Confined masonary construction
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Confined masonry construction uses reinforced concrete elements like tie columns and beams to confine masonry walls. It consists of masonry panels and slender cast-in-place confining elements. The structural components include masonry walls, tie columns and beams, floor and roof slabs, plinth bands, and foundations. Confined masonry uses strip footings and constructs walls first before the tie elements, whereas reinforced concrete uses isolated footings and constructs the frame first. Confined masonry is used for earthquake reconstruction, housing construction from single-story to five-story buildings, and is beneficial in earthquake-prone areas as it provides resistance to earthquakes in an economical and durable system.
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There are several types of structural elements and systems used in buildings. Structural elements include columns, beams, walls, arches, vaults, and domes which carry and transmit structural loads. Common structural systems include wall-bearing, trabeated, arcuated, and framed systems. Wall-bearing construction uses masonry walls to support beams and floors, while trabeated and arcuated systems employ arches, lintels, and post-and-lintel construction. Framed systems like timber, steel, and concrete framing provide rigid structures using interconnecting load-bearing members.
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The document discusses different types of structural systems. It provides details on catenary arches, portal frames, space frames, domes, and folded plates. Catenary arches derive their shape from a hanging chain and are often used in kiln construction. Portal frames are commonly used for single-story industrial structures while space frames use triangulated struts to span large areas with few supports. Domes are classified into braced, ribbed, plate, network, lamella, and geodesic types. Folded plates combine slab and beam action to carry loads without additional beams.
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- The exterior is clad in glass and aluminum and is designed to resemble the sail of a dhow ship.
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It is a presentation about the basic structures of the building, the structural elements and system and diferent types of the columns.
Design highrise
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
Framed structures
Framed structures are building skeleton frameworks formed by columns and beams. There are two main types: in-situ reinforced concrete frames and prefabricated frames. Rectangular framed structures use columns and beams arranged at right angles to support floors, walls, and roofs. They are commonly used for multi-story buildings like offices, schools, and hospitals. Framed structures provide large open floor plans and are adaptable to different shapes. Earthquake-resistant features in framed structures include shear walls, moment-resisting frames, and braced structures which resist lateral forces during seismic activity.
Earthquake resistant designs - timber, steel skeletal structures.
This presentation gives a brief idea about how earthquake resistant structures are made, using the materials like timber and steel. You might feel there are only pictures in the presentation, but they are enough to understand the process. if need further help, feel free to contact. :) 07972923439.
Report on rigid frame structures
INTRODUCTION, PARTS OF STRUCTURE, FRAMED STRUCTURE, STRUCTURAL LOAD, LOAD BEARING AND NON LOAD BEARING WALL AND STRUCTURE
Walls.ppt
Walls can be classified in several ways including by their load bearing ability, material used, and intended use. Load bearing walls support structural loads like floors and roofs while non-load bearing walls only support themselves. Materials used include brick, stone, concrete, wood and more. Walls are also classified by their intended use such as partition walls which divide interior space into rooms. Proper wall selection depends on factors like aesthetics, enclosure needs, acoustics, and thermal performance.
Structure Systems.pptx
The document is a presentation submitted by two students, Md. Golam Ajom and Mst. Mukta Khatun, to their lecturers at the Department of Architecture at Southeast University in Dhaka. The presentation discusses different structural systems, focusing on wall slab and post lintel structural systems. It provides analysis of these systems including structural elements, load transfer methods, expressions in architecture, advantages and disadvantages. Case studies of projects using each system are also presented.
Earthquake Resistant Designs - Timber and Steel
This presentation gives a general idea about the construction techniques and certain elements that are used in the case of earthquake-resistant structures. It broadly talks about how framing and all is done when it comes to Timber, and about different elements like dampers and all when it comes to steel. (Just giving a broad idea. See the presentation for yourself.)
Was used as an introductory presentation for the Building Construction and Technology class, for Architecture.
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Valuation is the technique of estimating the fair price or value of a property based on factors like its structure, life, maintenance, location, and cost of construction. The main purposes of valuation include buying or selling property, taxation, rent fixation, securing loans, compulsory acquisition, and insurance. Common valuation methods include the rental method, direct comparison method, profit-based method, cost-based method, and depreciation method. Depreciation and obsolescence are factors that reduce the value of a property over time. Rent is typically fixed as a percentage of the property's valuation.
