Saad Zaghlul was a leader of Egyptian nationalism and founder of the Wafd Party. In 1919, Britain exiled Zaghlul for leading protests against the British occupation of Egypt. Mass protests erupted across Egypt demanding independence. Britain eventually released Zaghlul and granted Egypt limited independence in 1922 while maintaining control. The Wafd Party continued pushing for full independence and dominated Egyptian politics between World War I and the 1950s.

1. FASIHA BINTI BUSTAMI 1318146
FITRIANI BINTI SHIFOLLAH 1312440
DEENA AQILAH BINTI MOHD SOBRI 1314336
THE STRUGGLE OF
INDEPENDENCE IN THE ARAB
WORLD
(THE CASE OF EGYPT)

3. Saad Zaghlul Pasha
 Father of Egyptian nationalism.
 born in Ibyana, a village in the province of Gharbiyyah in the
Egyptian Delta.
 was an Egyptian revolutionary and statesman.
 he specialized in Islamic law, philosophy, and theology in Azhar
University and came under the strong influence of the Islamic
reformers Jamal al-Din al-Afghani and Muhammad Abduh.
 he was appointed the minister of education between 1906 and
1908 and the minister of justice between 1910 and 1912.
 In 1913 he became vice-president of the Legislative Assembly.
the leader of Egypt's nationalist Wafd Party.
 He served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 26 January 1924 to 24 November 1924.

4. Wafd Party
 Delegation Party or Hizb al-Wafd was a nationalist liberal political party in Egypt led
by Saad Zaghlul Pasha.
 Egypt's most popular and influential political party for a period from the end of
World War I through the 1930s.
 Founded in November 1918
 Saad Zaghlul began forming a group of individuals who shared his views, and did not
include the assistance of the people.
 They presented themselves with Zaghlul as their representative to Reginald Wingate,
the British governor in Egypt. They told Wingate that the main goal of the Wafd was
the immediate termination of the British occupation of Egypt.
The party was dissolved in 1952, after the 1952 Egyptian Revolution.

5. Delegation Party or Hizb al-Wafd

6. BACKGROUND
 The English name 'Egypt' came from a Latin word 'Aegyptus' derived
from the ancient Greek word 'Aigyptos'.
 Arab nationalism and anti-imperialism, which were at times militant,
were strong in Egypt as long as British rule, direct and indirect,
continued to emanate from Cairo.
 Britain declared war against the Ottomans in November 1914 and a
month later Egypt became a British protectorate.

7.  British rule caused Egypt’s involvement in the war to increase – 1.5 million
Egyptians were conscripted in the Labour Corps and much of the country’s
infrastructure was seized for the army – contributing to the dissatisfaction.
 1918 - a delegation of Egyptian nationalist activists led by Saad Zaghlul
made a request to High Commissioner Reginald Wingate to end the British
Protectorate in Egypt and Sudan.
 The delegation also included 'Ali Sha'rawi Pasha, Abd al-Aziz Fahmi Bay,
Muhammad 'Ali Bay, 'Abd al-Latif al-Makabati Bay, etc.
 A mass movement for the full independence of Egypt and Sudan was being
organized at a grassroots level. Zaghlul and the Wafd Party enjoyed massive
support among the Egyptian people.

8.  Wafdist emissaries went into towns and villages to collect signatures
authorizing the movement's leaders to petition for the complete
independence of the country.
 The British government took two actions that accelerated the spread
of the nationalist movement.
refused the delegation,
arrested Zaghlul and two other movement leaders on 8 March 1919 and
exiled them to Malta.
 Egypt erupted in revolt.
 The representatives in Britain negotiated a calm with the nationalists.
Zaghlul was released and the Wafd began to dominate Egyptian
politics.

9.  It pressured the British to negotiate an “independence”.
In 1922, Britain ended its protectorate status over Egypt, but with
four conditions reserved to the British:
Protections of British imperial communications in Egypt
Ability to aid Egypt in defense against foreign invaders
Protection of their economic interests in the country
Continued administration of the Sudan
 Fu’ad became the king of Egypt in 1922, heading a constitutional
monarchy.
 The Wafd, the most popular nationalist party led by Zaghlul,
continued its demands for true national independence.

