structure analysis by PUC GRP 3

I
1
A
presentation
on structural
analysis
ID: 1601111600211
1601111600223
1601111600233
1601111600236

Content
Chapter 1 : Brief history of structural architecture
1.1. Prehistoric time
1.2. Greek
1.3. Roman
1.4. Gothic
1.5. steel
Chapter 2 : introduction
2.1. Definition of structure
2.2. Purpose of structure
2.3. Role of structure in Architecture
2.4. Structural requirements
2.5. Basic elements of structural system
Chapter 3. Classification of structure and case study
3.1.Wall slab structure
3.1. Local case study
3.1.1. Chittagong Court Building
3.1.2. Chittagong Railway Building
3.1. International case study
3.1.1. Cymbalista synagogue and
jewish heritage Centre
3.1.2. Shami lal house
3.2. Post lintel structure
3.2. Local Case Study
3.1.2. Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
3.2. International Case Study
3.1.1. Gallery of ISMO
3.1.2. Library House 2

3.3. Post slab structure
3.3. Local Case study
3.3.1. Finlay square
3.3.2. New Railway Station Chittagong
3.3. International Case study
3.3.1. Willis Faber
3.3.2. Champalimaud Centre
3.4. Steel Structure
3.4. Local Case study
3.4.1. 5th
Avenue Convention Hall
3.4. International Case Study
3.4.1. Walt Disney Concert Hall
3.4.2. Tower Centre International Bucharest
Chapter 4. Comparison
Chapter 5.Other structure
5.1. skeleton structure
5.2. Cable structure
5.3. Shell structure
Chapter 6. References
3

History
Paleolithic age
(30,000BCE -10000BCE)
Caves-
The oldest and common types of dwellings.
Natural underground space.
Paleolithic cave of Hazar Merd, Iraq
Sea Cave
Graottos. 4

History
Hut
Location-Southern French Cities
Oval shape
Built close to sea shore.
Built using stakes with stones as
supports
Floor made of ash or organic matter.
Melodva
The great tusks supported the roof,
while the skulls and thighbones formed
the walls of the tent.
Wood framework covered with
skins,held in place by rough oval
mammoth bones enclosing 15
hearths.
 Erected against one
wall of cave.
 Skin curtain
• Many have two
compartments,
each having an
entrance on the
longer side
Leantos
 Skirts weighed down
with pebbles.
 Open air hearths.
 Wooden posts driven
into earth covered
with skins
Tents
5

History
Neolithic period
(3000BC-2750BC)
Stonehenge-
• Trabiated structural system.
• Load transferred from beam to column.
• Use of timber beam.
• Works of monolithic stone masonry.
• Columns made by single rock.
• Massive walls and lintels was supported by flat roof.
Khufu’s pyramid
6

History
Greek architecture
•Stone was the main construction materials
•Establishment of post lintel system.
•Columns were used in Greek pattern.
•Columns are set as vertical supporting element
of the main structure.
Roman architecture
•The Architecture was that of Greek but they
developed the post and lintel system.
•Structural system was wall slab and post
•Post lintel system developed as column are used
in circular and rectangular way.
•Stability of Structure was easily ensured.
Gothic architecture
•Structural system was mainly post-lintel.
•Use of tall structure.
Renaissance architecture
•Symmetrical arrangement in free standing wall and
support.
•The wall thickness was lessened.
•It diminished equally from the center.
7

 The use of steel for structural purposes was initially
slow.
 The Bessemer process in 1855 made steel production
more efficient, and cheap steels, which had high
tensile and compressive strengths plus good ductility
were available from about 1870.
 It was not until 1880 that an era of construction
based on reliable mild steel began. By that date the
quality of steels being produced had become
reasonably consistent.
 The Home Insurance Building, completed in 1885,
was the first to use skeleton frame construction,
completely removing the load bearing function of its
masonry cladding. In this case the iron columns are
merely embedded in the walls, and their load
carrying capacity appears to be secondary to the
capacity of the masonry, particularly for wind loads.
Pittsburgh Steel Mills
Crystal Palace (1851)
Eiffel Tower (1887)
Eads Bridge (1874)
Home Insurance Building (1884)
St Pancras Station (1868)
History
8

Crystal Palace (1851)
Hyde Park, London
Joseph Paxton
Cast iron and plate glass
990,000-square-foot
1,851 feet (564 m) Long
128 feet (39 m) High
More than 1,000 iron columns supported
2,224 trellis girders and 30 miles of guttering,
comprising 4,000 tons of iron in all
Moved to Penge Common in 1854
Destruction by fire in 1936
Eiffel Tower (1887)
Champ de Mars, Paris, France
Gustave Eiffel
Wrought Iron
Lattice Tower
Constructed from 1887–89
1,063 ft tall, about the same height as an
81-storey building
18,038 pieces were joined together using
2.5 million rivets
weighs 7,300 tonnes weighs
Eads Bridge (1874)
St. Louis, Missouri
James Buchanan Eads
Length : 6,442 ft
Width: 46 ft
Span : 520 ft
First all steel construction
9

Introduction
What is structureWhat is structure
Structure is a fundamental ,tangible or nontangible notion.
construction or framework of identifiable elements (components,
Entities ,factors ,members , parts ,steps etc) which gives form and
Stability ,and resist stresses and strains .
The basic framework and skeleton provide for both erection
and stability Of any structure consist of two portions
 Substructure
 Superstructure
10

Structures must be designed to satisfy three ss and should satisfy all four Ss of
structural design – as demonstrated on the following examples, illustrated at
below.
1 Strength to prevent breaking
2 Stiffness to prevent excessive deformation
3 Stability to prevent collapse
Strength , stability , stiffness
• Structure is one of three fundamentals of architecture that Vitruvius listed, next to function and aesthetics.
• Architectural structure is a body or assemblage of bodies in space to form a system capable of supporting
loads.
• It’s a system or sub system , means holding the components of certain system and transfer the load
through the members of a structure to provide stability and durability.
• Structure defines architectural form and often functions, at
least partially, as the building envelope
11

