Nationalist movements arose in Egypt in the early 20th century in response to British occupation. Non-violent protests and riots called for independence after World War 1, leading to the formation of the Wafd Party. Britain withdrew in stages between 1922-1936 but maintained influence. Corruption by elite rulers led to further unrest. The Free Officers Movement and Muslim Brotherhood worked to end British influence and the monarchy. Gamal Abdel Nasser led a coup in 1952 and instituted socialist policies and projects to modernize Egypt, but faced economic and military failures. Anwar Sadat and Hosni Mubarak continued reforms and privatization but faced challenges from Islamic fundamentalism and poverty.

1. Nationalist Movement in
Egypt
Nationalist Movement in
Egypt

2. I. Independence of Egypt
A) World War I: Britain declared Egypt a Protectorate in 1914.
During WWI, the defense of the Suez Canal was one of the top
priorities for the British. Large contingents of Entente forces were
stationed in Egypt and drained the area of vital food and supplies.
This led to inflation, food shortages, and famine.
Both Violent and Non-Violent Movements

3. B) Post WWI: Educated Nationalist Elite
were denied access to the Versailles
Treaty to discuss self-determination.
Many Egyptian leaders resigned and
called for mass demonstrations. Student
led riots, national unrest and the deaths of
hundreds led the British to allow the
creation of the Wafd Party, a nationalist
movement.
C) British Withdrawal: The British decided
to prepare Egypt for eventual
independence and began to leave in
stages. Starting in 1922 and ending in
1936, the British withdrew from Egypt.
However, they preserved the Khedival
Regime and reserved the right to
reoccupy Egypt if threatened by a foreign
power.
King Fuad I

4. D) New Government: Elite leaders become very corrupt and take opportunity to increase their
own families’ fortunes. Did not pass laws to help majority of peasants or to create much
needed public works.
E) Results: 40 years of Nationalists rule led to domination of elite who owned
70% of the cultivatable land 98% of the people were illiterate. Malnutrition
and poor health care was chronic.

5. II. Weakening of Khedival Regime?
A) Free Officers Movement: Secret organization established
in Egyptian army in the 1930s. Wanted to conduct a
revolution and replace the Khedival regime and eliminate
British presence in the Suez Canal.
B) Muslim Brotherhood: Founded by Hasan al-Banna in 1928.
Developed contempt for wealthy Egyptian minority and
Europeans. Committed to a revivalist approach to Islam,
sweeping land reforms, creation of unions, hospitals, and
schools. Developed boycotts, strikes, militant youth groups,
and assassination squads. Al-Banna was assassinated by
Khedive Farouk in 1949
“We will not stop at this point but will pursue this evil force to its own lands,
invade its Western heartland, and struggle to overcome it until all the world
shouts by the name of the Prophet and the teachings of Islam spread
throughout the world. Only then will Muslims achieve their fundamental
goal… and all religion will be exclusively for Allah.”

6. C) Arab-Israeli War of 1948: Egypt
suffered a humiliating defeat to
Israel, declaring war on the newly
named nation along with five
other Arab nations. Another loss
in a clash with the British in 1952
over their influence in the Suez
Canal led to more discontent.
D) Gamal Abdul Nasser: Led an
almost bloodless military coup and
overthrew the corrupt Khedive
Farouk.
Arab-Israeli War 1948

7. III. Gamal Abdul Nasser
A) By 1954, Nasser disbanded all political
parties and created a Military Dictatorship.
B) Used socialist policies to develop nation.
 Limited how much land and individual could own – excess lands were seized and redistributed to landless
peasants
 State took control of Bank and businesses
 Developed state-financed education through college level
 State became Egypt’s largest employer. Over 30% of population was hired by state
 State subsides were used to lower food prices
 State-controlled development in Industry was established based on USSR Five Year Plans
 Restricted Foreign investments and seized some foreign owned land

8. C) Nasser wanted to destroy Israel
modernize Egypt, forge a Pan-Arab
State and support socialist
revolutions in neighboring lands.
D) 1956: Claimed full control of
the Suez Canal from the British.
“This money is ours, this canal is
property of Egypt. The canal was
dug by Egypt’s sons, and 120,000 of
them died while working.”
FilmFilm

9. E) Failures: Aswan High Dam, built in the 1960s, located in the
upper Nile and 17 times larger that the Great Pyramid.
Population boom quickly used up newly arable land. Interference
of the Nile led to increase number of parasites that caused
blindness, led to a decline in fertility of farmland in lower delta,
foreign investment funds ceased, and the USSR could not give
enough support. Nasser’s projects were too costly. Also, Egypt
lost to Israel in Six Day War in 1967. Nasser died in 1970.
FilmFilm

10. IV. Anwar Sadat
A) Anwar Sadat develops policy of infitah-
meaning opening. His goal was to encourage
foreign investment and private business. HE
began to dismantle Nasser’s huge state-run
economy.
B) Middle Class began to rise and emerge as a
powerful force.
C) After fighting the Israeli’s to a stalemate in 1973, Sadat became the first Arab leader to make
peace and recognize the State of Israel and their right to exist. Put an end to costly wars.
D) Replaced Soviet support with United States aid, hoping to improve economic conditions.
E) He was assassinated in 1981 by Islamic Fundamentalists

11. V. Hosni Mubarak
A) Continued to support the policies of Anwar
Sadat
B) Farm output expanded, but could not keep
up with population increases.
C) Islamic Fundamentalists blame the
government for failures, look to Islamic
law as the solution. Some groups
developed schools, medical services and
relief for the poor. Others developed
extremist groups who use terrorism toward
the government.
D) Recently overthrown by popular uprising
who demanded more freedoms – Muslim
Brotherhood looks to dominate new
government.

