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Sec 4 chapter 4.1 the end of cold war
- 1. Chapter 4 TheEnd ofChapter 4 The End of the Cold Warthe Cold War Why did the Cold WarWhy did the Cold War End?End?
- 3. Was the CollapseDue to Force? NoWas the Collapse Due to Force? No The Cold War cost more thanThe Cold War cost more than $11 trillion. But the collapse$11 trillion. But the collapse of the Soviet Union and itsof the Soviet Union and its satellites was not a result ofsatellites was not a result of force.force. No NATO tank fired a shot.No NATO tank fired a shot. No bomb fell on theNo bomb fell on the Kremlin.Kremlin.
- 4. END OF THECOLD WAREND OF THE COLD WAR Cold War “Thaw”Cold War “Thaw” A.A. Cuban Missile Crisis – beginning of the thaw-Cuban Missile Crisis – beginning of the thaw- containment and coexistencecontainment and coexistence B.B. After the US withdrew from Vietnam, the policy ofAfter the US withdrew from Vietnam, the policy of containment had suffered a severe blow.containment had suffered a severe blow. C.C. Policy ofPolicy of DÉTENTEDÉTENTE A.the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries. B.B. a. Leaders from both sides began speak more openly abouta. Leaders from both sides began speak more openly about working together, and limiting hostility.working together, and limiting hostility. C.C. b. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I and II (1972-9)b. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty) I and II (1972-9) D.D. Slowed the nuclear arms race by limiting warheadSlowed the nuclear arms race by limiting warhead numbers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).numbers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
- 5. THE UPS ANDDOWNS OFTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR Leadership changes (1979-1989):Leadership changes (1979-1989): USUS- Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter- Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reaganand Ronald Reagan Soviet Union-Soviet Union- Leon Brezhnev and MikhailLeon Brezhnev and Mikhail GorbachevGorbachev a. All parties looked to reduce tensions anda. All parties looked to reduce tensions and treat each other in a more open fashion.treat each other in a more open fashion. Détente- To relax tensions in the Cold War,Détente- To relax tensions in the Cold War, focus on discussions, notfocus on discussions, not brinksmanshipbrinksmanship.. In pursuit of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev signedIn pursuit of détente, Nixon and Brezhnev signed various treaties to limit number of nuclear arms,various treaties to limit number of nuclear arms, foster economic cooperations and improve politicalfoster economic cooperations and improve political relations between the two superpowers.relations between the two superpowers.
- 6. THE UPS ANDDOWNS OFTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR The stalling of détente & the rise of aThe stalling of détente & the rise of a Second “Cold War”Second “Cold War” International eventsInternational events Angola Civil War in 1975 where both US andAngola Civil War in 1975 where both US and USSR supported opposing groupsUSSR supported opposing groups Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979.Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan 1979. Changes in leadershipChanges in leadership British Margaret ThatcherBritish Margaret Thatcher US President Ronald ReaganUS President Ronald Reagan
- 8. Further developmentsFurther developments Renewal of arm raceRenewal of arm race Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) orStrategic Defence Initiative (SDI) or “Star Wars” programme“Star Wars” programme Devt of new tech such as satellites deployedDevt of new tech such as satellites deployed in orbit around earth to detect and destroyin orbit around earth to detect and destroy ICBMICBM Reagan “Empire of Evil” Speech in 1983Reagan “Empire of Evil” Speech in 1983 Joint military exercise “Able Archer 83”Joint military exercise “Able Archer 83” Nov 1983Nov 1983
- 9. How didthe cartoonist portray the Soviet Union?How did the cartoonist portray the Soviet Union? What implication do you think the invasion ofWhat implication do you think the invasion of Afghanistan might have on American SovietAfghanistan might have on American Soviet relationsrelations