A building structure must be able to support two types of load.
• Static load.
• Dynamic load.
Static load: Assumed to be constant in nature. Its two type.
1. Dead load:-
• Dead load is a constant load in a structure that is due to the weight of the
members, the supported structure, and permanent attachments or accessories.
Live load:-
• Live loads may be fully or partially in place or present at all. They may change n
in location.
2. Dynamic load : Can be applied to a structure suddenly and vary in magnitude
and location.
Lateral load : Most lateral loads are live loads. Typical
lateral loads would be a wind load against a facade, an
earthquake, the earth pressure against a basement wall.
 Wind Load
 Earthquake Load
Loads on structure
12

Role of structure in creating
architectural space
In this study we are determined to first examine
the relationship between structure and
architecture as two monotonous elements and
consider the position of “high-tech”
architecture in the same tone as well as the
structural position in creating space and
especially architectural space
13

Purpose of structure in architecture
 It has been done to ensure proper distribution of load
through structure.
 Structural analysis helps to ensure the structural solution of
critical irregular built form.
 Its learnt to find out the stability of built form against
lateral force and other forces such as compressive force
and tensile force.
 Structural analysis ensures the solution of construction
fault during construction process.
Structural requirements
 It must be capable of achieving a state of equilibrium
 It must be geometrically stable
 It must have adequate strength
 It must have adequate rigidity
14

Basic structural
elements
Wall
Slab
Load
Bearing
Wall
Column
Beam
15

Analysis on
structural system
Wall slab structure
Post lintel structure
Post slab structure 16

Wall slab structural system
17

Wall slab structure
 In wall slab structure where wall bears load resting upon it by conducting its weight to
foundation.
 Load-bearing walls are one of the earliest forms of construction.
18

Structural member
Wall slab structure
Wall and slab
Slab
One way slab
Two way slab
Waffle slab
Wall
Cellular wall arrangement
Double cross wall structure
Simple cross wall structure
Complex wall structure
Load transfer method
Live load and dead load Slab wall Footing Ground
Dead load Live load 19

Layout of walls to support floor load
• In order to use the walls to support floor loads, first have to consider a suitable span for the floor structure.
• Conventional timber joist floors seldom span more than 4 or 5 meters.
• Domestic concrete slabs only improve on these spans a little, while commercial flat concrete slabs
commonly cover 6 to 8 meters between supports.
Narrow buildings are
supported
By external walls
Floor supported by
external and internal
walls
Wall position / Wall thickness
•Wall thickness : 10-15 inch
• In the previous time the brick building were built
usually 3-4 floor . but now a day based on
construction it rises 5-6 floor.
•Primarily 12”at six storey level and increases 4” at every one stored down
•For buildings not more than 3 stories or 35’ in height, masonry walls may be 12” thick
•One stored solid masonry walls not more than 9’ high may be 10” thick.
20

Wall support Strong support
Support of slabs on brick wall
Position of stairs
• Landing should be supported by load bearing wall
• The wall in both sides is the main structural member
• Parallel walls on two sides can also provide support.
• Arch also can provide support for stair.
21

Staircase
Staircase
Casa Rotonda , Mario Botta
STAIR
CHAPEL OF SANTA MARIA
MARIO BOTTA
LOAD DISTRIBUTED BY AN ARCH
ST. BRIDGET ,COLOMBO
GEOFFERY BAWA
22

Wall – Load bearing
Cellular wall arrangement
Simple cross wall arrangement
Double cross wall arrangement
Complex wall arrangement
23

Cellular wall arrangement
Shami Lal house, New Delhi
Raj Rewal
Double cross wall structure
Municipal housing development
Mies Van Der Rohe
24

Bhatshala House
Bashirul Haque
Simple cross wall arrangement
Bogra polytechnical institute
Mazharul Islam
Complex wall arrangement
25

Punch making method
 Generally punch is not possible
 Only appeared on first floor with respect to fours walls around it
 Punch cannot be 1/3 of area of the roof
Parekh house
Cantilever
• Generally no cantilever is used
• A long piece of wood or metal that protrudes from a wall or structure to support
above weight without changing the base support
Rewal house
Raj Rewal
Cantilever -15.38%
26

• Plan-no grid pattern can be any desired
shape.
• Large, unbroken plans could be expressed
• In elevation-small punch
• For large opening arches are provided
• Massive and bold
• Aech,dome,and vaults can be constructed
in this type of structure
• Cantilever can expressed as planes
• Solid void relation is boldly represented
• For hot dry climate this types of structure
gives extra benefits
• Screen wall can be added
• This types of structure lasted for thousand
years.
Formal expression
27

A load bearing wall or bearing wall is a wall that bears the weight of the house above said wall resting upon it
by conducting its weight to a foundation structure. The materials most often used to construct load bearing
wall in large building are concrete ,block, or brick.
By contrast, a curtain wall provides no significant structural support beyond what is necessary to bear its own
materials or conduct such loads to a bearing wall.
Load bearing wall
Types of load bearing wall
Stone wall Wood wall
Brick wall
Concrete wall
SPAN(L)
•Economic span : 15 feet
•Maximum span : 20 feet
•Wall thickness: 10-15 inch
•Large span of roof Is problem and it may be solved by waffle slab
•One way slab casting : L=1.5W
28

Load bearing wall
FALLING WATER
FRANK LOYD WRIGHT
METERIAL – STONE , BRICK
FISHER HOUSE
LOUIS I KAHN
METERIALS – WOOD
BARIS MARKET
HASAN FATHY
METERIALS –MUD BRICK
BOGRA POLYTECHNICAL INSTITURE
MAZHARUL ISLAM
METERIALS – BRICK 29

