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Decolonization process.ppt
- 1. The Decolonization Process Theend of the European control of the World
- 2. Global Events LeadingUp to Decolonization Imperialism Growing Nationalism World War I World War II Cold War
- 3. WWI’s influence Promises ofself-determination Use of colonial soldiers in trenches Locals filled posts left by colonial powers during war Financial strain on empire Treaty of Versailles
- 4. Metropolis-Colony Relations Economic crisisbetween wars that led to WWII, that favoured The apparition of liberation movement The bipolarization of the world made easier the creation of these movements
- 5. Economic crisis andWWII Metropolis became feeble due to the economic crisis Colonies were isolated due to the War Metropolis inverted fewer money in the colonies This helped the Decolonization process
- 6. Other aspects ofWWII Increased nationalist uprisings following WWI (as a result of the global depression) Costs of empire US support of anti-colonial liberation movements Atlantic Charter (1941) “right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live” Soviets condemned colonialism
- 7. Cold War Provided inspirationa blend of capitalist and socialist economies and agendas. Provided arms to those who sided with one or the other (proxy wars and arms races). Encouraged violent recourse for some as a result of the power politics of cold war competition.
- 8. Decolonization causes Growing strengthof nationalism in the colonies International opposition Democracies opposed to racism after WWII Big superpowers opposed to colonialist control Ideologies such as communism opposed to it Superpowers pressure to put an end to colonialism
- 9. Decolonization causes Old colonialempires preferred to begin the decolonization process: New European governments opposed to racist theories Empires were expensive to maintain They preferred to focus on Europe rather than in the colonies Neo-colonialism was more appropriate for the new situation
- 10. Cultural causes Metropolis maintainedlinks with colonies through press, media, etc Some supra-national organizations keep the links with the colonies such as the case of the Commonwealth and the activities related to this, specially in the sport field.
- 11. Political causes United Kingdomand France created `clubs´ to continue their link with the new independent states These supra-national institutions were aimed at helping the new states in economy, culture and policy They used to meet with a deter frequency
- 12. Military causes Metropolis maintainedarmies in the colonies to safeguard peace Some states established bases in the old colonies The metropolis intervened to support some regimes In some areas such as in Africa the intervention of the metropolis was `at will´
- 13. Social causes Economic helpwas given Not given by the mother country Given by the mother country with a counterpart: buy products made in that mother country Europeans sold weapons in the colonies Poor militarised countries were frequently involved in wars
- 14. Economic causes Colonial economies dependon a limited Number of products Multinationals that have been in a country kept their activity Regions in which the new governments nationalised the industries were penalised Enterprises from the metropolis continued having links with the ex - colonies
- 15. Other Powers’Intervention Some ofthe founder members of the EU established links with the Third World and wanted to include their old colonies The 1963 Yaoundé Convention focused on: Offer markets to the ex – colonies Economic helps given to the colonies to spend in their trade with the metropolis Lome I (1975) and Lome II (1980) agreements created new social meassures for the poor
- 16. Liberation Movements They werepossible thanks to the colonial elites, whose sons were educated in European countries The new elites defended the national values The influence of the communism was also important
- 17. Bipolarization The anti-colonialism wasput into practice It made easier the creation of the ONU, that determined The right to auto determination The equality between countries It legitimated the decolonization process
- 18. Process of Decolonizationand Nation-Building Surge of anti-colonial nationalism after 1945. Leaders used lessons in mass politicization and mass mobilization of 1920’s and 1930’s. Three patterns: Civil war (China) Negotiated independence (India and much of Africa) Incomplete de-colonization (Palestine, Algeria and Southern Africa, Vietnam)
- 19. The Decolonization Process Ithappened in Asia Africa Near East and Israel
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- 21. China Japanese invasion interruptedthe 1920s and 1930s conflict between the Communists (Mao Zedong) and the Guomindang (Chiang Kai-shek) During the war, CCP expanded peasant base, using appeals for women (health care, divorce rights, education access, graduated taxes, cooperative farming). Growth of party during the war in part through use of anti-Japanese propaganda. Resumption of civil war after Japanese surrender. 1949 Great People’s Revolution- Mao; Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan.
- 22. India India and otherAsian colonies were the first to establish independence movements. Western-educated minorities organized politically to bring about the end of modification of colonial regimes.
- 23. India Civil disobedience campaigns Indian National Congressdirected by Gandhi Power was transferred in 1947
- 24. India British Indian Empire was divided: India(Hindi) Pakistan (Muslim) Republic of India proclamed in 1949
- 25. Vietnam French rule since1880s – rice, mining, and rubber exports Rise of foreign educated intelligentsia (Ho Chi Minh) Formation of Viet Minh in 1941 Guerrilla War with France (1946-1954) (aided by China) Divided country in 1954 (Geneva Conference) led to gradual US entry to contain communism.
- 26. Vietnam Cold War stalemate VietCong Bombing campaign (President Johnson), ground troops in 1965 Until 1973Paris Peace Accords 1975, last American troops leave
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- 28. Africa Nationalists composed of ex-servicemen, urbanunemployed & under-employed, and the educated. Pan-Africanism (Marcus Garvey) and Negritude (Senghor) Senghor (Senegal) and Dubois (African- American)
- 29. Africa 1957, Gold Coast (renamedGhana) independence, led by western- educated, Kwame Nkrumah. By 1963, all of British- ruled Africa, except Southern Rhodesia, was independent.
