This document defines and provides examples of different types of conjunctions and their functions. It discusses coordinating conjunctions such as "and", "but", and "or" which join elements of equal weight. Correlative conjunctions like "both...and" and "either...or" also join elements of equal weight. Subordinating conjunctions such as "although", "because", and "when" join two clauses by making one subordinate to the other. Finally, conjunctive adverbs like "moreover", "however", and "therefore" connect independent clauses and indicate comparisons, contrasts and other relationships between the clauses.

1. • What are conjunctions?
• What are the kinds of conjunctions and
their functions?
• Sample Sentences and Exercises

2. Con (together) + junction (joining)

3. How a word is used in a sentence
determines its part of speech.

4. They went out although it was
raining.

5.  a word that connects or joins words,
phrases, clauses or sentences

6. COORDINATING
CORRELATIVE
SUBORDINATING

7. used to connect similar parts of
speech or group of words of equal
grammatical weight

8. and
but
for
nor
or
so
yet

9. With nouns and pronouns
Alex and I attended the lecture.
With verbs
 Our dog whined and scratched at
the door.

10. With adjectives
The steak was tender, large, yet
tasteless.
With adverbs
 The man responded quickly but
incorrectly.

11. With prepositional phrases
I will go to Greece or to Spain.
With complete ideas
 He seemed distressed, so we
discussed his problem.

12. Working in pairs, they join elements
of equal grammatical weight in
sentences in much the same manner
as coordinating conjunctions do

13. Both….and
Either.…or
Neither….nor
Not only
But also
Whether…..or

14. With nouns
Both the employers and the
employees agree.
With nouns and pronouns
 Call either Ed or me if you need
help.

15. With prepositional phrases
Put the check either in the drawer
or beside the telephone.
With adjectives
 The rain was not only heavy but
also cold.

16. join two clauses or ideas by making
one of the ideas subordinate to, or
dependent upon the other

17. After
Although
As
As long as
As soon as
As though
Because
Before
Even if
Even though
How
If
In order that
Lest
Now that
Provided
Since
So that
Than
That
Though
Till
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Where
Wherever
while

18. The subordinate idea in a sentence
always begins with a subordinating
conjuction and makes up what is
known as a subordinate clause.

19. main idea subordinate
 The referees watched carefully, lest they miss a key
play.
 Although the fumigator sprayed, the termites
remained.

20. After before since till
until

21. After before when where

22.  Subordinating conjunction
 Think carefully before you choose.
 Preposition
 We’ll finish the project before October.
 Adverb
 I’d met him once before.

23.  Subordinating conjunction
 After you’d left, I got a phone call from John.
 Preposition
 I went for a swim after breakfast.
 Adverb
 He died on June 1st and was buried the day
after.

24.  Act as transitions between complete
ideas by indicating comparisons,
contrasts, results, and other
relationships
 connect two independent clauses

25. Accordingly
Likewise
Also
Besides
Consequently
Finally
Furthermore
However
Indeed
Moreover
Nevertheless
Otherwise
Then
Therefore
Thus
In fact

26. When to Use Common Conjunctive Adverbs:
Reason Conjunctive Adverb
To communicate addition also, furthermore, besides
To communicate contrast however, still, nevertheless,
instead, otherwise
To communicate comparison similarly, likewise
To introduce a result/summary therefore, thus, consequently,
accordingly, hence, then
To indicate time next, then, meanwhile, finally
To communicate emphasis indeed, certainly

27.  The doctor did help my back problem;
however, I still experience occasional pain.
 The earthquake damaged the wall structure.
Moreover, it broke some water pipes.
 My hay fever grew worse. I, nevertheless,
refused to remain inside.

28. Prepositions and conjunctions
function in sentences as
connectors.

29. and
but
for
nor
or
so
yet

30. Both….and
Either.…or
Neither….nor
Not only
But also
Whether…..or

31. After
Although
As
As long as
As soon as
As though
Because
Before
Even if
Even though
How
If
In order that
Lest
Now that
Provided
Since
So that
Than
That
Though
Till
Unless
Until
When
Whenever
Where
Wherever
while

32. Before we planted seeds, we
fertilized the garden.
I’ve never done this before.
I want this done before Monday.

33. Where are you going?
Their job is to go where they are
called.
He is looking for a house where he
can have peace.

34.  I have known him since last year.
 I have loved you since I first met you.
 I had seen him previously, but hadn’t seen
him since.

35.  He didn’t wake up early. He was late for work.
 The festival was to be held today. It was
cancelled.
 The thunder and lightning were intense. The
crowd dispersed.

36.  The methological gods had unearthly powers.
They possessed many human frailties.
 You have to open your umbrella. You’ll get
wet.
 Conjunctive adverbs act like conjunctions.
They are adverbs.