The document provides a historical overview of China from ancient times to the present day. It summarizes the major dynasties and periods of Chinese history, including the imperial era, ancient inventions, aborted commercial revolution, opium wars, decline of the imperial era, republican revolution, warlord era, nationalist and communist movements, establishment of the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, post-Mao economic reforms under Deng Xiaoping, Tiananmen incident, and current leadership under Hu Jintao.
An introduction to pre 1911 China, and an overview of China's main dynasties and leaders. A great beginning for Chapter 4 Cambridge AS History chapter - International relations in an age of development - China and Japan. Please send me a message if you want to download this for educational purpose.
An introduction to pre 1911 China, and an overview of China's main dynasties and leaders. A great beginning for Chapter 4 Cambridge AS History chapter - International relations in an age of development - China and Japan. Please send me a message if you want to download this for educational purpose.
ChinaChina emerged from the Second World War with some serious iJinElias52
China
China emerged from the Second World War with some serious issues. First, it had suffered through the war. Remember, the Japanese invaded China in 1937. Secondly, it had already been fighting a Civil War for many years. From 1912 until the Japanese invaded in 1937, China had been suffering with a good deal of internal strife. Once the Emperor had been deposed, China had been trying to create a cohesive state. However, due to the ravages of Colonialism and poor governmental policies for about 100 years, instead of segueing into a western style democracy such as Japan (Dr. Sun Yat Sen’s dream), there was a corrupt crony capitalism with a somewhat democratic leadership, that had to deal with extreme poverty, and regional warlords.
While trying to make order out of this chaos, this government was then presented with a growing Communist party threat. Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the Chinese Communists were a new breed. Mocked by the Russians because even Stalin believed that you couldn’t have a communist revolution in such a poor, peasant, non-industrial society, Mao was undeterred and began a decades-long campaign to “win the hearts and minds of the people” – mostly the peasants. This was the beginning of what we now call 4th generation warfare (guerrilla warfare, small bands attacking targets, terrorism). Mao befriended villages, won their hearts, attacked the Chinese Nationalists and then disappeared into the villages. This “war” went on for about 10 years until the Japanese invaded – in fact, it was one reason that the Japanese were able to attack China so successfully.
During the Second World War, the Communists and the Nationalists made an uneasy truce called the United Front. The idea was to team up to defeat the Japanese and then figure out the government. Mao greatly benefited from this truce. He managed to get the Nationalists to stop attacking him, and to concentrate on the Japanese. Meanwhile, he spent very little effort at attacking the Japanese but continued building up his strength and winning over new converts. Thus by 1945, when the Japanese were defeated, Mao was in a very strong position from a large majority of popular support.
History and Geography
China is one of the oldest civilizations on earth. The land area is roughly equivalent to the U.S, but there are about 1.4 billion residents. It is bordered on the north with Mongolia and Russia (the Soviet Union during almost all of the Twentieth Century), on the west with India, Nepal and Myanmar (Burma), on the south-west with Vietnam, Laos, on the south with the China Sea and the Philippines and Taiwan in the China Sea, on the Northeast with Korea, on the east with the East China Sea and Yellow Sea with Japan in the Yellow Sea (across from Korea).
Economically, China was the engine that drove world growth at least until the 17th century. Many historians believe that the strength of the Chinese economy lasted until the second industrial revolution in England. The ...