- 30. Africa French-Ruled: Initially more resistant thanthe British. Encouraged closer French ties- assimilation, not autonomy. Not willing to go far enough in granting rights. With exception of Algeria, by 1960 had granted independence.
- 31. Africa Senghor was a Westerneducated Francophone intellectual from Senegal Poet who became first president of Senegal. Advocated democratic socialism and negritude.
- 32. Africa There were several conflictssuch as: The Congo War The Algerian War
- 33. Conflicts in Africa:Argelia Led by the guerrillas of FLN Indochina’s independence set the precedent European farmers Pied Noirs escaped to the cities
- 34. Conflicts in Africa:Argelia Bloody random massacres by Muslim Algerians French population asked for government intervention French army’s intervention: Argel
- 35. Conflicts in Africa:Argelia De Gaulle came back to power FLN directed disturbances continued 1961 Argelian independence was agreed
- 36. Conflicts in Africa:Congo Frenchcolony After WWII began its fight for independence Problems between different candidates in elections hold 1961 gained independenceCentral African Republic
- 37. Conflicts in Africa:Kenya Presence of settlers prevented smooth transition of power. Kenya (20,000 Europeans only) led to violent revolt. Mau-Mau Revolt, 1952, led by Kikuyus suppressed by British. 1963 independence granted to black majority, led by Kenyatta.
- 38. Conflicts in Africa:South Africa 4 million white residents After 1901, denied civil rights to black population Strong economy, both mining & industry Black workers demanded change Afrikaner-dominated (white) National Party won 1948 election
- 39. Conflicts in Africa:South Africa The country became independent in 1934 Problem of the Apartheid: 87% of land for whites; other classified by race
- 40. Conflicts in Africa:South Africa No protests tolerated (African National Congress, Mandela, Sharpeville massacre 1960) Evoked international opposition 1989, end of apartheid 1990s: black government elected 1994, Nelson Mandela: 1st black president
- 41. Middle East: Palestineand Israel It is an strategic area because of the petroleum There were Jewish migrations (Israel) The Arabian nationalism is important Everything led to: Conflicts Palestinian problem Arabian-Israeli war
- 42. Middle East: Palestineand Israel Zionism 1917 Balfour Declaration Immigration of Jews to Palestine European Holocaust Increase of migration 1947- end of British mandate of Palestine and failed UN partition solution 1948 establishment of Israel Regional conflicts (persist nowadays)
- 43. Chronology of decolonization20s-30s 1919 - To UK German colonies & mandates on ex-Ottoman empire countries. 1922 - Egypt given complete independence. ->Apart from Suez Canal zone. -Both acquiring & relinquishing colonies at the same time. 1923 - Rhodesia gains limited self governance. ->White farming elite minority gained self-governance powers, not black majority. 1931 - Statute of Westminster Act to give effect to resolutions from Imperial Conferences 1926 & 1930. Gave increased power to the Dominion states. Complete control of domestic affairs and most foreign affairs Still governor general. Appeals still went to House of Lords. Few other small reservations of power but Dominion states made effectively independent.
- 44. Chronology of decolonization20s-30s 1932 - Iraq gains independence. 1932 - Ottawa conference. Empire countries got favourable trading terms with Britain. Helped Dominion states (& colonies) but harmed Britain. Dominion states able to avoid protectionist tariffs & quotas within empire. Able to export raw materials to Britain. Form of protectionism for the empire. Sept 1939 - Britain declared war on Germany. Colonies expected to join war also. Dominions declared war also.
- 45. Key factors ofdecolonization 1918-39 Growth of Socialism USSR Influence. Lenin regarded colonies as a stage of capitalism. Labour governments in the UK. Socialist attitude was generally anti-colonial. Population growth across the world. Growth of the middle classes Particularly in India. Problems with world trade Great depression etc. Growth in nationalism (?) Historians disagree on this point.
- 46. Colonialism consequences Psycological: metropolisalways thought about their own interest The benefit for the ex – colonies was determined by the metropolis Advantages of the colonial rule were: Building of infraestructures Education and health system New technoligies, eg in agriculture
- 47. Colonialism consequences Colonies wereexploited systematically, offering limited help to the locals The colonies had been considered as raw material sources and markets Negative economic consequences Money generated was not invested there Locals got little benefit Arbitrary establishment of borders led to conflicts
- 48. Colonialism consequences Culturaly, Europeanlanguages spread, ruining local culture Important impact of European education Migration from the colonies to their former metropolis
- 49. Challenges of Independence Ethnicdisputes Dependent economies Growing debt Cultural dependence on westreligious revivalism as backlash Widespread social unrest Military responses to restore order Population growth Resource depletion Lack of middle class in some locales Education deficit and later, brain-drain. Neo-colonialism through economic debt.
- 50. Conclusions Decolonization was sometimesa violent process- dependent in large part on how many settlers had come to the colony. In many parts of world, decolonization was not revolutionary. Power passed from one class of elites to another. Little economic and social reform occurred. Significant challenges faced independent nations. Western economic dominance of the global trade system continued unabated.