- 10. Tit for Tat– USSR responses to USTit for Tat – USSR responses to US actionsactions The West's militarized postureThe West's militarized posture helped the Communists tohelped the Communists to rationalize their authoritarianrationalize their authoritarian rulerule.. TheThe moremore U.S. policies followed aU.S. policies followed a hard linehard line, the, the greatergreater was thewas the tendency in Moscow to tightentendency in Moscow to tighten the controlsthe controls andand to discourageto discourage liberalizing tendenciesliberalizing tendencies.. According to U.S. diplomat George Kennan, author of "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" (1947) and architect of the containment policy,
- 11. Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments A) Declining confidence in communistA) Declining confidence in communist ideology and failure of the Sovietideology and failure of the Soviet economyeconomy Russian Command Economy - RigidRussian Command Economy - Rigid Planning SystemPlanning System Unproductive Soviet Industry, poorUnproductive Soviet Industry, poor efficiency of agricultural sectorefficiency of agricultural sector Low morale of the soviet workersLow morale of the soviet workers Lack of consumer products and lowLack of consumer products and low quality of lifequality of life
- 12. Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments B) External economic burden of theB) External economic burden of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union Annual subsidies to economies inAnnual subsidies to economies in Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact Eastern European countries incurringEastern European countries incurring debts by borrowing heavily fromdebts by borrowing heavily from western bankswestern banks External commitment like the decadeExternal commitment like the decade long Soviet Afghan Warlong Soviet Afghan War
- 13. Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments Increasing resistance withinIncreasing resistance within the communist blocthe communist bloc home-grown insurgencies ledhome-grown insurgencies led to interference of the Sovietto interference of the Soviet leadership into the businessesleadership into the businesses of the Warsaw Pact countriesof the Warsaw Pact countries Hungarian revolution 1956Hungarian revolution 1956 Prague Spring 1968Prague Spring 1968 Brezhnev Doctrine Nov 1968 –Brezhnev Doctrine Nov 1968 – No country within the Warsaw Pact isNo country within the Warsaw Pact is allowed to leave the Pact or threaten theallowed to leave the Pact or threaten the cohesivessnesscohesivessness Political legitmacy eroded byPolitical legitmacy eroded by dissident intellectuals &dissident intellectuals & reformersreformers
- 14. Mikhail Gorbachev’s perestroikaMikhailGorbachev’s perestroika and glasnostand glasnost
- 15. The Gorbachev RevolutionTheGorbachev Revolution Mikhail Gorbachev,Mikhail Gorbachev, came to power in 1985came to power in 1985 as the General Secretaryas the General Secretary of the Communist Partyof the Communist Party of the Soviet Unionof the Soviet Union (CPSU)(CPSU) recognized that therecognized that the Soviet Union could notSoviet Union could not remain politically andremain politically and economically isolated andeconomically isolated and that the Soviet systemthat the Soviet system had to be changed if ithad to be changed if it was to survive.was to survive.
- 16. Problems faced byGorbachevProblems faced by Gorbachev Stagnant and inefficient commandStagnant and inefficient command economy ( after Brezhnev fell ill ineconomy ( after Brezhnev fell ill in 1976)1976) Economy running at a loss (spending moreEconomy running at a loss (spending more than what they had earned)than what they had earned) Shortage of food and essential goodsShortage of food and essential goods Bad quality of goods producedBad quality of goods produced Crippling cost of military competition withCrippling cost of military competition with the USAthe USA The Soviet State could no longer afford theThe Soviet State could no longer afford the high defense spendinghigh defense spending that accompanied thethat accompanied the