Zhao 1Zilu ZhaoECON 463120415Economy and Governance of.docxdanielfoster65629
Zhao 1
Zilu Zhao
ECON 463
12/04/15
Economy and Governance of China
China is one of the most seasoned civic establishments on the planet and has been the biggest and most developed economy for a lot of written history. China's antiquated history is isolated into three times: Pre-Imperial time (ca. 10,000 – 221BC), Early Imperial period (221BC – 960AD) and Late Imperial time (960 – 1911AD). Amid the Pre-Imperial period, the ethnic groups living around the Yellow River territory, were rehearsing farming. The most punctual silk remains date to the early three thousand years BC. By 3000 years BC, stratified bronze-age social orders had risen. A trader class ruled amid the Warring States Period, bringing about expanded exchange. The sovereigns built up a mind boggling organization, utilizing it to wage supreme wars, manufacture expansive sanctuaries and perform open works ventures. The new framework remunerated ability over claim; vital positions were no more possessed singularly by honorability (Lee and Mabel 2008). A farming insurgency, brought on by the reception of new iron instruments, prompted an expansive populace increment amid this period. The Early Imperial time was stamped by solid governments and rulers with verging on boundless force. The states were unified, albeit neighborhood authorities still kept up constrained self-sufficiency. Amid this period, independent laborer ranchers and artisans administered the economy. Trade was moderately regular, expanding after the Han Dynasty with the advancement of the Silk Road. By 221BC, the condition of Qin brought together China, by grasping change more than whatever other state. Its Emperor Qin Shihuang was the first head in China. He manufactured the Great Wall and set reliable benchmarks of government. The Han Dynasty is recognized as the first of China's Golden Ages. With a populace of 58 million, it was a standout amongst the most intense and crowded countries on earth, surpassing the Roman Empire. Amid this period, substantial scale ventures rose, and mechanical developments, for example, the wheelbarrow, paper and the seismograph were designed. The Silk Road was opened up, permitting exchange in the middle of China and its western districts to prosper (Zhou, Jinsheng, and Edward 1974). Confucius' theory, and Taoism and its qualities picked up noticeable quality in China amid the Han Dynasty. On the other hand, the economy was disabled by an uprising and did not recuperate until the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was a further brilliant age. A progression of solid rulers, including a woman, ruled China proficiently and extended the Tang Empire to the point that it matched the later Yuan, Ming and Qing administrations. The state's withdrawal energized monetary development and assisted China's economy with developing into the mercantilism of the Song and Ming Dynasties in the following eras.
The Late Imperial time started with the Song Dynasty. It conveyed a monetary insurgency to China. E.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
6. History and development Capitalism has been regarded as unique to Europe and as an organic outgrowth of Western civilisation. The modern world system under the Western-based core, semi-periphery, periphery structure is a contemporary phenomenon.
7. History and development The rise and fall of ancient civilisations Mesopotamia China Egypt Greece Rome America India
8. History and development Eurocentrism : practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing emphasis on European (and, generally, Western) concerns, culture and values at the expense of those of other cultures. The rise of the West in the global order and the decline of the East began only in 1800’s. The center of the world is now again moving to the East. Far East.... Far from whom?
9. 中国 Oldest and longest civilisation in the world....
14. The Imperial Era Unification of China in 221 BC under the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang. “ All Under Heaven” The Qin Dynasty left a legacy of a centralised bureaucratic state. A period that lasted until the fall of the empire in 1911.
15. The Imperial Era Xia Dynasty (est. 2200 BC — est. 1700 BC) Shang Dynasty (est. 1700 BC — est. 1100 BC) Zhou Dynasty (est. 1100 BC — 256 BC) Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC) Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) Three Kingdom Period (220—280) Jin Dynasty (265—420) Southern - Northern Dynasties (420—589) Sui Dynasty (581—618) Tang Dynasty (618—907) Five Dynasties (907—960) Song Dynasty (960—1279) Yuan Dynasty (1206—1368) Ming Dynasty (1368—1644) Qing Dynasty (1616—1911)
16. Ancient Inventions From 600 AD until 1500 AD, China was among the world’s most technologically advanced societies. Printing Paper Gunpowder Compass Pottery and porcelain Silk
18. The aborted commercial revolution Confucian anti-business ethics in the government . By the end of the fifteenth century, imperial subjects were forbidden from either building oceangoing ships or leaving the country. ISOLATION! The declin e of European-style mercantilism and industrialization in China . Science and philosophy were caught in a tight net of t raditions . As a result, imperial decree the great navy was decommissioned; construction of seagoing ships was forbidden; the iron industry gradually declined .