12. Failed
Traditional
Rebellion
Western Inspired
Nationalist
Movement
(Leaders & Goals)
WWI, WWII,
Cold War
Independence
Violent or
Non-violent
(Events/Methods)
Resurgence of
Indigenous
Challenges
(Major Problems)
Building a
Nation-State
(Structure of new Gov’t)
Modern, but not
Western Society
DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONALISM
1900-Present
• Mahdist Revolt
•1914 – Britain
declares Egypt a
protectorate, Defense of
Suez Canal a priority for
British
•Cold War –
Nasser – Soviet aid
Sadat – U.S. aid
•Hassan al-Banna
(Muslim Brotherhood)
• Gamal Nasser
socialist, state control,
modernize, claim Suez
Canal, Pan-Arabism
•Anwar Sadat
encourage investment and
business, peace with Israel
•Military coup
•Non-violent
•Nasser – socialist,
nationalized
industries
•Sadat – encouraged
foreign investment,
middle class rose
•Islamic
fundamentalism
•Population increase
•Rapid urbanization
•Poverty
•Westernization vs.
traditionalism
•Government is
modernized, the
people not totally….

13. Turkey
Leader:
 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Goals:
 “regain territory from France and Britain
lost in WWI
 Build a state based on Turkish
Nationalism
Events/Methods:
 Organized military offensive in 1920 and
reconquered Turkey
 Deposed of the Sultan in 1922
 Created a Republic
 Developed a secular western type state
Non-Violent Movements

14. Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Problems
Major Reforms
Examples of Totalitarian Rule
Ottoman Empire collapsed
and split into states after
losing WWI
Turkish people wanted to
avoid being controlled by the
Sultan or by the foreigners
like the British, French or
Greeks.
The economy was weak and
Turkey lacked modern
industry, military and
technology.
Secularized the
government – separation
of Islam and the
government – removed
the Sultan and caliph
position
Westernization policy –
Latin alphabet, western
calendar, developed
factories, railroads,
western fashion-
Everyone was forced to
have a surname
Nationalist movement led
to Armenian genocide
Ended Sharia law and gave
equal rights to women
Imprisoned anyone who wore
Turkish clothing – must wear
western styles
Only one political party
allowed – no one allowed to
question his policies.
Use of censorship and
propaganda – schools,
newspapers, government
His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence.
Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and
cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a
modern and secular nation-state
His military campaigns led to victory in the Turkish War of Independence.
Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and
cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a
modern and secular nation-state

15. Westernization
and
Modernization
of Turkey
Film Clip start at 45:33Film Clip start at 45:33

16. Turkey
Results:
 1923 – Turkish Republic is created
 Ataturk becomes first President
 Creates a Constitution
 Westernized and modernized
 Allowed more women’s rights
 NATO membership
Major Problems:
 Racial tensions – Armenians and Greeks
 Kemal- became authoritarian, unfair elections
 Military coups – 1960, 1971, 1980, 1997)
 Resentment – rise of Islamic Fundamentalism
 Iraqi war – fear of Kurdish state
Non-Violent Movements

18. The paranoia is in bloom, the PR
Transmissions will resume, they'll
try to push drugs, keep us all dumb
down and hope that We will never
see the truth around, so come on
Another promise, another scene,
another Package not to keep us
trapped in greed with all the Green
belts wrapped around our minds and
endless Red tape to keep the truth
confined, so come on
They will not force us
And they will stop degrading us
And they will not control us
We will be victorious, so come on
Interchanging mind control, come let
the Revolution take its toll, if you
could Flick a switch and open your
third eye, you'd see that We should
never be afraid to die, so come on
Uprising
Rise up and take the power back, it's time
that The fat cats had a heart attack, you
know that Their time is coming to an end,
we have to Unify and watch our flag ascend,
so come on
They will not force us
They will stop degrading us
They will not control us
We will be victorious, so come on
Hey, hey, hey, hey
Hey, hey, hey, hey
Hey, hey, hey, hey
They will not force us
They will stop degrading us
They will not control us
We will be victorious, so come on
Hey, hey, hey, hey
Music Clip

19. Process of Decolonization and
Nation- Building
 Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945.
Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and
mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s.
 Three patterns:
1. Violent Revolutions and Civil War (China, Algeria,
Vietnam, Palestine)
2. Non-Violent, negotiated independence (India,
Ghana, Turkey)
3. Both violent and non-violent methods (Kenya,
Egypt, South Africa)

20. Nasser in Egypt
Ataturk in TurkeyNkrumah in Ghana
Nehru in India Kenyatta in Kenya
Mao Zedong in China