- 17. Gorbachev's Five-Point PlanGorbachev'sFive-Point Plan The key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survivalThe key pieces to Gorbachev's plan for the survival of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms:of the Soviet Union were a series of reforms: 1.1. GlasnostGlasnost (openness) – greater freedom of(openness) – greater freedom of expressionexpression 2.2. PerestroikaPerestroika (restructuring) – decentralization(restructuring) – decentralization of the Soviet economy with gradual marketof the Soviet economy with gradual market reformsreforms 3.3. Renunciation of the Brezhnev DoctrineRenunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine (armed(armed intervention where socialism was threatened)intervention where socialism was threatened) and the pursuit of arms control agreementsand the pursuit of arms control agreements 4.4. Reform of the KGBReform of the KGB (secret service)(secret service) 5.5. Reform of the Communist PartyReform of the Communist Party
- 18. Impact of GlasnostImpactof Glasnost Insistent Calls for ChangeInsistent Calls for Change He believed that his reformsHe believed that his reforms were necessary and used hiswere necessary and used his leadership and power to attemptleadership and power to attempt to implement them.to implement them. Debates, discussions, relaxDebates, discussions, relax censorship, speak up in favour ofcensorship, speak up in favour of reformsreforms The policy ofThe policy of glasnostglasnost (openness) made it possible for(openness) made it possible for people to more freely and safelypeople to more freely and safely criticize the government'scriticize the government's policies.policies. Lost confidence of communistLost confidence of communist leadership vision and ruleleadership vision and rule Increasing desiredIncreasing desired independenceindependence
- 19. Impact of perestroikaImpactof perestroika The Objective: SurvivalThe Objective: Survival Gorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have toGorbachev knew that the Soviet Union would have to change if it was to survive.change if it was to survive. Perestroika, which mean restructuring, was aPerestroika, which mean restructuring, was a programme of economic and political reformsprogramme of economic and political reforms Encourage greater interest, productivity and investmentEncourage greater interest, productivity and investment among Soviet workers.among Soviet workers. Modernize economyModernize economy achieve growth rate of 4%achieve growth rate of 4% Effect changesEffect changes WITHINWITHIN the Communistthe Communist economic and political structureseconomic and political structures Creation of a reliable, effective system to increase theCreation of a reliable, effective system to increase the pace of the soviet society’s developmentpace of the soviet society’s development To unite scientific and technological achievements withTo unite scientific and technological achievements with a planned economya planned economy
- 20. Impact of PerestroikaImpactof Perestroika Reforms Were Too SlowReforms Were Too Slow The gradual market reforms andThe gradual market reforms and decentralization of the economydecentralization of the economy ((perestroikaperestroika) were too slow and) were too slow and failed to keep pace with the crisisfailed to keep pace with the crisis and his people's demands.and his people's demands. Agriculture infrastructure remainsAgriculture infrastructure remains inadequateinadequate Shortage of food and other basicShortage of food and other basic necessities, such as bread andnecessities, such as bread and shoes.shoes. The Soviet Union was suffering aThe Soviet Union was suffering a deterioration of economic anddeterioration of economic and social conditions and a fall in thesocial conditions and a fall in the GNP.GNP.
- 21. Foreign policy reformsForeignpolicy reforms Gorbachev belief:Gorbachev belief: NEWNEW THINKINGTHINKING global problems to be solved based onglobal problems to be solved based on shared moral and ethical principlesshared moral and ethical principles rather than conflict between capitalismrather than conflict between capitalism and communismand communism Release from SovietRelease from Soviet DominationDomination The renunciation of theThe renunciation of the Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine (armed(armed intervention in support ofintervention in support of socialism) released thesocialism) released the Eastern European statesEastern European states from Soviet domination.from Soviet domination. The communist rulers of theseThe communist rulers of these states could not survive withoutstates could not survive without the support of the Soviet Union.the support of the Soviet Union. The Brezhnev Doctrine was articulated in 1968 when the Soviet army occupied Czechoslovakia to end the Prague Spring, an attempt by Alexander Dubcek to build “socialism with a human face.”