Fracture mechanics of CONCRETE CONTAINING recycled aggregate
The document discusses fracture mechanics of concrete containing recycled aggregate. It presents on the topic by Mr. Kanawade Bhimaji Dashrath. It includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, past experimental work, discussion, concluding remarks and references. It discusses major initiatives for infrastructure development, globalization impacts, combination of mixes, use of plasticizers, study of crack propagation in materials, load carrying capacity, fracture resistance of materials and causes of fracture. It provides details of past works including authors, paper titles, publication years and brief description of works. It discusses materials used, sample preparation, test methods, specifications and number of specimens for different tests like compressive strength, split tensile and flexural tests. Test results are
Green concrete
This document provides an overview of green concrete, which is a more sustainable type of concrete made with recycled and waste materials. It discusses how green concrete uses materials like recycled demolition waste, fly ash, and quarry dust as partial substitutes for cement, making production more eco-friendly while remaining comparable in cost. The document outlines the objectives, advantages, disadvantages and applications of green concrete, and provides examples of previous literature on the topic. It concludes that green concrete has significant potential to reduce environmental impacts compared to traditional concrete, while remaining economically viable.
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The document discusses the use of waste glass powder, fly ash, and GGBS as partial replacements for cement in concrete. The objectives are to determine the optimal percentage replacements and their effects on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete. The methodology describes tests conducted to evaluate the workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, pullout strength, water absorption, rebound hammer test, and chloride permeability of concrete mixtures with varying replacement levels of cement. The results show improvements in strength and durability up to 15% replacement, with workability decreasing as the percentage of replacements increases.
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This document summarizes a study on using recycled concrete aggregate in concrete. It discusses that recycled aggregate can reduce environmental impacts from construction waste and lower costs. The study tested the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete with 20%, 40%, and 60% replacement of natural coarse aggregate with recycled aggregate. The 40% replacement mix achieved the highest strengths. The study concluded that recycled aggregate concrete can meet design requirements and is a sustainable construction material option.
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B D kanawade
This document discusses green building standards, incentives, and design considerations. It explains that green buildings aim to reduce natural resource consumption and environmental impacts. The US Green Building Council's LEED and the EPA's Energy Star are two common standards that assess factors like energy use, water efficiency, and emissions. Federal incentives are available for green building, but landlords and tenants may disagree on costs and responsibilities. Proper planning and contracting are needed to ensure client goals are met during green building projects.
Ex 7 b permeability by variable head
This document describes an experiment to determine the coefficient of permeability of soil using a falling head permeability test. The coefficient of permeability, k, is a measure of how easily water can flow through the soil. It is calculated using measurements from a permeameter, which holds a soil sample, of the time it takes for water to fall from an initial head height to a final head height. Multiple trials are conducted and the results are averaged to determine the coefficient of permeability of the soil sample. This value can then be used to help design structures involving soil and water flow, such as dams, wells, and drainage systems.
Ex 7 a permeability by constant head
1. The document describes a procedure for determining the coefficient of permeability of soil using a constant head permeameter.
2. The coefficient of permeability is a measure of how quickly water can flow through the soil and is affected by properties like particle size, void ratio, and degree of saturation.
3. The experiment involves compacting a soil sample, saturating it, then measuring the discharge of water flowing through the sample under a constant head over different time intervals to calculate the coefficient of permeability.
Ex 6 c field density by clod method
This document describes a procedure to determine the bulk density and dry density of cohesive soil samples using the water displacement/clod method. Key steps include coating a trimmed soil sample with wax, measuring its mass both with and without wax, immersing it in water to determine the displaced volume, and using these measurements along with the wax and water properties to calculate the bulk and dry densities based on formulas provided. The densities obtained can then be used for applications like determining bearing capacity, stresses in soil layers, and compaction levels.
Ex 6 b field density by sand replacement method
This document describes a procedure to determine the field density of soil using the sand replacement method. Key steps include excavating a hole in the soil, measuring the mass of soil removed, and filling the hole with standard sand using a sand pouring cylinder. The mass of sand required to fill the hole is used to calculate the bulk density of the soil sample based on the known bulk density of the sand. Additional steps involve determining the moisture content of a soil sample to calculate the dry density of the soil in place.
Ex 6 a field density by core cutter
This document describes a procedure to determine the field density and dry density of a soil sample using the core cutter method. Key steps include:
1) Measuring the dimensions and mass of a core cutter and calculating its volume.
2) Exposing the soil area to be tested and driving the core cutter into the soil to extract a sample.
3) Measuring the mass of the core cutter with soil to determine bulk density.
4) Determining the water content of a representative subsample and calculating dry density from bulk density and water content.
The procedure is then repeated at multiple locations to obtain average bulk and dry density values.
Ex 11 vane shear test
This experiment aims to determine the undrained shear strength of remolded cohesive soil using a vane shear test. The vane shear test involves pushing a four-bladed vane into a soil sample and rotating it until shear failure occurs along a cylindrical surface. The torque required to cause failure is measured and converted to a unit shear resistance. This test is suitable for soft soils where other shear tests may not work accurately, and it can be used to find both the undisturbed and remolded shear strengths to estimate soil sensitivity. The procedure involves filling a container with soil at a set density and water content, inserting the vane, and rotating it until failure while recording the applied torque and calculated shear strength.
Ex 10 unconfined compression test
1) The experiment determines the unconfined compressive strength (qu) of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area at which an unconfined cylindrical soil specimen fails during compression testing.