Opening
• It has always a regular form.
• Linear opening can be used to enlarge the opening.
• The opening are regular ,and it should be 30 percent of its
façade.
• Solidity and humidity
Cost and time
• Low rise building-this system represents economy.
• Generally low cost construction.
• Foundation –more shallow than other system.
• Construction period-larger than any other system.
30

Advantages Disadvantages
• Low cost.
• Space is cool
• Environment friendly.
• Easy construction.
• True expression of brick.
• Acoustic & fire insulated.
• Aesthetically beautiful.
• Small span.
• Can not resist in earthquake.
• Doors & windows cannot placed easily.
• Regular structure.
• Collapse in high lateral force .
• Load bearing masonry is solid and durable.
• It is fire resistant.
• The tools and implements used are simple
and low-tech.
• Does not require a great deal of preparation
or fabrication in advance.
• Load bearing masonry has high compressive
strength.
• A slow and tedious process.
• Requires skilled masons.
• Cost of bricks can make it unviable.
• Low tensile strength, can fail during earthquakes.
• Load bearing masonry, especially brick masonry is
porous and needs to be protected from water.
• Load bearing masonry has a high self weight.
• It has poor thermal insulation properties.
31

SWOT ANALYSIS
Strength
 For low storied structure this system is
economical
 Foundation is shallower than the other
system so foundation cost is least of all
 This type of constructed lasted for
thousands of years . The construction of
Mohenjo-Daro built about 2500. BC and still
identified
 Arches ,domes and vaults are used in this
system
 Post doesn’t disturb free space
Weakness
 Span of the areas is not enough
 Limitation of structure height 6-7 storied
 Walls must be built over a wall
 More time is required
 Small space over a big space is not
possible
 Continuous openings can not possible
Opportunity
 Screen wall can be used
 Natural color can be obtained in the building
surface by different exposed brick of different hue
 For hot dry climate this type of structure give extra
benefit
 wall thickness sometime is extra beneficial for
shading
 This system could express the composition of
vertical and horizontal plan
Threat
 This type of construction is not possible
without good load bearing capacity of
earth
 Flexibility of massing is very small
 Dampness is also a greater problem
32

Case Study (Local)
Chittagong Court Building
Location - Parir pahar , Chittagong
Construction method : Wall slab
Built Year - 1898
One of the oldest buildings in chittagong
33

Findings
Wall slab = wall + slab
Slab
Wall
Slab
Wall
Bold and massive form
Large and unbroken structure
2 storied building
34

Small and different punches
Dome
Material – brick
Findings
Arch for large opening
Solid void relationship
Staircase supported by wall
35

Case Study (Local)
Chittagong old railway building
Battali , Chittagong
Built year – 1862
One of the oldest building in Chittagong
36

Findings
Wall slab = wall + slab
Wall
Slab
Wall
 True expression of brick
 Massive and bold form
 Large and unbroken structure
Thicker wall
37

Findings
Arch for large opening
Dome
Materials – brick
Small opening
Not more than 30% openings in the wall
38

Case study ( International )
Cymbalista Synagogue and Jewish Heritage Centre, Israel
Architect : Mario Botta
Plan : Irregular grid plan.
Section : Load bearing wall.
Elevation : Clear expression of wall slab
structure in opening.
Materials : Bearing structure reinforced concrete
Complex wall arrangement Plan
39

Findings
Massive and bold form
Less openings
True expression on brick
Thicker wall
Domical form
40

INTERIOR VIEW
 Less access of natural light and
ventilation
 Not enough opening
 Small span
 Less free spaces
 Aesthetically beautiful
42

SECTIONAL VIEW
Load bearing wall
Increasing thickness of the wall
Massive form
Small span
43

SHAMI LAL HOUSE , NEW DELHI
Architect -RAJ REWAL
Materials – brick
44

GROUND FLOOR PLAN
Findings
 Cellular wall arrangement
 Small span
 No column or beam is shown
 Supported by load bearing walls
 Openings are not more than 30% of the walls
 Very small cantilever
 Stair supported by wall
 Unbroken plan
45

FIRST FLOOR PLAN  Cellular wall arrangement
 Small span
 No column or beam is shown
 Supported by load bearing walls
 Openings are not more than 30% of the walls
 Very small cantilever
 Stair supported by wall
 Unbroken plan
 Void less than 1/3 of the form 46

INTERIOR VIEW
• True expression of bricks
• Small openings
• Free space is not very large
• Stair supported by walls
47

What is structure
What is Post and lintel structure
* It is a simple construction technique, also called "post and
beam", where a horizontal member is supported by two
vertical posts at either end.
* This very simple form is commonly used to support the weight of the
structure located above the openings in a bearing wall created by
windows and doors.
Post lintel structure
49

1. The job of the post is to support the lintel weight and
the load above it without crushing or bulking.
2. Failure occurs for excessive weakness or length
3. The material must be specially strong in
compression.
4. The posts or columns are made of stone, steel,
concrete or reinforced concrete.
5. Masonry posts, including those of bricks, may be
highly efficient.
Post
1. It is a horizontal beam used in the
construction of buildings.
2. It is a major architectural contribution of
ancient Greece.
3. The job of the lintel is to bear the loads that
rest on it, (as its own load) without deforming
or breaking.
4. Failure occurs when the material is too weak
or the lintel is too long.
5. May be made of wood, stone, steel or
reinforced or pre tensioned concrete.
Lintel
50

Classification on the basis of shape:
•Rectangular column
•Square column
•Circular column
•L -section
•T -section
Types Of Column
Classification on the basis of reinforcement;
•Tied column
•Composite column
•Spiral column
•Pipe column/ Concrete fill column
Tied column Spiral column Composite column Pipe column
51