- 22. Nuclear disarmaments talkswith RNuclear disarmaments talks with R Nov 1985 – GenevaNov 1985 – Geneva Summit, GenevaSummit, Geneva SwitzerlandSwitzerland 1986 – Reykjavik,1986 – Reykjavik, IcelandIceland Establishment ofEstablishment of goodwill that wasgoodwill that was lacking after thelacking after the abandonment ofabandonment of détentedétente Intermediate RangeIntermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF)Nuclear Forces (INF) treaty, December 1987treaty, December 1987
- 23. Deideologisation of SovietDeideologisationof Soviet foreign policyforeign policy - extension of- extension of Gorbachev’s NewGorbachev’s New Thinking PolicyThinking Policy Withdrawal ofWithdrawal of Soviet troops fromSoviet troops from Afghanistan fromAfghanistan from May 1988 – FebMay 1988 – Feb 1989 after 101989 after 10 year of waryear of war
- 24. End of ColdWarEnd of Cold War End of Soviet control over EasternEnd of Soviet control over Eastern EuropeEurope Gorbachev’s UN speech on the countryGorbachev’s UN speech on the country right to choose its political and economicright to choose its political and economic system.system. Coupled withCoupled with The renunciation of theThe renunciation of the Brezhnev DoctrineBrezhnev Doctrine The communist rulers of these states could notThe communist rulers of these states could not survive without the support of the Soviet Unionsurvive without the support of the Soviet Union
- 25. The Rise ofNationalismThe Rise of Nationalism With the iron grip of theWith the iron grip of the centralized Soviet statecentralized Soviet state relaxed and the growingrelaxed and the growing failure of the state tofailure of the state to adequately feed andadequately feed and clothe its people,clothe its people, nationalism in thenationalism in the republics surged andrepublics surged and separatist movementsseparatist movements threatened the verythreatened the very existence of the Sovietexistence of the Soviet Union.Union. Super Cute Protesters: Moldova: The hot, angry face of nationalism - Apr 13, 2009
- 26. End of ColdWarEnd of Cold War Watch the video and understand howWatch the video and understand how the cold war endedthe cold war ended
- 27. Re-emergence of Nationalismin theRe-emergence of Nationalism in the Eastern European blocEastern European bloc Member states make use ofMember states make use of the new freedom to overthrowthe new freedom to overthrow the communist regimes withinthe communist regimes within their countriestheir countries Beginning in September 1989,Beginning in September 1989, a wave of hugea wave of huge demonstrations shookdemonstrations shook Communist regimes acrossCommunist regimes across eastern Europe.eastern Europe. Breakaway of memberBreakaway of member states in USSRstates in USSR Poland in June 1989Poland in June 1989 Hungary and reunification ofHungary and reunification of Germany in Oct 1989Germany in Oct 1989 Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria andCzechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania in December 1989Romania in December 1989 A total of 6 Eastern EuropeanA total of 6 Eastern European states had broken awaystates had broken away
- 28. Solidarity PartyunderSolidarity Party under Lech Walesa won theLech Walesa won the seats that was freelyseats that was freely contestedcontested Inspired peacefulInspired peaceful revolution in other partsrevolution in other parts of eastern europeof eastern europe
- 30. JanJan 1989,1989, HungaryHungary beganbegan democratdemocrat icic reformsreforms OctOct 1989,1989, heldfreeheld free electionselections Hungarian Foreign Minister Gyula Horn (right) and his Austrian counterpart Alois Mock using bolt cutters to nip holes in a barbed wire fence.
- 31. 10 Dec1989, leaders of10 Dec 1989, leaders of the Czech Communistthe Czech Communist Party agreed to holdParty agreed to hold elections and resignedelections and resigned
- 32. RomaniaRomania Dec 1989,Dec1989, Romanians revoltedRomanians revolted and overthrewand overthrew communist leadercommunist leader Nicolae Ceaucescu’sNicolae Ceaucescu’s brutal andbrutal and repressiverepressive government whengovernment when the army turnedthe army turned against himagainst him April 1990, freeApril 1990, free elections wereelections were announcedannounced
- 33. Building the BerlinWallBuilding the Berlin Wall
- 34. President Reagan givinga speech at the Berlin Wall, Brandenburg Gate, Federal Republic of Germany. June 12, 1987
- 35. Reagan’s Brandenburg GateSpeechReagan’s Brandenburg Gate Speech President Ronald Reagan called uponPresident Ronald Reagan called upon Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall:Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall: ""In the Communist world, we see failure,In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, decliningtechnological backwardness, declining standards... Even today, the Soviet Unionstandards... Even today, the Soviet Union cannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusioncannot feed itself. The inescapable conclusion is that freedom is the victor. Generalis that freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace,Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union,if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union, if you seek liberalization: Come here to thisif you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”
- 36. The Wall CameDownThe Wall Came Down Finally, on the night ofFinally, on the night of November 9, 1989,November 9, 1989, ordinary Germansordinary Germans poured through thepoured through the Berlin Wall.Berlin Wall. The GDR quicklyThe GDR quickly disintegrated, and bydisintegrated, and by the end of 1990, all ofthe end of 1990, all of East Germany had beenEast Germany had been incorporated into theincorporated into the wealthy, powerfulwealthy, powerful Federal Republic ofFederal Republic of Germany.Germany.
- 37. A tram isblocked by East German demonstrators in the center of the city in October 1989. Their banner reads: 'Legalization of opposition parties, free democratic elections, free press and independent unions.'