10. 1919

11. • Protests and strikes broke out across the country, especially Cairo and
Alexandria, continued until April.
• Joining by Egyptians of all backgrounds: men, women, Muslims, and
Christians (Copts), intellectuals, shop owners, and tradesmen.
• Transport workers, judges, and lawyers engaged in massive strikes as
well.

12. On March 9, 1919, students at the Egyptian University and students at
Al-Azhar demonstrated.
On March 15, over 10,000 students, workers, and professionals marched
on Cairo’s Abdin Palace, where they were met by thousands more
protesters discontent with British rule.
The next day, the wives of the exiled leaders, Safia Zaghlul, Huda
Sharawi, and Mana Fahmi Wissa, organized a march of thousands of
women in traditional garb.

13. In the images that captured the 1919 uprising, women
were uniformly dressed in black knee-level gowns and
strictly covered their faces with either a white or black
burqa’.
Crowds at gathered in Cairo to demonstrate
against Britain's presence in Egypt.

14. • By the third week of sustained protests in March, Britain realized that
the political climate getting uncontrollable and so began a series of
changes in the country.
• They replaced High Commissioner Wingate with General Edmund
Allenby as Special High Commissioner .
• They reached a negotiation in which the campaigners promised in
writing to end the protests in exchange for the allowance of the exiled
leaders to go to Paris

15. • They were released on the April 7 and travelled to Paris on the 11th.
• On the same month, a delegation of nationalists voted to begin a strike
until: the Wafd party was recognized by the British as the official
representative party of Egypt, the protectorate was abolished, and
martial law was ended.
• A general assembly was held days later on April 16 at al-Azhar ,with all
classes of society from across the country represented. The
participants drafted a letter of the campaign’s demands.

16. • The Rushdi government resigned on April 21, leading nationalists to
believe there was finally recognition of Zaghlul’s right to rule and
represent the national cause, and so they concluded the strike on April
23.
• The British sent Lord Alfred Milner (a statesmen and colonial
administrator), to Egypt in December on a special diplomatic mission to
assess the possibilities of maintaining British control in Egypt while
placating the demand for independence.
• In response, Wafdists and supporters boycotted his meetings, closed
shops, struck, and pamphleted against cooperation with the ‘Milner
Mission’.

17. • More acts of civil disobedience followed during the Milner Mission:
15,000 nationalists met at Alexandria’s mosque Abu’l-‘Abbas al-Mursi;
ministers quit and lawyers went on strike, confounding the judicial
system. Provincial councils, trade guilds, religious communities, and
students all strategized against the British rule.

18. In his report of the situation, he advised that
Britain abolish the protectorate and grant Egypt
independence. He saw the hostile stance of the
Egyptian people as incontrollable and believed
Britain would not be able to continue to pursue its
interests given such public opinion.

19. • Finally, Milner decided to include Zaghlul in negotiations in Paris.
Private talks occurred during the summer of 1920.
• The meetings were a major accomplishment for the Wafdists and
resulted in one change: the participants agreed to abolish the
precondition of the protectorate in order to hold a negotiation over
independence.
• On April 4, 1921, Zaghlul returned to Egypt. His glory was short lived.
General Allenby did not want Zaghlul emerge as the leader of an
independent Egypt so Allenby had Zaghlul arrested and deported to the
Seychelles Islands.
• As with Zaghlul’s first exiling, Egyptians responded with strikes and
protests across the country.

20. • On February 28, 1922 Britain declared limited independence for
Egypt.
• A new Egyptian constitution was created in 1923, and in the 1924
election the Wafdists won a significant majority of seats in
parliament. Zaghlul also became Prime Minister. The Wafd party
was prominent politically until the early 1950s.