Types Of Beam
1.Simple supported Beam: Simply supported beams are
supported at each end only.
2.Overhang beam: A beam which is freely supported at two
points and having one or both the ends extending beyond
these supports is known as overhanging beam.
3.Cantilever Beam: A cantilever beam its a beam that is
anchored only at one end.. A typical allowance for the
amount of cantilever in a beam is 20-25%.
4.Fixed end beam: A beam whose both ends are fixed or
built-in walls, is known as fixed beam.
5.Continuous beam: A beam which is provided more than
two supports or is continuous over more than two supports is
known as continuous beam.
If column span is 10’ than the thickness of the beam will
be 10”
52

Load dead
load
Live load
Lintel
Column
Footing
Ground
53

Structure in staircase
Beam hanging
from landing level
54

Expression
• Post & lintels are shown as frame structures. But
columns & louvers.
• Solid & void relationship is less.
• The invert beam can be seen from above.
• Presence of continuous beam
• Columns are placed along the age of the building.
Expression
• Beam can be shown under or over the roof as inverted
beam.
• Column and beam can be identified.
• Columns are placed along the edge line of the
building.
• Building height increase for the beam to get clear
space.
55

• Carries heavy loads
• Attractive exposed ceilings
• Sound and Heat Insulator
• Giving added strength in both directions.
• Homes constructed with a post and lintel construction
method can usually be assembled quicker that other types
of construction
• It’s renovation system is easy and safe.
• Maximum column to column opening can be provided
easily
• Roof can be provided flat, pitch or any other shape
• Punch in slab can be provided easily
• Aesthetic framework can be done
• Rectangle grid is easy for parking.
• Earthquake resistant
• Structural system is visually clear.
• Enough natural light
• Well used shading device.
Disadvantages
• The biggest disadvantage to a post
and lintel construction is the limited
weight that can be held up.
• Failure occurs when the material is
to weak.
• The span is to long to support the
load.
• Formwork with panels is expensive.
• Ribbon window cannot be possible.
• Unexpected beam can disturb the
interior.
• Small distance required between
the post.
Advantages
56

SWOT Analysis
Strength
•50% cantilever system is applicable.
•Compact and economical.
Weakness
•Unexpected beam hampers
interior.
•Acoustic problem may occur.
•Stairs must be started with the
reference of beam.
Opportunity
•Maximum column to column opening
•Any type of roof can be provided
•Aesthetic framework can be done.
Threat
•If beam is not strong enough, where
large span, huge concentrated load
may occur bending stress and
deflection.
•Short span beams with large
concentrated load near the posts will
occur shear stress
57

Case Study (Local)
Chief Judicial Magistrate Court
kotwali, Chittagong
Location : Kotwali, Chittagong
Material Flexibilty: Brick, Concrete
58

Findings
Post Lintel = Post + Lintel
Column
Beam
Arch
Enough light inside Rectangle grid good for parking
59

Lintel or Beam
Frame work
Column
Findings
Joint
Column size : 1’-6”
/ 1’
Span : 10’
60

Case Study (Local)
Shell Suniya Kabir Apartment
Kazir Dewri,Ps-Kotowali, Chittagong
Architect : Hossan Murad Sir
Structural Engineer : Anurup Chowdhury
61

Findings
Column
Beam
Span: 14’ when
column is 1’-6”/2’-6”
Beam
Column
Framework
62

Findings
Joint
Beam hanging from landing
level
Span : 13’
Column Size:
1’/2’-6”
Rectangular Grid
Good For Parking
63

Gallery Of ISMO
Architects: KAAN Architecten
Location: France
Category: Office Buildings
Area: 10000.0 m
Project Year: 2018
64

Findings
Stair stared with reference
beam
Exposed column
Enough natural light
Framework and exposed
beam and column
joint
65

Beam
Column
Ground floor plan
section
Laboratories
Patio
Office
cafeteria
66

Library House
Architects: Atelier Branco Arquitetura
Location: Brazil
Category: Houses
Area: 200.0 m2
Project Year: 2016
67

Findings
Cantilever
Continuous
and exposed
beam
68

Cantilever
Grid
Punch for
natural light
Materials: Glass,
Concrete
Findings
69

INTRODUCTIONTO POST SLAB STRUCTURE
Definition
A reinforced concrete slab supported directly by concrete
columns without the use of beams.
Flat slabs are highly versatile elements widely used in
construction, providing minimum depth, fast construction
and allowing flexible column grids.
Members:
Column , Slab
Slab_ Horizontal structural member
Post_ Vertical structural member
Slab
Column
71

1. Foundation
A foundation is the lowest part of the building
structure.
2. Column
Upright structural member used primarily in
supporting axial compression loads, and commonly
having a height at least three times its width or
thickness
•Column thickness =L/15
•Not less than 10” 10”
3. Slab
Slabs are constructed to provide flat surfaces,
usually horizontal, in building floors, roofs, bridges,
and other types of structures. The slab may be
supported by walls, by reinforced concrete beams
usually cast monolithically with the slab, by
structural steel beams, by columns, or by the
ground. The depth of a slab is usually very small
compared to its span.
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
72

• Columns are vertical support members subjected to compressive loads. They
are also referred to as pillars, posts, stanchions and struts.
• They transmit loads from the upper floors to the lower levels and then to the
soil through the foundations.
COLUMN
TYPES OF COLUMN
Classification on the basis of
shape
•Rectangular column
•Square column
•Circular column
•L -section
•T -section
Classification on the basis
of Reinforcement
•Tied column
•Spiral column
•Composite column
•Pipe column/ Concrete fill
column
Composite columnTied columnSpiral column
Pipe column
COLUMN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
Irregular Grid Pattern
Column layout
Both regular and irregular grid pattern
can be used depending upon the shape
of the slab
Regular Grid Pattern
73

CLASSIFICATION OF POST SLAB STRUCTURE
Mainly Are Two Types
1.Flat Plate
2.Flat Slab-
• With capital
• With drop
• With capital & drop
74

