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Cold War

The document provides an overview of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union from 1945 to 1990. It discusses the origins of the Cold War following World War 2, key events that expanded tensions like the Cuban Missile Crisis, periods of détente, the reemergence of tensions in the late 1970s, and the ultimate end of the Cold War with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The document aims to define the Cold War, trace its causes, understand its dimensions, and analyze its impact on the global order.

Education◦
TOPIC:COLD WAR DEFENCE STUDIES B.A/B.Sc III Paper-III Study of War Presented By:- Alok Yadav Assistant Professor, Department of Defence Studies, Hindu College, Moradabad
Structure  Aim of the Study  Introduction  Origin and Cause  Expansion of Cold War  Détente  Cold War II  End of Cold War  Conclusion
Aim of the Study  Define the concept of Cold War  Trace the Causes  Understand the dimensions  Impact on World Order
Introduction
Cold War Element Group 1  Capitalism  Led by NATO  USA Group 2  Socialism  Led by WARASA  Soviet Union
 After the end of Second World War (1939-45) new World Order System emerged.  In International relations the time period from 1945 to 1990 known as Cold War Period.  Bernard Baruch, was the first person coins the term “Cold War” to describe relations between the United States and the Soviet Union.  Durind World War II, he was trusted adviser to the new administration of Harry S. Truman.  During time period 1945 to 1947 some incident took place, which led to rivalry became like war a like situation to became the most powerful Nation State. history.com/this-day-in-history/bernard-baruch-coins-the-term-cold-war
Meaning  1. The term Cold War means a state of hostility between nations without actual fighting (i.e. non-military hostility). The concept stands for struggle for supremacy waged by the nations or states through propaganda, economic measures, political actions, etc. Nations or states, engaged in Cold War do not go for actual war (military action). It means in general we can say that Cold war is a state of Ideological conflict i.e. Socialism and Capitalism.
Cont.….  2. According to Flemming, “Cold war is a war that is fought not in the battlefield but in the mind of man, one tries to control the other.”  3. According to Hartman, “Cold war is the state of tension between countries in which each side is adopt policies designed to strengthen itself and weaken the other by falling short of actual war,”
Basic Nature of Cold War  1. Ideological conflict  2. War without violence and weapons  3. Arms race and Arms aid  4. Military Alliances (NATO, WARASA Pact, SEATO, CENTO)  5. Economic war( economic assistance to enemy of the enemy).  6. Diplomatic moves to counter challenges among Super Powers.  7. Propaganda  8. War like situation
Causes and Expansion of Cold War 1.Truman Doctrine(1946)-Economic and Military assistance to Greece and Turkey against Soviet Plans. 2. Marshal Plan ( 1947)- Economic assistance to East Europe 3. Blockade of Berlin (1948-49)- By Soviet Union to counter Marshal Plan 4. NATO PLAN (1949) and WARASA agreement(1955) 5.Cuban Crises (1962)- Tension arise after Soviet Union established Missile System in Cuba for blockade of USA. 6.According to USA there was Growing influence of Soviet Union in international Politics. 7. Soviet Pressure on Germany and violation of Potsdam Agreement 8. According to Soviet Union, Moves of the American Bloc to contain the role of Soviet Union at International Level
Cold War time World Map Image Credit- https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.q7Sf6QUfTyrBCU1mDL27rQHaDI&pid=Api&P=0&w=361&h=154
Cuban Missile Crisis –Peak of the Cold War  After gaining the Political power in Cuba, Socialist Leader Fiddel Castro algins himself with USSR ,so Cuba got military and economic aid from USSR.  To counter USA, Soviet installed Soviet SS-4 medium-range ballistic missile in Cuba just 90 miles away from USA mainland area Florida, which was a new threat to American Security.  Khrushchev had take a risk on installing the missiles to Cuba with the special goal of increasing his nation’s nuclear strike capability.  USA blockade the Cuba through Navy, to isolate Cuba from USSR and warns for Nuclear attack if USSR will not withdraw missiles from Cuba.  After exchange of letter Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy in which he offered to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for a promise by U.S. leaders not to invade Cuba.  A direct “hot line” was installed for direct communication between Washington and Moscow to avoid similar situations. Credit-https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/cuban-missile-crisis
October Crises Image Credit-https://www.american.edu/sis/news/20171103-55-years-later-lessons-of-the-cuban-missile-crisis.cfm
Credit- The New York Times Archives
Detente  After Cuban Crises there was change of leadership in USA and USSR.  After the end of Cuban crises both USA and USSR agreed for arms control agreements like PTBT (1963), Outer Space Treaty (1967), NPT(1968) etc.  In 1971 a agreement was signed to prohibited emplacement of nuclear weapons on the seabed .  JJI 1972, SALT-I was signed between the America and Soviet Union. Which subsequently was followed by SALT-I1 in 1978. These agreements collectively decreased the tension of the Cold War.