19. The Western Powers arrive The Portuguese were the pioneers, establishing a foothold at Macao . Later came the British. Trade between China and the West was carried on in the guise of tribute: foreigners were obliged to follow the elaborate, centuries-old ritual imposed on envoys from China's tributary states. (except Russia) There was no conception at the imperial court that the Europeans would expect or deserve to be treated as cultural or political equals.
20. The Western Powers arrive The market in Europe and America for tea expanded greatly, a new drink in the West. T here was a continuing demand for Chinese silk and porcelain . Pre - industrial China wanted little that the West had to offer . RESULT: Growing trade deficit for the Westerns!
21. The Western Powers arrive Raw cotton and opium from India became the staple British imports into China. Despite opium was prohibited entry by imperial decree, t he opium traffic was made possible through the connivance of profit-seeking merchants and a corrupt bureaucracy .
22. Opium Wars 1839-1842 British declare war on China, as a reaction to the banning of opium trade. Unprepared for war and grossly underestimating the capabilities of the enemy, the Chinese were disastrously defeated . China ceded the island of Hong Kong for 99 years ; opened 5 more ports. Abolished the licensed monopoly system of trade . ORIGIN OF CHINESE SCEPTISM ON FOREIGNERS!
23. Decline of the Chinese Imperium Taiping Rebellion (1850-64): Supressed; not by the government, but by regional armies. Provinces began to assert independence. Defeat in the War against Japan (1894-1895) Boxer Uprising (1898-1900) against foreign influence. Some attempts to reform, taking the Meiji Restoration in Japan as example.
24. Republican Revolution of 1911 The republican revolution broke out on October 10, 1911, in Wuchang, the capital of Hubei Province led by Sun Yat-sen . On January 1, 1912, Sun was inaugurated in Nanjing as the provisional president of the new Chinese R epublic. On February 12, 1912, the last Qing emperor, Puyi abdicated .
25. China in Chaos The country disintegrated into literally hundreds of states of varying sizes, each controlled by a warlord and his private army. They fought each other. Two important developments: May Fourth Movement (1919) Kuomintang (Nationalists) getting stronger.
26. Kuomintang Soviet aid in 1923. Three Principles of the People: Nationalism Democracy Land Reform Sun Yat-sen Chiang Kai-shek Northern Expedition to unite the nation (1928).
27. Chinese Communist Party Founded in 1921: mostly intellectuals, not much military power. 1923-1931: Soviet control. Unite Communists and Nationalists. Mao Zedong elected as chairman in 1931. Breach with the Nationalists. Strategy: win mass upport among peasants, rather than trying to capture industrial towns. “ People’s War” Guerilla warfare
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37. Deng Xiaoping Four Modernization s Agriculture Industry Science and Te chnology National Defence A ccelerate the modernization process by stepping up the volume of foreign trade by opening up its markets, especially the purchase of machinery from Japan and the West. S peed up economic development through foreign investment, a more open market, access to advanced technologies, and management experience. MARKET SOCIALISM! MAR
38. Deng Xiaoping Changes introduced during the Cultural Revolution were reversed. Revolutionary committees replaced by elected groups. Property confiscated from capitalists returned to survivors. Greater freedom for intellectuals. But: Mao’s legacy still alive!
39. Tiananmen Incident Dilemma: Is it possible to give people more economic freedom and yet deny them any choice in other areas such as politics? Economic problems in 1988 and 1989. Effect of glasnost and perestroika in the USSR. Student demonstrations began. On 3-4 June 1989, the PLA violently crushed the demonstrations. 1500-3000 dead.
40. After Tiananmen Deng’s trip to the s outh ern provinces in 1992 : Speeding up of reforms and economic opening. Deng died in 1997. Third Generation leader: Jiang Zemin.
41. Jiang Zemin S ubstantial developmental growth through further reforms . P eaceful return of Hong Kong and Macau from European rule . I mproved relations with the outside world . Communist Party maintain ing its tight control over the government. T oo concerned about his personal image at home and too conciliatory towards Russia and the United States abroad. I nability to maintain control on various social imbalances and problems that surfaced during his term.