- 39. Eastern Bloc Union of SovietSocialist Republics 15 Republics: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan 7 Satellite Countries: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia Disintegration of the Soviet UnionDisintegration of the Soviet Union
- 40. Disintegration of theSovietDisintegration of the Soviet UnionUnion The August Coup 1991The August Coup 1991 Hardliners horrified by imminentHardliners horrified by imminent break-up of USSR.break-up of USSR. 1818thth Aug – launched coup toAug – launched coup to overthrow Gorbachev – placedoverthrow Gorbachev – placed under house arrest.under house arrest. Boris Yeltsin, then mayor ofBoris Yeltsin, then mayor of Moscow boldly resisted theMoscow boldly resisted the plotters – coup collapsed on 21plotters – coup collapsed on 21stst Aug.Aug. Though Gorbachev returned toThough Gorbachev returned to power, his unpopularity andpower, his unpopularity and attempted coup show his lack ofattempted coup show his lack of power.power.
- 41. Independent RepublicsIndependent Republics The Communist partyThe Communist party quickly collapsed, andquickly collapsed, and the Soviet Union beganthe Soviet Union began the painful and uncertainthe painful and uncertain process of reorganizingprocess of reorganizing itself as a looseitself as a loose confederation ofconfederation of independent republics.independent republics.
- 42. Results of Gorbachev’sReformsResults of Gorbachev’s Reforms Re-emergence of Nationalism in theRe-emergence of Nationalism in the eastern european bloceastern european bloc Lithuania declared independence in March 1990, followedLithuania declared independence in March 1990, followed suit by Latvia and Estonia.suit by Latvia and Estonia. Collapse of USSRCollapse of USSR Dec 1991 – formationDec 1991 – formation of Commonwealth of Independent Statesof Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)(CIS) Renamed the Russian Federation in DecRenamed the Russian Federation in Dec 19931993 A patchwork of 89 separate administrativeA patchwork of 89 separate administrative districtsdistricts
- 43. Boris YeltsinBoris Yeltsin Boris Yeltsin, whoBoris Yeltsin, who headed the Russianheaded the Russian Republic, replacedRepublic, replaced Gorbachev as presidentGorbachev as president of a much- diminishedof a much- diminished state. Gorbachev foundstate. Gorbachev found that there was nothat there was no Soviet Union to leadSoviet Union to lead and retired into privateand retired into private life.life. Time magazine's July 15, 1996, issue, featured a 10-page spread about a squad of U.S. political pros who "clandestinely participated in guiding Yeltsin's campaign.“
- 44. Nobel Peace PrizeNobelPeace Prize Gorbachev won the 1989Gorbachev won the 1989 Nobel Peace Prize. HeNobel Peace Prize. He brought a peaceful end tobrought a peaceful end to the cold war, and dramaticthe cold war, and dramatic change to his country'schange to his country's economy, though not ineconomy, though not in the way he intended.the way he intended.
- 45. The End ofthe Cold WarThe End of the Cold War The Cold War was over,The Cold War was over, brought to a close not bybrought to a close not by the missiles and tanks ofthe missiles and tanks of the principal participants,the principal participants, but by the collectivebut by the collective courage and willpower ofcourage and willpower of ordinary men and women.ordinary men and women.
- 46. Remaining Communist CountriesRemainingCommunist Countries At its peak, communism was practiced in dozens ofAt its peak, communism was practiced in dozens of countries:countries: Soviet UnionSoviet Union: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia,: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania,Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, andMoldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and UzbekistanUzbekistan Asian CountriesAsian Countries: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and: Afghanistan, Cambodia, Mongolia, and YemenYemen Soviet Controlled Eastern bloc countriesSoviet Controlled Eastern bloc countries: Bulgaria, Czech: Bulgaria, Czech Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania,Republic, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia.Slovakia. The BalkansThe Balkans: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria,: Albania, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia.Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia. AfricaAfrica: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and: Angola, Benin, Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Mozambique.Mozambique. CurrentlyCurrently only a handful of countries identified as communistonly a handful of countries identified as communist remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.remain: Laos, North Korea, Vietnam, China, and Cuba.