21. EGYPT AFTERMATH

22. AFTER EGYPT INDEPENDENCE WW1-WW2
• After Egypt given Independence, four matters were pending to the British govt.
• (a) The security of imperial communications
• (b) Defense
• (c) The protection of foreign interests and of minorities
• (d) the Sudan. (not solved)
• March 15, The Sultan became King Fu’ad 1 (1922-1936) of Egypt.
The Kingdom Of Egypt 1922- 1952
• Constitutional monarchy
• Based on Belgium & promulgated in April 1923, defined the King’s executive powers & established a
bichameral legislature. (2 branch)
• An electoral law provided for universal male suffrage & the indirect election of deputies to the
Assembly ; the Senate was half elected & half appointed.
• Political struggle continued with the three power ; the King, the Wafd & British.

23. • The Wafd : a countrywide organization dominated Egyptian politics.
• THE INTERWAR PERIOD
• Fuad felt insecure, prepared to intrigue with the nationalists or with the British to secure his position & powers.
• The Wafd, with its mass follower, their charismatic leader, Zaghlul (died in 1927), the only Egypt’s truly national
party.
• Why? They stood for national independence against British domination & for constitutional govt. against royal
autocracy.
• Liberal Constitutionalist Party broke off in 1922 . Opposition party
• British primary aim : a) to secure imperial interests which have the control of communications through
Suez Canal.
• The need for a treaty to safeguard their interests led Britain to conciliate nationalists feeling by supporting the
Wafd more than the King side.
• Their first general election in January 1924, the Wafd as the majority, & Zaghlul became Prime Minister for a few
months only. The causes before, which is an unsuccessful treaty, although had discussion with Britain also
tension with the king too.
• November 1924, Sir Lee Stack , the Sirdar & the governor-general of Sudan was assassinated in Cairo.

24. INTERWAR PERIOD
• General Election March 1925, the Wafd still stayed as the strongest party , yet the parliament dissolved too
quickly.
• More than 1 year, Egypt governed under decree.
• Next election, May 1926, the Wafd won again. The British against the return of Zaghlul as the premiership.
• Led to the Liberal Constitutionalist, Adli Yakan took over that seat.
• Zaghlul held the presidency of the Chamber of Deputies until he died in 1927.
• Tension developed between the parliament & the King.
• April 1927, Adli Yakan resigned.
• Another representative from same party, Abd al-Khaliq Tharwat Pasha , who negotiated a draft treaty with the
British foreign secretary.
• The Wafd rejected it.
• Constitution suspended, again Egypt governed by decree under a Liberal Constitutionalist premier, Muhammad
Ma mud Pasha .
• Agreed on draft treaty proposals in June 1929, Britain pressed for a return to constitutional govt.
• The treaty negotiations resumed yet broked down, because of issue of Sudan, virtually the Egyptian excluded
since in 1924.

25. • Al- Na the Premiership resigned on June 1930, he whom won the election in December 1929.
• The ruler, Fuad appointed Ismail idqi Pasha as next Premiership.
• Constitution 1923 was abrogated, replace by another royal decree. The electoral law, yet strengthened the King’s
power, & this suppress the power of Wafd.
• They boycott the next general election in June 1931.
• The government of idqi lasted until September 1933, after the King dismissed him.
• Next two year, the palace appointed the governments ruled Egypt.
• Fuad, his health slowly failing, could not endure it against the Wafd (internal) & the British (external) pressure.
• In 1935, the constitution of 1923 restored & general election in May 1936 gave the Wafd the majority vote again.
• Succeeded by his sons, & Al Na as the prime minister for the third time.
• the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, was signed in 1936. for mutual defense & alliance between two countries.
• The conference in Montreaux, Switzerland held next year, the Egypt backed by Britain.
• Led to immediate abolition of the capitulation & the extinction of the Mixed Courts after 12 years.
• In 1937, Egypt became the member of the League of Nations.

26. • Al Na, the premiership reach his limits on his power, however for a brief only.
• July 1937, the young King Farouk assumed his full royal powers.
• Popular & with ambitions to rule, Farouk against his own prime minister.
• A split in the Wafd, Mahmud Fahmi al- Nuqrashi Pasha & A mad Mahir Pasha were expelled & formed the Sa
dist party.
• The Wafdist youth movement, the Blueshirts, fought with the Greenshirts of young Egypt, an ultranationalist
organization.
• December 1937, King Farouk dismissed Al-Na.
• The Wafd only won 12 seats for the next election, April 1938 .

