The document provides a comprehensive overview of conjunctions in the English language, detailing their definitions, types, and usages. It categorizes conjunctions into coordinating, subordinating, and correlative types, with examples and punctuation rules for each category. The document is aimed at teaching readers the correct application of conjunctions in sentences.

1. AFGHANISTAN ENGLISH CAMPUS
HR & ENGLISH LECTURER
MUJAHID IBRAHIM
CELL & EMAIL
mujahid.hairan8@gmail.com
0799601531

2. CONTENTS
• COJUNCTION
• SUBORDINATING CONJUCTION
• COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
• PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
• EXERCISES & GAME

3. CONJUNCTION
• It is derived from a Latin word “Conjunct” which means to combine.
• Conjunction is also called connector or joiner word.
• It is a word which is used to combine two or more:
A. Letters Ex: A and B are the correct answers.
B. Words Ex: I bought a book, notebook and a pen.
C. Phrases Ex: Does she buy a red pen or a blue pen?
D. Clauses Ex: If Lailuma studies, she can get first position.
E. Sentences Ex: I was sick, but I didn’t go to the doctor.

4. • Conjunction is generally divided into three kinds:
1. Coordinating conjunction
2. Subordinating conjunction
3. Correlative conjunction
COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
• It is also called simple, short, fanboys, matching and coordinative conjunction. It
is a kind of conjunction which joins two or more words, phrases and sentences of
equal grammatical importance. Or it combines similar words, phrases and
sentences. Coordinating conjunctions are 7 in number;
FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET, SO,
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION

5. COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• Coordinating conjunctions can be remembered by memorizing
an acronym or mnemonic device called:
FANBOYS, FONYBAS
FANBOYS
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So

6. USAGES OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
1. FOR: It means; because and joins two clauses that show reason.
2. AND: It combines two letters, words, phrases and two clauses.
3. NOR: It means; not and joins two negative clauses.
4. BUT: It means; however and joins two contrasting ideas..
5. OR: It joins two alternative words, phrases and sentences.
6. YET: It means; but and also joins two contrasting ideas.
7. SO: It means; therefore and joins two clauses.

7. EXAMPLES & PUNCTUATION OF COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
Clause + For / Yet / So + Clause
(Comma is required)
words, phrase, clauses + and/nor/or/but/yet + words, phrases, clauses
• He didn’t come to class, for he was too sick.
• We didn’t study hard, yet we passed the test.
• The weather is hot, so we plan to go swimming.
• Math is boring and difficult.
• Ali wasn’t in his bedroom nor was Ahmad.
• She enjoys swimming or dancing.
• Ali is too busy, but he still comes to class.

8. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• It is also called; subordinate clause or conjunctive clause. It is a type of
conjunction which links two clauses (dependent clause to independent clause).
Or it combines two clauses of unequal importance. They always begin a
dependent clause.
EXAMPLES:
• Unless we give him a ride, he won’t be able to come.
• Because Aisha was sick, she couldn’t come to the class.
• When my mother came, I was doing my assignments.
• Although it was raining, we went swimming last day.
• I was watching TV while he was studying for exam.

9. TYPES OF SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
1. Subordinate Conjunctions of time:
• They show time of an action or event.
(Before, After, While, As, When, While, Since, Till, Until, Once)
2. Subordinate Conjunctions of Cause & Effect:
• They show cause and effect relationship.
(Because, Since, As, Now That, Since, In asmuchas)
3. Subordinate Conjunctions of Purpose:
• They show the purpose of doing an action
(So that, now that, In order that)

10. 4. Subordinate Conjunctions of Contrast:
• They show a contrast it can be direct, indirect or unexpected result.
(Although, Hence, Even Though, Though, While, Whereas)
2. Subordinate Conjunctions of Condition:
• They show a condition.
(If, Unless, Whether or not, Even If, Only If, Providing that,
Provided that, In case that)
3. Subordinate Conjunctions of Comparison:
• They show comparison.
(Than, Whereas)

11. PUNCTUATION OF SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
• When the dependent clause comes before the independent clause,
the entire clause ends with a comma, but when the dependent clause
comes after the independent clause, there is need to use comma.
EXAMPLES:
• Unless we give him a ride, he won’t be able to come.
• Because Aisha was sick, she couldn’t come to the class.
• He won’t be able to come unless we give him a ride.
• Aisha couldn’t come to the class because she was sick.

12. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
• It is also called; paired conjunction, Cumulative Conjunction. It is a type of
conjunction that joins elements of equal grammatical construction. Or it is
used in pairs that combines words, phrases and sentences that equal in
grammar and meaning. They are as following:
Both……..and
Neither…....nor
Either………or
Not only ……. but also

13. USAGES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
1. BOTH…..AND:
- It means; both of them.
- This structure joins two positive ideas, words and phrases.
- Always use plural verb after this structure.
Example:
• Both Ali and Ahmad are teachers.
• Both Zainab and Zahra speak English.
• I like both meat and chicken.
• Both Dari and Pashto are spoken as official languages of Afghanisstan.

14. USAGES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
2. EITHER…..OR:
- It means; one of them and joins two alternative and positive sentences.
- It indicates a choice or possibilities.
- If subject after this structure is singular use singular verb , else plural verb.
Examples:
- Either the students or the teacher is in the class.
- Either the teacher or the students are in the class.
- Either Laila or Lailuma cooks well.
- Either the children or father goes to the park.
- Maryam goes to either park or zoo.

15. USAGES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
3. NEITHER…..NOR:
- It means; one of them and joins two negative words, phrases and sentences.
- If subject after this structure is singular, use singular verb, else plural verb.
Examples:
- Neither the students nor the teacher is in the class.
- Neither the teacher nor the students are in the class.
- Neither Laila nor Lailuma cooks well.
- Neither the children nor their father goes to the park.
- Maryam goes to neither park nor zoo.

16. USAGES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
4.NOT ONLY…..BUT ALSO:
- It means; in addition or moreover.
- It is used to give further or more information.
- This structure is used to say that both of two related statements are true.
- If subject after this structure is singular, use singular verb, else plural verb.
Examples:
- Not only the students, but also the teachers participate in conference.
- The recession led to not only widespread unemployment but also lower wages.
- I like not only Biryani, but also Chicken Chomin.
- Bilal was not only sad but also angry.

17. USAGES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
4.NOT ONLY…..BUT ALSO:
- It means; in addition or moreover.
- It is used to give further or more information.
- This structure is used to say that both of two related statements are true.
- If subject after this structure is singular, use singular verb, else plural verb.
Examples:
- Not only the students, but also the teachers participate in conference.
- The recession led to not only widespread unemployment but also lower wages.
- I like not only Biryani, but also Chicken Chomin.
- Bilal was not only sad but also angry.