FLAT PLATE RELATED TO POST SLAB STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
FLAT PLATE FLOOR SYSTEM
Advantages:
•Simple Construction
•Flat Ceilings (Reduced finishing costs)
•Low story heights due to shallow floors
•Short-to-medium spans with light loading.
▪For LL = 50psi, 15’ – 20’ spans.
▪For LL = 100psi, 15’-25’ spans.
Flat Plate
A flat plate floor system is a
two-way concrete slab
supported directly on
columns with reinforcement in
two orthogonal directions.
Primarily used in hotels, multi-
family residential buildings,
and hospitals, this system has
the advantages of simple
construction and formwork
and a flat ceiling, the latter of
which reduces ceiling
finishing costs, since the
architectural finish can be
applied directly to the
underside of the slab.
#Minimum Slab thickness for flat slab
with drop panel =L/3
#Flat Slabs With Drops - span/34-44
75

FLAT SLAB FLOOR SYSTEM
Advantages:
•Reduced slab displacements.
•Increased slab shear resistance.
•Low story heights due to shallow floors
•Medium Spans with moderate to heavy loading.
▪For LL = 50psi, 30’ – 35’ spans.
▪For LL = 100psi, 25’ - 35’ spans.
Flat Slab
A flat slab is a two-way reinforced concrete
slab that usually does not have beams and
girders, and the loads are transferred directly
to the supporting concrete columns.
A flat slab is a flat plate thickened at its
column supports to increase its shear strength
and moment resisting capacity.
There are three types of Flat Slab,
•With capital
•With drop
•With capital & drop
FLAT SLAB RELATED TO POST SLAB STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Slab with capital Slab with drop Slab with capital & drop
#Flat plate Without drop panel
=L/36 (L=span)
#Flat Slabs Without Drops -
span/30-40
76

Flat Plate Flat slab
Flat plate post slab
Flat slab with
capital & drop
Flat slab with
drop
Flat slab
with capital
FLAT SLAB RELATED TO POST SLAB STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
Flat slab construction
Post slab also known as beamless the R.C.C
slab supported on columns without the
agency 0f beams or girders. The slab is built
monolithically with the supporting columns.
Which are arranged in such A manner that
they form square or early square panels.
DROP PANEL
CAPITAL
COLUMN
Slab
77

Fig: Load Transfer System
Load transfer system:
The load of the slab it self and other live
load transfer to the post by the slab. both
the dead load and live load which the
post gets form the slab transfer to the
ground by the post.
Load slab column ground▻ ▻ ▻
LOAD TRANSFERRING METHOD
slab
post
G.L.
footing
L
Middle
strip
Column
strip
78

STAIR POSITION:
Stair can be created from middle strip.
Simply supported stair.
Stair can be created by using cantilever as landing.
Domino type stair are used
RELATED TO POST SLAB STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
OPENING:
Any kinds of opening of any size can be provided.
Ribbon window –possible
Floor slab in all across must be cantilevered and it will
be 1/3 of the span of the post maximum cantilever
will be 33- 50% of the span.
Maximum cantilever:L/2
Minimum cantilever: L/3
CANTILEVER:
SPAN :
#Effective span: horizontal distance between center
points of two vertical support.
#clear span: horizontal distance between internal faces
of two vertical support.
Economical Span: 24’-26’
Maximum Span: 30’
79

Position of wall:
Wall can be built freely as desired in
different floors.
It is recommended to built walls on
the column strips.
It is better to avoid the middle strips
from first floor
MRF Headquarter by
Charles Correa
80

PUNCH IN SLAB :
•in the area common to the slab middle strips.
•in the area common to two column strips, not more
than one-eighth the width of the strip in either span
should be interrupted by openings..
•in the area common to one column strip and one
middle strip, not more than one –fourth of the re-
enforcement in either strip should be interrupted by the
opening.
PUNCH IN SLAB RELATED TO POST SLAB
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
81

MATERIALS RELATED TO POST-SLAB STRUCTURE
•
Brick Reinforcement bars Cement
Steel ConcreteMortar Iron
82

STRUCTURAL EXPRESSION
• The plan of the
building of post
and slab system is
regular shaped
and respect strong
square grid
pattern.
• The slab is always
cantilevered from
the post.
• Solid void
relationship is
strongly achieved.
• Vertical reference
is maintained.
• Massing
constructed in post
and slab system
has an effect of
floating.
• Lofty or floating like
effect
• Expossed slab. Free
façade
composition of
lines and plates.
• Absance of arches
and vaults.
• Continuous
opening can be
provide.
83

Flexibility in room layout
•Introduce partition walls anywhere
required
•Change the size of room layout
•Omit false ceiling
In building height
•Lower storied height will reduce building
weight
•Approx. saves 10% in vertical members
•Reduce foundation load
Shorter Construction Time:
•Flat plate design will facilitate the use of
big table formwork to increase
productivity.
TIME AND COST
Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft
with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages:
• Low cost formwork
• Exposed flat ceilings
• Fast
Disadvantages:
• Need more formwork for
capital and panels
Waffle Slab suitable span 30
to 48 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages:
• Carries heavy loads
• Attractive exposed ceilings
• Fast
Disadvantages:
• Formwork with panels is
expensive
84

7. Reduced cost
8. Flexibility in design
9. Lesser usage of materials
10. Durability
11. Stronger/more efficient
12. Minimizes and Controls Cracking
14. Faster Installation
15. More Reliable
16. This structure is very helpful for interior design
•Clear span facility
•More Economical
•Space is also cool
•By decreasing the floor height its reduces the
building height
•Structure are Easier
•Constructional simplicity
•Any type of column are usable in this type of
construction
Advantages:
1. Ribbon window or large opening is a
greather opportunity
2. Cantilever 33% 50% possible
3. Slabs can be cut as freely as needed
4. Position of enclosing wall can be changed in
different floor plan
5. Different types of shading device can be
used
6. Partition wall can be use as required
Disadvantages:
1.Without beam it can not bear tensile load
2.Medium Spans
3. It is not good solution for earth quake zone.
4. Wastage of interior space.
5. Less resistance.
6. Shear punching is the major issue.
7. Increase materials cost and Handling is tough.
8. Generally not suitable for supporting brittle
(Masonry)partitions.
9. Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around
columns
10.Drop panels may interfere large mechanical
ducting
Disadvantages:
2.Medium Spans
5. Less resistance.
columns
ducting
Disadvantages:
2.Medium Spans
5. Less resistance.
columns
ducting
85

Strength :
• Economical for low
• storied structure
• Shallow Foundation
• Long lasting
Weakness :
• Continuous ribbon window for panoramic
view is impossible.
• Wall thickness is greater than In the other two
systems.
• As for the poor opening ratio, it is not suitable
for our climatic condition.
• Small space over a big space is not possible.
Wall must be built over a wall.
Opportunity :
• Plans follow no grid pattern; it
can be of any desired shape.
• Large, unbroken plans could be
formed.
• Extra benefit for hot dry climate
• Wall thickness sometimes extra
beneficial for shading.
• Post does not disturb the free
space.
Threat :
• Not usually suitable for high-rise Span of the
area is not large enough.
• Allowable amount of cantilever is limited Low
Flexibility of massing
Swot analysis
86

DESIGN LIMITATIONS RELATED TO POST-SLAB STRUCTURE
•As for the poor opening ratio, its not suitable for our
dynamic condition.
•Small space over a big space is not possible.
•Wall must be built over a wall.
•Not usually suitable for high rise.
•Low flexibility of massing.
Allowable amount of cantilever is limited.
Continuous ribbon window for panoramic view is possible.
87

Champalimaud Centre
CHARLES CORREA
88

Architects
CHARLES CORREA
Location
Lisbon, Portugal
Category
RESEARCH
CENTER
Area
50000.0 m2
CHAMPALIMAUD CENTRE INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
89

PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLANGROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN
90

SECTION
CHAMPALIMAUD CENTRE CASE STUDY
91

Orientation:
Square grid pattern
92

FLAT SLAB
USE FLAT SLAB FOR MAXIMUM
SPAN WITH SERIES OF PLATES
Cantilever:
Cantilever:
FLAT SLAB
SPAN
93

Opening:
Continuous opening,
ribbon window
94

Punch in slab:
Large Punch, without
disturbance of beam
STAIR
Large Punch
USE BEAM TO BEAR THE LOAD OF STAIR UNDER
THE FLIGHT.
95

Willis Faber
• Architects: Norman Foster
•Landscape Architect: John Allen
•Structural Engineer: Anthony Hunt
• Area: 21,255m2
Completion: 1975
96

WILLIS FABER INTERNATIONAL CASE STUDY
97

PLAN
GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIRST AND SECOND FLOOR PLAN 3RD
FLOOR PLAN
99

LOAD TRANSFER SYSTEM
slab/floor
Column
Footing
sub soil
Orientation:
IRREGULAR AND SQUARE GRID PATTERN
100

Willis Faber
Free column
FREE FAÇADE
THE FAÇADE OF THE BUILDING IS ALSO
INDEPENDENT ON ITS STRUCTURE.
THE ROOF TERRACE
A FLAT ROOF ,USED AS A GARDEN TREEACE.
101

Core in the middle strip
SLAB
USE FLAT SLAB FOR MAXIMUM SPAN
WITH SERIES OF PLATES
102

FINLAY SQUARE CHITTAGONG
Case Study (Local)
103

FINDINGS
COLUMN
SLAB
35% CANTILEVER
SOLID VOID RELATIONSHIP
104

PLAN
17’ SPAN
12’ SPAN
2’/2’ COLUMN
ENTRY REGULAR SQUARE GRID PATTERN COLUMN LAYOUT
105

CORE IN MIDDLE STRIPS
SLAB
CONTINUOUS COLUMN
UP TO 6 STOREY
CORE IN MIDDLE STRIPS
106

NEW RAILWAY STATION CHITTAGONG
LOCATION: STATION ROAD ,ANAYET BAZAR CHITTAGONG
Case Study (Local)
107

PLAN
ENTRY
25’ SPAN
2’ COLUMN RADIOUS
REGULAR SQUARE GRID PATTERN COLUMN LAYOUT
108

SLAB
COLUMN
Free column
CONTINUOUS OPENING
FINDINGS
109

Comparison
Topic
Structural system
Opening
Wall
Wall slab
Load – slab – wall
– foundation – ground
Absence of continuous
opening .
Nearly 1/3 of the total area
can be made hollow
Wall must be build one above
another
Post lintel
Load – slab- beam – post ground
Series of openings
Ribbon window can be provided
Post makes problem in placing
of windows
Must be build over the beam
Wall doesn’t carry any load
Opening can be anywhere of the
wall
Post slab
Load – slab – post – ground
Continuous opening in the
wall
Ribbon window can be
provided
Wall can be made anywhere
111

INTRODUCTION
Steel structure is a metal structure which is made
of structural steel components connect with each other
to carry loads and provide full rigidity. Because of the
high strength grade of steel, this structure is reliable and
requires less raw materials than other types of structure
like concrete structure and timber structure.
Mechanical Properties:
Yield Strength
Ultimate Tensile Strength
Hardness
Ductility
Toughness
Classification of Steel (Based on Carbon Content):
Low Carbon Steel – 0.1 to 0.25%
Medium Carbon Steel – 0.25 to 0.6%
High Carbon Steel – 0.6 to 1.1%
Low Carbon Steel:
i.Mild steel used in RCC construction as
reinforcement.
ii.Structural steel section used in steel building
construction.
Medium Carbon Steel:
Rails, high tensile steels, hammers etc.
High Carbon Steel:
Stone masonry tools, drills, punches etc.
113

 Usage of iron material in buildings was a new era in structural building.
 Iron
- Used for tools, weapons.
 Cast Iron
- Very high carbon content (More than 2 percent)
- 18 Century Bridges (1779 Coalbrookdale Bridge)
 Wrought Iron
- Very low carbon content (Less than 0.15 percent)
- Second half of 18 century (1850 Britannia Bridge)
 Steel- Less carbon content (0.15 percent to 1.7 percent)
- Second half of 19 century
- Bridge and high rise building (1874 Eads Bridge, St. Louis Missouri)
INTRODUCTION
Cast Iron Wrought Iron Steel
114

4 Reasons To Use Steel Structure
1. Cost savings
Steel structure is the cost leader for most projects in materials and design. It is inexpensive to manufacture and
erection, requires less maintenance than other traditional building methods.
2. Creativity
Steel has a natural beauty. Steel allows for long column-free spans and can have a lot of natural light if want it in
any shape of structure.
3. Control and Management
Steel structure is fabricated at factory and rapidly erected at construction site by skilled personnel that makes safe
construction process. Industry surveys consistently demonstrate that steel structure is the optimal solution in
management.
4. Durability
It can withstand extreme forces or harsh weather conditions, such as strong winds, earthquakes, hurricanes and
heavy snow. They are also unreceptive to rust and, unlike wood frames, they are not affected by termites, bugs,
mildew, mold and fungi.
115

Advantages:
High Strength
Compressive and tensile strength of steel are equally good.
More Economical.
Higher strength to weight ratio. Tall buildings, bridges with larger span therefore are constructed with
structural steel.
Rapid Construction
Construction of structure can be completed quickly.
Easy Repair and Modification
Can be adjusted with lesser difficulty rather than other structural system.
100% Scrape Value (Reuse Value)
Existing steel members can be dismantled and reused for another application with 100% strength
value.
Overall Construction
Cost of material, cost of manpower, cost of maintenance, dismantling cost etc. are cheaper.
Steel is 100% recyclable.
• 100% of the steel used in construction (all products) are recyclable. More over 80% of these steel have
now themselves been produced from recycled steel. They conserve the planet’s natural sources during
construction by limiting the need for such materials as water and aggregates. Additionally, steel structures
can be partly or completely dismantled and reused.
Disadvantages:
 Corrosion and proneness to catch fire are the two major disadvantages of steel. To make it not corrosive
and fire resistant is, it is an expensive process.
116

 Frame Structures: Beams And Columns
 Grids Structures: Latticed Structure Or
Dome
 Prestressed Structures
 Truss Structures: Bar Or Truss Members
 Arch Structure
 Arch Bridge
 Beam Bridge
 Cable-stayed Bridge
 Suspension Bridge
 Truss Bridge: Truss Members
Common Structure Shapes For Steel
Main Structural Types
117

Shape Designation
Wide flange beam W
American standard beam S
Bearing piles HP
Miscellaneous (those that
cannot be classified as W, S, or
HP)
M
Channel C
Angle L
Structural tee (cut from W or S
or M)
WT or ST
Structural tubing TS
Pipe pipe
Plate PL
Bar bar
Common Structure Shapes For Steel
118

Frame Structures Grids Structures (Lattice) Grids Structures
(Dome)
Prestressed Steel Truss Structures Arch and Suspension
119

Types Of Structural Steel Systems For Buildings
Skeleton Steel Framing
Wall Bearing Steel Framing
Long Span Framing Systems
TYPES
120

 All gravity loads in skeleton frame structure are
supported by beams and columns.
 The distance between columns can be established
according to the functions and requirements of the
structure.
 There are no restrictions that limit the area of the
floor and roof of the building.
 Multi storey structures are possible to construct using
skeleton framing.
Fig: Hotel Arts (Barcelona)
Fig: HSBC Headquarters (Hong Kong)
Fig: Atlantic Plumbing (Washington D.C.)
Skeleton Steel Framing System
121

Wall Bearing Steel System
Fig: The end of steel beam, which support floor loads, is installed
on walls, intermediary support (cylindrical steel column) applied
to support the beam because the span is large.
Fig: Using Steel Beam to Support Masonry Lintels
Fig: Using Steel Beam to Support Masonry Lintels
 In a wall bearing steel structure, building wall
whether it is interior or exterior is used to carry the
end of structural members that support floor or roof
loads.
 Wall bearing should be adequately strong to not
only be able to carry vertical reactions but also to
resist any imposed horizontal loads.
 Wall bearing framing is suitable for the construction
of low rise structure. This is because the size of the
bearing wall must be increased significantly to
withstand considerably loads exerted in the case of
multistory buildings.
122

Long Span Steel Structure
 Long span steel structure is considered when
large clearance is required and such long
spanning cannot be realized using steel
beams and columns.
 Long span steel framing options can be
categorized into different types, for instance,
girders, trusses, rigid frames, arches and
cantilever suspension spans.
123

Fig: Types of Arches Used for Steel Structure Construction
Fig: Single Span Rigid Frame
Fig: Different types of trusses and their span
124

There are different types and configurations of steel connections which are used to connect steel beams to columns
in skeleton frame structure.
Rivet Connection
Bolt Connection
Welded Connections
Steel Connections
125

Beam-to-Beam Connections
Beam-to-Column Connections
Column-to-Column Connections
Column Base Plates
Pocket Beam
Gusset Plate Connections (Truss Type, Frame Type, Bracings)
Splices (Cover Plates)
Connection Types Based On Function
127

Beam-to-Column Connections
129

Cover Plate Connection Gusset Plate ConnectionsPocket Beam
130

Steel Frame Structure Construction Procedures
Construction of steel frame structure foundation
Steel column construction
Erection of steel beams
Floor systems used in the steel frame structure construction
134