Détente  This was an attempt to improve relations between USA and USSR. In general it means that their was “Relaxation in Tensions”.  US President Nixan and his secretary of state wants to improve relation with USSR and China. USA gave recognition as State to Peoples Republic of China in 1972.  The key achievements of Détente were signing on SALT-I and II, and the Helsinki Final Act of 1975.  End of Cambodian War and Vietnam War 1975.  Various arms control agreements collectively decreased the tension of the Cold War.  Meanwhile Europe has restored itself from the Wartime destruction. The resurgent Europe began to compete with the US economy.
THE REBIRTH OF THE COLD WAR  A communist government came into power with the support of USSR in Afghanistan in late 1970s. But USA with the help of religious extremists forces opposed the new government.  To support communist government Soviet intervention in Afghanistan IN 1979. So USA opposed this intervention and termed the presence of Soviet army in Afghanistan as an invasion.  The tension between the USA and USSR has been termed as the rebirth or the beginning of the new Cold War or Cold war-II.  The conflict between the USA and the USSR reached already at peak in 1983 when the USSR shot down a South Korean civilian aircraft which was alleged to be on the spy mission.  To counter USSR influence USA President Regan plans “Star Wars”
End of the Cold War  There was slowdown in Soviet’s economy since 1978 and there was compromised as its capacity to fund its military objectives – to say nothing of the cost of trying to maintain technological parity with the USA.  Gorbachev determined to undertake a reform program which was intended to revitalize the USSR economy and social sector.  Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of 'Perestroika' and 'glasnost' were primarily responsible for the end of the Cold War.  INF Treaty was signed, Though the treaty was not fully implemented, it reduced strategic weapons by about 30 per cent.  Gorbachev pulled the troops out from Afghanistan and Vietnam.  Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of 'Perestroika' and 'glasnost' were primarily responsible for the end of the Cold War.  Both domestic and foreign policies of the Soviet were drastically changed. So, communist regimes in Eastern Europe fell one by one. The State of East Germany was eliminated and whole of Germany was united. The infamous Berlin Wall was demolished(1990). And the USSR got disintegrated(1991).
End of the Cold War  The Cold War thus ended with the demise of a superpower.  From the disintegration of Soviet Union came the following new sovereign states: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the Russian Federation (Russia), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan.  Cold War means the non-military conflict.  The Cold War had begun with the foundation of the USSR and declined with the disintegration of the USSR.
Impact on World Order  Cold War played an important role in world politics. Indirectly its supported anti-colonial struggles and in the politics of postcolonial states.  After Soviet intervention in Afghanistan and the US funding of guerrilla insurgents that gave birth to al-Qaeda and origin of religious fundamentalist terror groups.  Origin of Non Alignment Movement in 1961 for 3rd world.  Arms Race and Militarization in 3rd world countries.  Cold War was able to avoid Third World War  Technological Developments.  Use of propaganda as warfare.
Questions  What do you mean by the term of Cold War?  Discuss the circumstances leading to the beginning of the Cold War.  How important was the Cuban missile crisis to the dynamics of Cold War conflict?  Discuss the factors responsible for the relaxation of the Cold War.  Who should take credit for the end of the Cold War?
SOME USEFUL BOOKS  U.R. Ghai, “International Politics: Theory and Practice” New Academic publishers co, Jalandhar 2010.  D.F. Fleming, 1961, The Cold War and Its Origin, 1917-1960, 2 Vols, Doubleday.  Crockatt, Richard 1995, The fifty years war: the United States and the Soviet Union in world politics, 1941–1991, London: Routledge. Systematic and thorough assessment of Soviet American relations in the broader context of international relations.  Peu, Ghosh, “International Relations”, PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi, 2009.