2) A cylindrical soil specimen is prepared at optimum moisture content and maximum dry density, and compressed axially between loading plates at a controlled strain rate while measuring load and deformation.
3) The stress-strain curve is plotted, and qu is taken as either the peak stress or stress at 20% axial strain. Shear strength S of the soil is then calculated as qu/2, assuming the soil's angle of shearing resistance φ is 0.
Ex 9 differential free swell test
This document summarizes a differential free swell test conducted to determine the swelling potential of a soil sample. The test involves drying and sieving the soil, then placing 10g of soil in two measuring cylinders filled with kerosene and distilled water, respectively. After 24 hours, the soil levels in the cylinders are recorded. The differential free swell index is calculated as a percentage based on the difference in soil volumes. This index indicates the soil's degree of expansiveness, which is important for designing structures on expansive soils to prevent cracking and settlement issues.
Ex 8 standard proctor test
The standard Proctor test is conducted to determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density of soil for compaction. Soil samples are compacted in layers in a standardized metal mold at different water contents using a rammer. The bulk density of each compacted sample is calculated and a curve is plotted of dry density versus water content. The water content corresponding to the highest dry density is the optimum water content. A penetration resistance test is also conducted using a Proctor needle to obtain the relationship between penetration resistance and water content.
Ex 12 direct shear test
This document describes the procedure for conducting a direct shear test to determine the shear strength parameters (cohesion and angle of internal friction) of a soil sample. In a direct shear test, a soil sample in a shear box is subjected to increasing normal stresses and shear stresses are applied until failure. Shear stress and displacement measurements are recorded to calculate shear strength. The test is conducted under both consolidated and unconsolidated conditions. Shear strength parameters obtained from multiple tests at different normal stresses are used to calculate cohesion and angle of internal friction from a shear strength graph.
Ex 5 consistency limits
This document describes procedures to determine consistency limits of soils, including liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit, according to IS codes. Key points:
1) The liquid limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from liquid to plastic state, defined as the water content required for a soil sample to flow together over 13mm after 25 blows.
2) The plastic limit is the water content at which a soil transitions from plastic to semi-solid state, defined as the minimum water content needed for a soil to be rolled into 3mm threads.
3) The shrinkage limit is the lowest water content at which a soil is fully saturated without changing volume during drying. Consistency limits are used
Ex 4 sieve analysis and soil classification
1) The document describes a laboratory experiment to determine the particle size distribution of a soil sample through sieve analysis according to IS: 2720 (Part IV) - 1985. Sieves ranging from 75mm to 75 micron are used to separate the soil particles by size.
2) The percentage of soil retained on each sieve is recorded and a particle size distribution curve is plotted to classify the soil. Parameters like D10, D30, D60 and coefficients of curvature (Cc) and uniformity (Cu) are calculated.
3) Based on the particle size distribution curve characteristics like grading, permeability and shear strength can be estimated to classify the soil and determine its engineering suitability.
Ex 3 specific gravity by pycnometer
The document describes a procedure to determine the specific gravity of a soil sample using the pycnometer method. Specific gravity is a ratio of the mass of dry soil to the mass of an equal volume of water, and provides information about a soil's density, porosity, and other properties. The procedure involves weighing an empty pycnometer, filling it with a dried soil sample, adding water, and weighing it again to calculate the specific gravity based on the change in mass. Specific gravity values are then given for common soil types.
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- 1. CONFINED MASONARY CONSTRUCTION Er. B. D. KANWADE B.E. Civil, M.E. Structure
- 2. INTRODUCTION The basic features of confined masonary construction system, • Vertical reinforced concrete elements • Reinforced masory elements • Tie columns Confined masonary is a structural system widely used for housing in Latin America, Europe and Asia. It consist of basically of masonary panels and slender casted in plasce confining elements.
- 3. Structural components of confined masonary building are 1. Masonary Walls 2. Confining Elements i.e. tie column and tie beam 3. Floor and Roof Slab 4. Plinth band 5. Foundation
- 4. DIFFRERNCE BETWEEN CONFINED MASONRY AND RC CONSTRUCTION CONFINED,MASONARY RC CONSTRUCTION Strip footing is Isolated footing is used used First walls are cons- Masonary wall are -tructed later Tie Columns are Frame is construct- cast in place -ed first i.e. column,
- 5. APPLICATION OF CONFINED MASONARY CONS. Used for reconstruction of earthquake affected structures. This system became popular in areas of highiest seismic hazard. Widely used in housing construction from single storey to five storey apartment buildings.
- 6. RESISTANCE TO EARTHQUAKE. EASY TO CONSTRUCTION CONSTRUCTION IS ECONOMICAL AND DURABLE
- 7. CONCLUSION : CONFINED MASONARY CONSTRUCTION IS BENEFITIAL IN EARTHQUAKE SUFFERING AREAS.
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