This document discusses different types of conjunctions and connectors used in the English language. It defines conjunctions as words used to join parts of sentences or begin sentences. There are two main types of conjunctions - coordinating conjunctions, which join two independent clauses, and subordinating conjunctions, which join a dependent clause to an independent clause. Examples are provided of each type. Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions used together in sentences. Conjunctive adverbs are also discussed as providing logical connections between sentences. The document explains when to use different conjunctions and connectors in writing for clarity and precision.

1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR
CONNECTORS & CONJUNCTIONS
Pooja Raj Srivastava

2. WHAT IS CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunction is the name for those common words
that are used to join (conjoin) parts of sentences.
Also, conjunctions may be used to begin certain
sentences.

3. TYPES OF CONJUNCTIONS
There are two different types of conjunctions:
• coordinating conjunctions and subordinating
conjunctions.
• Conjunctions sometimes work in pairs and are called
correlative conjunctions.
• Conjunctive adverbs are also frequently used to
provide logical connections in sentences.

5. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• Coordination gives equal attention to two items.
• Use coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, or, nor, yet, and so
(FANBOYS).
• Use them between two independent clauses.

6. WHEN TO USE COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Reason Coordinating Conjunction
To communicate addition and
To communicate contrast but, yet (a comma is preceded)
To communicate a result/effect so
To communicate a reason/cause for
To communicate a choice or
To communicate a negative choice nor

7. EXAMPLES
• He only wears striped ties and polka dotted bow ties. ( And joins two
words.)
• The shoes were not blue suede nor black leather. (Nor joins two phrases.)
• It wasn’t a costume party, yet many came dressed as literary villains. (Yet
joins two independent clauses.)

8. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
•Subordination gives less attention to one idea so that the other
has emphasis.
•The conjunction must go before the subordinating clause (the
explanation clause)
•Commas must go at the end of the first clause, which can be
either the subordinating or main clause

9. EXAMPLES
• Before going to the game (subordinate), we often eat at the pub
(main).
• Although very cute (sub), pandas are not suitable pets (main).
• Candice was feeling lonely (main), so she adopted another cat (sub).
• Peanut butter is delicious (main), provided you don’t have a nut
allergy (sub).

10. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• After, before
• although
• As, because
• As much as, as long as,
as soon as
• even though
• if, even if
• in order that
• Since, whether, while
• once
• provided that
• so [that implied], so that
• than
• that
• though
• unless
• when, whenever
• where, wherever,
whereas

11. WHEN TO USE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
Reason Subordinate Conjunction
Regarding time after, before, once, since, until, when, while
To communicate a reason/cause as, because, since
To communicate a result/effect in order that, so, so that, that
To communicate a condition if, even if, unless
To communicate contrast although, even though, though, whereas
Regarding location where, wherever
Regarding a choice than, whether

12. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlative conjunctions are two separate conjunctions that are often in
sentences together.
both, and Ex. Both maroon and gray accent nicely.
either, or Ex. I like to wear either pants or capris.
neither, nor Ex. Neither the shirt nor the jacket fit.
not only, but (also) Ex. Not only one button fell off, but all of them.
whether, or Ex. Whether or not opt, you have to go through it.
not, so much as Ex. It was not that his clothes were flamboyant so
much as they were florid.

13. WHEN TO USE COMMON CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS:
Reason Conjunctive Adverb
To communicate addition also, furthermore, besides
To communicate contrast however, still, nevertheless, instead,
otherwise
To communicate comparison similarly, likewise
To introduce a result/summary therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
To indicate time next, then, meanwhile, finally
To communicate emphasis indeed, certainly

14. CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
Conjunctive adverbs can appear anywhere in a sentence. They should be
followed by a comma and, when in the middle of a sentence, preceded by a
semicolon.
Ex. Furthermore, stiletto heels are not a fad; they are classic! (Furthermore
communicates an additional statement and is followed by a comma.)
Ex. His crimson cape caught on the skyscraper; therefore, his flying ended
abruptly. (Therefore communicates a result and is preceded by a semicolon
because it is in the middle of the sentence.)

15. CONJUNCTION CORRESPONDING CONNECTOR
and also, in addition, additionally, moreover, furthermore
but however, even so, though, nevertheless, nonetheless,
still, yet, in contrast, on the other hand, on the contrary
So because (cause-effect) therefore, thus, consequently, hence, for this reason, as
a result, that is why
so (similarity) similarly, likewise
before beforehand, before this, first, then, next, afterwards

16. WHEN TO USE CONJUNCTION VS. CONNECTOR
When conjunctions are used, this implies that the statement after the
conjunction is relaying knowledge already known to the reader. Connectors
are used when the information is presented in the preceding sentences and is
not assumed knowledge.
Example: If it snows tomorrow, the college will be closed.
It may snow tomorrow. If so, the college will be closed.

17. WHEN TO USE CONJUNCTION VS. CONNECTOR
Joining the statement with a conjunction implies that they are part of the
same idea. By using a connector, the separation between two statements
allows their relationship to be more precisely defined, which is especially
important for professional writing.
Ex- Cars can be dangerous and they pollute.
Cars can be dangerous. Moreover, they pollute.

18. Finally, the University Writing Center staff and I hope that this
presentation has helped you develop a better understanding of
conjunctions, since they are vital to the English language; consequently,
you will use them often in your writing endeavors. Perhaps this online
lecture has not helped with your grammar so much as with enhancing
your fashion awareness. Therefore, challenge yourself to a conjunction
quiz, or call it a review before signing off. (Review is preferable,
because the word quiz often has a negative connotation.) Whether or not
you feel like a conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if you can
recognize the conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and conjunctive
adverbs. After you are done, click to the next slide where you will find
the answers.
A Parting Quiz...

19. Finally (ca), the University Writing Center staff and (cc)I hope
that this presentation has helped you to develop a better
understanding of conjunctions, since (sc) they are vital to the
English language; consequently (ca), you will use them often in
your writing endeavors. Perhaps this online lecture has not (c2)
helped with your grammar so much as (c2) with enhancing your
fashion awareness. Therefore, challenge yourself to a
conjunction quiz, or call it a review before (sc) signing off.
(Review is preferable, because (sc) the word quiz often has a
negative connotation.) Whether or (c2) not you feel like a
conjunction pro, scan this paragraph and see if (sc) you can
recognize the conjunctions, correlative conjunctions, and
conjunctive adverbs. After (sc) you are done, click to the next
slide where (sc) you will find the answers.
Answers...
cc: correlative conjunction sc: subordinate conjunction
ca: conjunctive adverb c2: correlative conjunction