42. Hu Jintao President of the People's Republic of China, Chairman of the Central Military Commission and General Secretary of the Communist Party of Chi n a since 2003 . R epresents China's transition of leadership from old, establishment Communists to younger, more pragmatic technocrats. R einstated certain controls on the economy . He is a pragmatist and hard-liner as far as any effort of political reform is concerned. His foreign policy is seen as less conciliatory than that of his predecessor, and China's global influence has increased greatly since he took office.
45. Foreign Policy IDEOLOGY Original Idea: Imperialism as the last stage of capitalism . Shift from a sense of victimhood to great power mentality. In achieving this goal, China is not pursuing any hegemonic or war-like ambitions . “PEACEFUL RISE” I deology is secondary to advancing national interest .
46. Foreign Policy GOALS Preservation of China’s Territorial Integrity . Recovery of lost territory . Recognition of China as the sole legitimate government of China . Enhancing China’s International Stature .
47. Foreign Policy FOUR PERIODS IN CHINESE FOREIGN POLICY Global Power Politics Nationalism and Isolation Bandung Spirit Lean to One Side 1969-..... 1957-1969 1954-1957 1949-1954
48. Foreign Policy LEAN TO ONE SIDE (1949-1954) Taiwan Issue: US is divided 1950 Treaty with Soviet Union 1950 the Korean War started Direct Confrontation of Chinese Army and the US in Korea stalemate 1954 China attacked Taiwan — US defended signing treaty with ROC
53. Foreign Policy GLOBAL POWER POLITICS (1969-....) 1970’s and 80’s: Seeking to c reate a secure regional and global environment for itself and to foster good relations with countries that could aid its economic development. Approaching West and countering Soviet expansionism . 1990’s: Working to recover relations with foreign countries after the disruption caused by the Tiananmen incident. F ocus ing at improving relations with Russia and Europe in order to counterbalance the United States .
54. Foreign Policy CURRENT ISSUES Shifting away from the balance strategy to the new security concept: “ the post-Cold War era required nations to move away from thinking in terms of alliances and power blocs and toward thinking in terms of economic and diplomatic cooperation. ” China seeking a higher profile in the UN through its permanent seat on the Security Council and other multilateral organizations. Making efforts to reduce tensions in Asia . Cultivating a more cooperative relationship with members of the Association of Southeast A si an Nations (ASEAN) and working to further strengthen regional cooperation . Improving relations with Russia: Shanghai Cooperation Organization .
55. Foreign Policy CURRENT ISSUES CHINA-US RELATIONS Economic concerns (value of RMB, textile, etc) Taiwan issue Hu’s visit to USA in 2006. Shift in USA’s perception of China. (Clinton -> Bush) CHINA-JAPAN RELATIONS Ghosts of the past Leadership in Asia
56. Foreign Policy CURRENT ISSUES CHINA IN AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA Revival of the Bandung Spirit? or Economic pragmatizm? SECURITY ISSUES Increasing defense budget and militarisation. Arms and nuclear material sales.
57. Chinese Economy IN 2006... Growth: 10.7 % Trade volume: US$ 1.76 trillion FDI inflow: US$ 69.5 billion OVERHEATING? Macro-controls against rapid growth of investment, excessive monetary credit and trade surplus.
58. Chinese Economy REASONS OF HIGH GROWTH Increasing inflow of investments (FDI and public investments) High savings rates financing the investments Open economy (Average tariffs went down from 41% in 1992 to 6% after WTO accession) Skilled and inexpensive labour shifting to more productive areas (from agriculture to industry)
59. Chinese Economy THREATS AGAINST SUSTAINABILITY Weakness of the banking sector (4 state banks dominating the sector). Corruption. Inequality in income distribution and regional disparities. Environmental problems. Lack of transparency in bureaucracy and the judiciary system.
60. Turkish-Chinese Relations Diplomatic relations established on 4 August 1971. First visit: President Evren to Beijing in 1982. Prime Minister Özal to Beijing in 1985. President Li Xiannian to Ankara in 1986. Premier Zhao Ziyang to Ankara in 1986. Joint Comminiqué on Bilateral Competition during Jiang Zemin’s visit to Turkey in April 2002.