27. WORLD WAR 11 & AFTERMATH
• Egypt provided facilities for the British war during WW2, following their treaty(1936) before.
• In that treaty, few Egyptians backed British & many expected the defeats.
• 1940 – British pressured on the King to dismiss his prime minister, Ali Mahir & to appoint more cooperative one.
• Early 1942, German forces threatened to invade Egypt, which means a second British intervention.
• The 4 February(British) incident – compelled the King Farouk to accept only Al-Na as the prime minister.
• The Wafd, its power rises again after won in general election , March 1942, cooperated with British.
• However, British interference before led to bad consequences.
• Confirmed Farouk’s hostility toward them, the British & Al-Na, that tarnished the Wafd’s pretension as the
standard bearer of Egyptian nationalism.
• The Wafd party, was weakened with internal rivalries & allegations of corruption.
• October 1944, Al- Na dismissed by the King. His successor, A mad Mahir acceptable by the British.
• Yet, he was assassinated in February 1945.
• At that time, when Egypt declared war on Germany & Japan.
• Succeeded by his fellow in Sa dist, al-Nuqraishi.

28. • End of the World War 2, Egypt in a thoroughly unstable condition.
• The Wafd declined, & its political opponents took chances.
• Demand on the nationalist for a revision of the treaty of 1936 :
• - for complete evacuation of British troops from Egypt & ending the control of British in Sudan.
• Radicals control on politics.
• The Muslim Brotherhood, founded in 1928, developed the mainstream Islamic reformists movement into a
militant mass organization.
• More demonstration in Cairo, became more violent.
• The pressure, entangled the Egypt from solve its external problems on the need to revise their treaty with Britain
& the wish to back the Arabs in Palestine.
• Negotiation not work with Britain, that refused to rule out the independence for the Sudan.
• Egypt bring this matter to UN, July 1947, but failed to win.
• 1943-1944 – Egypt played a leading role in formation of Arab League, that opposed the creation of Jewish state
in Palestine.

29. • After WW2, they increasingly committed to the Arab cause in Palestine, yet unexpected & crushing defeat in
First Arab-Israeli war (1948-1949) – with Syria, Iraq & Jordan.
• These countries response to the declaration of the State of Israel in May 1948.
• Led to disillusionment & political instability.
• The Muslim Brotherhood, increase their violent activities.
• Al-Nuqraishi, the Prime Minister at that time, tried to suppress them & was assassinated in December 1948.
• The Brotherhood’s leader, Hassan Al-Banna murdered 2 months later.
• The Wafd won the general election (January 1950) & again Al- Na took control as the prime minister , form the
government.
• Failed to reach agreement with Britain, October 1951, he abrogated both treaty ; 1936 treaty & the
Condominium Agreement of 1889.
• Anti-British demonstrations followed by guerrilla warfare, against Britain’s garrison in the canal zone.
• British counterattack in Ismailia led to the burning of Cairo in January 26, 1952.
• Al-Na as Prime Minister dismissed & 4 prime ministers were there in ensuing six months.

30. • Many negotiation for those three matters , the pending for British, not
work & continued for 30 years,.
• Never reach to the agreement.
• Only for their interest & their community worked & solved.

31. EGYPT AFTERMATH ITS INDEPENDENCE :
SUDAN
• British troops are to remain in Egypt to protect imperial interests
(meaning in particular the Suez canal).
• And the Sudan is left out of any settlement.
Fuad, the sultan, accepts these terms.
•

32. • A constitution providing for parliamentary government is
introduced in 1923.
• Elections in the following year sweep Wafd into power with
Zaghlul as prime minister.
• One of the party's main principles, the demand for the
merging of Egypt and the Sudan, guarantees friction with
the British government.
• And its commitment to constitutional government puts it at
loggerheads with the king.
• Whatever the details of his new constitution, Fuad
instinctively inclines to more absolute royal powers.

33. The issue of the Sudan comes to a head in 1924, when riots and violence by
Sudanese nationalists prompt the British government to use force majeure
in a unilateral solution.
Egyptian forces are evicted from the Sudan.