministry of urban
Development (UD)
22
23. Building By-Laws for the approval by Local Governing Body
(iii) Zonal Clearance:
• After the land title & clearance, builder is required to take zoning approval from the local body / authority.
• The revenue department provides the ownership certificate for building permit under the provisions of
Local Body Acts.
• The state town planning checks regarding city development with the planning board and forwards the
proposals to the various other concerned authorities in the city as required for issue of case specific
approvals/ NOC before granting zoning approval.
(iv) Building Approval:
The next step requires an approval from authority for sanction of building plans/ building permit under the
provisions of Building Byelaws, Master plan and Local Body Acts.
The Building approval comprises of the building plan and the layout approval for the construction of the
building.
23
24. Building By-Laws for the approval by Local Governing Body
(a) Building Plan:
• A builder should submit building plan before starting the construction activities. Building plans are a graphical
representation of what a building will look like after construction.
• Building plan ensures that building complies with building laws.
• Once the building plan is approved, the builder should commence construction work within two years and there
should be no deviation from the sanctioned plan.
(b) Layout Approval:
• The builder has to get approval of layout plan from concerned authorities before starting construction of residential
or commercial building.
• Approved Layout Plan is as per approved FAR (Floor Area Ratio) or FSI (Floor Space Index).
• Constructing building on unapproved layout will not be given permission to be occupied or such layout plots will be
treated as unlawful and exemplary penalties will be levied as per Municipal Laws.
• No facilities such as roads, drainage, street lighting will be extended in such areas.
24
25. Building By-Laws for the approval by Local Governing Body
(v) Completion Certificate:
• After the construction is completed, Completion certificate is mandatory for building constructed before
selling the building.
• The completion certificate is issued after the inspection process. Issuing of Completion Certificate will
ensure that the builder or owner has constructed the building as per approved plan.
(vi) Services & Utility Installation:
• The builder should get approval from concerned authorities for electricity, gas and water for potable and
non-potable use.
• The building should comply with building laws for sanction or approval of basic amenities.
• The builder has to get NOC from pollution board on the project.
• Builder has to get NOC from municipality or respective authority for digging bore well.
• It is essential for the approval for sewer or water supply.
25
26. Building By-Laws for the approval by Local Governing Body
(vii) Occupancy Certificate:
• Lastly, an occupancy Certificate is required from local body/ authority before occupation of a building or
part of a building for any purpose.
• The local body forwards the proposals to the various other concerned authorities in the city as required for
issue of case specific approvals/ NOC before granting Completion-cum-Occupancy Certificate.
26
27. Development Control Rules for Chennai Metropolitan Area
For the approval of large scale projects in Chennai as per CMDA, the by laws are
given below:
STAGE I: Project Feasibility / Pre Sanction Stage
STAGE II: Sanction Stage (For multi building large scale proposals)
STAGE III: Sanction / Building Permit Stage
STAGE IV: Construction Stage
STAGE V: Completion Cum Occupancy Certificate Stage
27
28. Development Control Rules for Chennai Metropolitan Area
STAGE I: Project Feasibility / Pre Sanction Stage
(i) Approvals from Local Body:
• Land Use Plan Approval
• Approval for change in land use
• NOC for construction
• Approval for demolition of any existing structure
(ii) Approval from Airport Authority of India:
• NOC for height clearance when the project lies within 20kms radius.
(iii) Approval from Coastal Regulation Zone:
• NOC for construction for projects within 500m from high tide line 28
29. Development Control Rules for Chennai Metropolitan Area
STAGE II: Sanction Stage (for large scale projects)
(i) Approval from Local Bodies
(ii) Approval from National Monument Authority (for 300 m radius)
(iii) Approval from Forest Department
(iv) Approval from Heritage Conservation Authority
(v) Approval from Railway Authority/ Port Trust/ Defense
(vi) Approval from Road Owning Agency
(vii) Approval from Chief Fire Officer
(viii) Approval from Chief Controller for Explosives
(ix) Approval from Chief Inspector of Factories
(x) Approval from Ministry of Environment and Forest for Environmental Clearance
29
30. Development Control Rules for Chennai Metropolitan Area
STAGE III: Sanction / Building Permit Stage
(i) Approval from local body
(ii) Approval from Power Distributing Agency
(iii) Approval from Water Supply Agency
STAGE IV: Construction Stage
(i) Approval from Central Groundwater Authority
(ii) Intimation to Local Authority (CMDA)
STAGE V: Completion Cum Occupancy Stage
(i) Completion cum Occupancy Certificate from CMDA
(ii) Approval from the Lift Inspector 30
31. Introduction to Earthquake Concepts
Causes of Earthquake:
(i) Earth and its Interior
(ii) Circulation between earth masses
(iii) Plate Tectonics
31
32. How the ground shakes?:
Large strain energy released during an earthquake
travels as seismic waves in all directions through the
Earth’s layers, reflecting and refracting at each
interface. These waves are of two types - body waves
and surface waves.
Thus the ground shakes due to the spreading of
seismic waves.
32
Introduction to Earthquake Concepts
33. Introduction to Earthquake Concepts
Seismic Zones of India:
Seismic zones are meant for understanding the
chances for occurrence of earthquake based on the
geographical location with respect to the nearby
tectonic plates.
As per 2002, Seismic Zone Map, India has
4 Seismic Zones (II, III, IV and V)
33
34. Introduction to Earthquake Concepts
Behavior of buildings to earthquake:
(i) The bottom floors of a building will experience more
stress during the earthquake, since it is present very close
to the foundation level.
(ii) Even though, the top floors are present adequately away
from the foundation level, will experience more shaking
(vibration) during the earthquake.
34
35. Introduction to Earthquake Concepts
Earthquake Resistant Design Philosophy:
(i) Base Isolation
(ii) Damping
(iii) Ductility Achievement
35
36. Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
I. Site Selection:
(i) Building should be placed sufficiently away from steep slopes.
(ii) Building should not be built on filled-up soil.
36
37. II. Plan of Building:
Asymmetry of building should be avoided. Because, asymmetric buildings undergo torsion and
extreme corners are subjected to large earthquake forces.
37
Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
38. III. Shape of Building:
(i) Very slender buildings should be avoided.
(ii) Inverted pendulum buildings are unstable.
(iii) Sudden change of lateral stiffness should be
avoided.
38
Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
39. IV. Projections and Overhangs:
Large overhangs and projects attracts large earthquake forces.
39
Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
40. V. Separation of Dissimilar Buildings:
(i) To avoid collision, adjacent building should be separated by a minimum gap.
(ii) For Load Bearing structure = 15mm
(iii) For RCC Frame structure = 20mm
(iv) For Steel Frame structure = 30mm
40
Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
41. VI. Avoid Heavy Mass at the top:
(i) Large water tanks at the top should be avoided.
(ii) Small tanks if provided, should be connected properly with the
frame system.
41
Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures:
42. VII. Open Ground Storey:
(i) Open ground storeys should be avoided.
(ii) In unavoidable conditions, in-filled walls should be placed
42
Basic Guidelines for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures: