It is a presentation about the basic structures of the building, the structural elements and system and diferent types of the columns.

2. Building Constructions I. - lecture
01 - lecture – Basic Division of Buildings
Ing. Nikola Vavřínová

3. Fields of Construction Industry
Building Constructions
Special Constructions
Transport and Underground
Constructions
Water Management Structures

4. Basic Division of Buildings Constructions
• 1. Functional Classification
• According to the functional use of the building
• 2. Material Classification
• According to the type of building material
• 3. Technological Classification
• According to the technology of construction of the building
• 4. Structural Classification
• According to the designed structural system of the building
• wooden constructions,
• stone constructions,
• constructions from ceramic materials,
• concrete constructions,
• metal constructions.
• brick constructions,
• monolithic constructions,
• prefabricated constructions
• single and multi-storey buildings,
• hall and large span buildings,
• high-rise buildings,
• special construction of buildings.
• residential buildings,
• residential houses,
• buildings for individual recreation (cottages)
• civic buildings,
• buildings for health and social care,
• school buildings,
• sports buildings,
• buildings for science, culture and education,
• buildings for services and trade,
• buildings for temporary accommodation,
• buildings for transport and communications,
• administrative buildings.
• industrial buildings,
• production buildings,
• storage facilities
• agricultural buildings.
• buildings for animal production,
• buildings for plant production.

5. Basic Division of Buildings Constructions
Load-bearing Structures
• Foundations
• Walls
• Ceiling structures
• Staircases
• Load-bearing roof structure
Envelope and Dividing Structures
• Building envelope
• Partitions
• Hole filling
• Floors
• Roof cladding
Technical Equipment of Buildings
• Electrical installations
• Sanitary ware
• Gas distribution
• Heating
• Ventilation system, air conditioning
Functional And Technological Equipment
• Interior equipment
• Exterior equipment

6. Structural Elements
The structural system of the building = a set of interconnected elements.
• Column (stressed by pressure and bending); b : H ≤ 1:4 - 1:5
• Wall (stressed by pressure, bending, and shear); t : L ≤ 1:10
• Beam (stressed by bending, shear, (pressure/tension); b : H ≤ 1:4 - 1:5
• Slab (stressed by bending, torsional stress; t : L ≤ 1:10

7. Structural Elements
• Lattice construction (components are stressed by pressure and tension, whole construction by bending)
• Cable structure (stressed by tension)
• Vaults (stressed by pressure)
• Shell structure (stressed by tension/pressure, bending); t : L ≤ 1:10

8. Structural Elements
• Modular Precast Cells - fully or partially completed
- closed, partially closed or open
- wall
- skeletal
- combined

9. Structural Elements
According to
the Vertical
Load-bearing
Structure
According to
the Orientation
of the Building
According to
the Technology
According to
the Material
Wall Longitudinal Brick Ceramic
Skeletal Transverse Monolithic Concrete
Combined Two-way
Prefabricated Metal
Prefamonolithic wooden
combined combined

10. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Bent Structural Systems
• Slab systems
• Trusses - Lattice construction systems
• Frame systems
• Mainly tensile Structural Systems
• Cable and membrane structural systems
• Pneumatic systems
• Suspended systems
• Mainly pressure Structural Systems
• Arch structural systems
• Flat pressured structures
• Tie bar structures
• Folded plate structures

11. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Bent Structural Systems
• Slab systems
o Roof structure is made of slab a) ribbed b), d) folded c) shell

12. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Bent Structural Systems
• Trusses - Lattice construction systems
o Roof structure is made of truss construction

13. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems

14. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
web-plate girders

15. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Bent Structural Systems
• Frame systems
o Frame creates the load bearing structure.
a) fixed frame – fixed joint and bearing = rigid frame
b) loose frame – pin joint and loose bearing
a)
b)

16. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems

17. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems

18. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly pressure Structural Systems
• Arch structural systems
o Roof structure is made of arched beam
a) fixed
b) loosen - Joints in supports; Three-joint (joint also at the top)

19. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems

20. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly pressure Structural Systems
• Flat pressured structures
o Roof structure is made of arched slab
a) vaults
b) shells - Thin-walled made of reinforced concrete, composite, or plastic.

21. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems

22. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly pressure Structural Systems
• Tie bar structures
o Slab construction is replaced by tie bar elements made of reinforced concrete, steel, or wood. Bar structure in the shape of a
vault.

23. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly pressure Structural Systems
• Folded plate structures
o formed of planar triangular
elements forming a rigid spatial system

24. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly tensile Structural Systems
• Cable and membrane structural systems
o Roof structure is made of hanging structure – a) of cable components b) membrane structures
methods of its stabilization:
• stabilizing rope
• the weight of the roof cladding
• stiffness of the roof cladding

25. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
The addition of information to the previous lecture
Cable and membrane structures

26. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly tensile Structural Systems
• Pneumatic systems
a) Low pressure with internal overpressure 0.1-0.3 kPa
b) High pressure double-surface systems with internal overpressure in ribs 100-500 kPa
methods of its stabilization:
• stabilizing rope
• the weight of the roof cladding
• stiffness of the roof cladding

27. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Pneumatic sytems

28. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Pneumatic sytems

29. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly tensile Structural Systems
• Suspended systems
o The roof structure is suspended on tie rods anchored over pushed pylons.

30. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Structural Division
• Mainly tensile Structural Systems
• Suspended systems

31. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Ensuring the Spatial Rigidity of Hall Buildings
By stiffening the building = by ensuring its spatial rigidity, we eliminate the horizontal forces acting on the building.
Non-rigid roof panel = Tensile Structural System
Rigid roof panel
Interaction with other structures. Horizontal loads are transferred to parallel load-bearing structures.
a1) Stiffening elements in the roof structure
a2) Stiffening by joining roof elements
The rigidity of parallel load-bearing structures is ensured by:
1. Inner diagonals
2. Outer rods
3. Fixed bearing in the foundations
4. Rigid frame corner
5. Flat filling
Acting horizontal forces
Cable

32. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Spatial rigidity of column systems
The vertical load-bearing structure formed by columns has a low bending rigidity compared to walls. The decisive factor is:
- horizontal rigidity of the ceiling slab
- joint of columns and supporting structures
Higher objects must have:
- reinforced walls
- Diagonal or horizontal stiffeners,
- filling the frames with reinforcing walls.

33. Hall and Large Span Structural Systems
Spatial rigidity of steel halls
1. Transverse stiffeners in the roof plane
• Transmit the effects of wind from gables and skylights and the effects of wind friction to wall stiffeners
• Protect the upper truss beams against buckling in the roof surface
• Ensure the shape and geometry of the roof plane
• They are always designed !
2. Longitudinal stiffeners in the roof plane
• Transmit the effects of wind to the longitudinal walls
• Ensure the shape and geometry of the roof surface
• They are designed only sometimes
3. Longitudinal vertical stiffeners
• Ensure the vertical position of the trusses
• They shorten the buckling length of the pressed beams
• Maximum distance 12 m
• They are not designed for frames
Cross-section
Floor plan

34. Types of columns

35. Lift Slabs
The addition of information to the previous lecture
Lifting the ceiling slabs is considered to be one of the most
demanding construction processes. The ceiling slabs must
prevent the columns from buckling at all stages of construction.
It is necessary to pay great attention to the stability of the built
skeleton.
The procedure of lifting boards can be divided into two basic
types:
lifting on short distances,
lifting on long distances.
a) The essence of lifting ceiling slabs on long distances is that
the last concrete slab, rises up to its final height and others
follow.
b) When lifting on short distances, all ceilings are raised to such
a height that the lowest slab reaches its projected position, the
other slabs must be fixed in intermediate positions. In the next
step, the columns of the other floors are mounted, the lifting
device is moved to them and all the slabs are lifted again until
the lowest slab reaches its precisely projected height. Proceed
in the same way until all slabs are in place.

36. Lift Slabs

37. Thank you for your attention
Ing. Nikola Vavřínová
nikola.vavrinova@vsb.cz
www.vsb.cz