Fig: Reinforced Concrete Bearing Pad
Foundation for Steel Frame Structure
Fig: Pile foundation to transfer loads of
steel frame structure though low soil
bearing capacity of stiff soil with
adequate bearing capacity
Construction of Steel Structure Foundation
135

Weakness
• Systemic deficiencies
• High cost of capital
Opportunities
• long column-free spans
• Flexibility in design
• Transparent facades
Threats
• Not fire resistant.
Strength
Less weight
Sustainability
Small cross-sections
Easily modification or enlarging
Re-use
Recycling
Low labour productivity
SWOT ANALYSIS
136

5th
Avenue convention hall
Case Study (Local)
137

Long span 40’
Single Span Rigid Frame
materials: brick,glass,steel sheet,steel frame
Long span 40’
Shortest span 10’
138

Structural Load Analysis and Discussion:
The resulting product of the design
needed near about 200 tons of structural
steel and it was to built as convention
hall .
Some the largest trusses of the building
will span over 30 feet, connecting the
east and west side of the convention
hall.
Each floor also consisted of heavy slabs
of concrete used as flooring which
added a tremendous amount of weight
to the overall structure. .
140

BURGWITCH
LOCATION:- GHOLPHAR,CHITTAGONG
141

PLAN OF BARGWITCH
Long span 20’
Short span 8’
Spiral column
Material :- brick, steel sheet , steel pipe
142

 Steel spiral column
 Steel sheet
143

WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
The Walt Disney Concert Hall at 111 South Grand Avenue in downtown Los Angeles, California, is the fourth hall of
the Los Angeles Music Center and was designed by Frank Gehry. It opened on October 24, 2003.
Address: 111 S Grand Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90012,
USA
Architecture firm: Gehry Partners, LLP
Architectural style: Deconstructivism
Capacity: 2,265
Architect: Frank Gehry
144

Diagram illustrating the interior structures and exterior
cladding of a sample wall (above) 146

Structural Load Analysis and Discussion:
The resulting product of the design needed about 10,000 tons of structural steel and it was to built on top of a
concrete parking structure.
Some the largest trusses of the building will span over 140 feet, connecting the east and west side of the
concert hall.
Some columns on all four sides of the main hall box will be leaning to support the architectural design.
Some columns leaned as far as fifteen degrees.
The stability of those columns comes with the aid of special erection aids, heavy framing and bracing side
structures.
Each floor also consisted of heavy slabs of concrete used as flooring which added a tremendous amount of
weight to the overall structure.
Due to the complexity of the building, additional measures must be taken with a larger factor of safety to
ensure the stability of the structure.
The truss used at the center of the ceiling produces less reaction forces than the trusses that would be
located towards the ends.
The Walls of the Walt Disney Concert Hall is shown above with loads from the trusses and loads from the
concrete slabs
With the possibility that the trusses could be reducing the vertical load on the corner with the wall, another
model was applied and analyzed.
147

Structural steel and Framing of a pillar in the WDCH (on Left) and the finished
result after complete construction (on Right
148

Tower Center International Bucharest
•Main data
•Analysis and design of structure
•Progressive collapse resistance
150

♦Plan
♦Span
♦Bay
♦Storey height
♦Total height
♦Nr. stories
♦Foundations
♦Main structure
25,5m x 41,5m
7,5m
7,5m
4,0m
106,3m
3B + 26S
Mat foundations + piles, “Top-down” method
Partially encased steel columns, steel beams and bracings,
composite slabs
The building neighbors the city centre of Bucharest
March - November 2006 May, 2007
♦Location
♦Erection
♦Completion
Building main data
151

Configuration 1 Configuration 2 Configuration 3
152

Outrigger and belt
truss system:
Outrigger system – main core connected to the exterior
columns by stiff horizontal members
Belt truss – trusses around the structure at the level of outrigger
Main benefits Increase the lateral stiffness
Improve global behavior under seismic motion
Improve robustness against unexpected progressive collapse
belt trusses
Strong beams
Descrption of structural system
153

Descrption of structural system
MRF bays CBF bays
Columns Cruciform cross sections columns from hot rolled profiles
MRF bays: cross section columns of 800x800mm
CBF bays: cross section columns of 1000x500mm
Columns were partially encased in reinforced concrete
S355 steel
154

RivetsViews during construction
155

Skeleton steel frame is composed of steel beams and columns
which are connected using proper connection.
Steel beams around perimeter of the structure is termed as spandrel
beams on which masonry walls are placed.
Fig: Plan View of Skeleton Framing
Fig: Skeleton Steel Framing
Skeleton structure
157

Skeleton structure
Truss
In engineering , a truss is a structure that
consists of two force members only , where
the members are organized so that
The assemblage as a whole behaves as a
single object . A two force member is a
structural component where force is applied
to only two points
Arch
An arch is a vertical curved structure that spans
an elevated space and may or may not support
the weight above it, or in case of horizontal
Arch like an arch dam , the hydrostatic pressure
against it .
158

Cable
Tensile
A tensile structure is a contraction of elements
caring only tension and no compression or
bending .the term should not be
Confused with tensegrity , which is a structural
form with both tension and compression
elements .tensile structures are the mot
common type of
Thin shell structure .
Tube
In structural engineering the tube is a system
where to resist literal loads, a building is
designed to act a hollow cylinder,
cantilevered perpendicular to the ground.
The system was introduced by Fazlur Rahman
khan.The first example of the tubes use is the
43 storey khan design apartment building.
159

Shell
Shell structure, in building
construction , a thin curve plate
structure shaped to transmit applies
forces by compressive , tensile and
shear stresses that
Act in the plane of the surface .
Shell structure
Dome
A dome is an architectural element that
resembles the hollow upper half of a
sphere. The precise definition has been a
matter of controversy. There are also a
wide variety of forms and specialized
terms to describe them
160

REFFERENCE
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THANK YOU
161

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