SHELL AND FLODED PLATE STRUCTURE WITH DESCRIPTION DONE BY MY GROUP.

1. SURFACE ACTIVE SYSTEMS
 Folded Plate Structure
 Shell Structure
 Barrel Vault
 Dome
 HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID
PRESENTED BY- ANUJA
M
NAHID S
POONAM T
PURVA R
ANKITA G
PAYAL C
RISHIKESH K
DHAMMJYOTI
ROHAN S
POONAM T

2. FOLDED PLATES STRUCTURES
 They are assemblies of flat plates, or slabs,
inclined in different directions and joined along
their longitudinal edges.
 It is capable of carrying loads without the need
for additional supporting beams along mutual
edges.
 Uses:
 to construct roofs for industrial
warehouses and public buildings.
 Material used:
 cast in situ or precast reinforced concrete,
or steel plate.
 Simple formwork required, and usually use less
material.
 They have an intrinsic rigidity and high load-
carrying capacity which makes them
economical over long spans.
Fig.1
Fig.2

3. inciple of Folding
The structural characteristics of folding structures depend on-
 The pattern of the folding.
 Their geometrical basic shape.
 Its material.
 The connection of the different folding plates.
 The design of the bearings.
The Basic concept of Folding
Fig.3 Fig.4

4. Structural Behavior of Folding
Structural Condition Of Folding Structures.
Load Distribution process :
 At first, the external
forces are transferred to
the shorter edge of one
folding element.
 There, the reaction as an
axial force is divided
between the adjacent
elements.
 Then the forces
transferred to the
bearings.

5. Types of Folded Structure
Based on geometric shape folded structures
can be divided into:
 Folded plate frames structures
 Folded plate surfaces structures
 folded plate structures
Fig.5
Fig.6 Fig.7

6. Types of Folded Structure
Classification of folded structures based on
the material they are made of:
 Folded structures made of reinforced
concrete
 Metal folded structures
 Folded structures of wood
 Folded structures of glass
 Folded constructions made in
combination
of different materials
Fig.8
Fig.9

7. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FOLDED-PLATE
STRUCTURE
Advantages:
 Very light form of construction. To span 30 m shell thickness
required is 60 mm only.
 The use of concrete as a building material reduces both
materials cost and a construction cost.
 Longer span can be provided.
 Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes.
 Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction.
Disadvantages:
 Shuttering is difficult.
 Greater accuracy in formwork is required.
 Good labor and supervision necessary.
 Rise of roof may be a disadvantage.

8. CASE STUDY
Name of structure-Airship Hangars,Orly
(1916-1924)
Engineer-Eugene Freyssinet
 He designed two large hangars at orly,each
300 meters long,span-86 meters and over 5
metres high.
 It consisted of trough-shaped arches forming
continous barrel vaults in form of a parabola
with arch profile.
 The slab forming the troughs was from 80-200
mm thick,increasing towards base.
 The stresses were taken by foundations.
 The strength created by folded plate profile
reduced reinforcement.
Fig. Airship Hangars,orly

9. THE APPLICATION OF FOLDED STRUCTURES
 As Roof Structure  As Wall Structure
 As Steel Sheet Piles As Floor Structure
MiamiMarineStadium,
Florida
ChurchofNotreDame
deRoyan,France
Mezzanineceilingcalled
"Kielsteg"
SecuringThe
FoundationPitWith
LarsenPlanks

10.  The term “shell” is used to describe the structures which possess strength
and rigidity due to its thin, natural and curved form such as shell of egg, a
nut, human skull, and shell of turtle.
 Shell roof shapes divided into 3 parts –
Dome
Vaults
Saddle shapes and conoids
 The strength and rigidity of thin,natural,curved shell structures makes its
possible to construct single curved barrel vault 60 thick with
 span of 30 m
 Material- Reinforced concrete as highly plastic material can take any shape
when mixed with water
 Shell structure are sometime described as single or double curvature shells
 Single curvature shells- curved on one linear axis
 Double curvature shells- either part of sphere as dome or hyperboloid
SHELL STRUCTURE

11. TYPES OF SHELL ROOF FORMS
Conoid shell Square dome
Hyperboloid of revolution Barrel vault shell roof

12. ADVANTAGES AND DIS-ADVANTAGES OF SHELLS
ADVANTAGES-
 Very light form of construction. To span 30.0 m shell thickness required is
60mm
 Dead load can be reduced economizing foundation and supporting system
 They further take advantage of the fact that arch shapes can span longer
 Flat shapes by choosing certain arched shapes
 Esthetically it looks good over other forms of construction
DISADVANTAGES -
 Shuttering problem
 Greater accuracy in formwork is required
 Good labor and supervision necessary
 Rise of roof may be a disadvantage

13. CASE STUDY – OPERA HOUSE
 Location – Australia.1959-1973
 Architect- Jon unzone
 Span –49.987 m
 Height -65m
 Materials-
Actual clay, brick, and stone veneer
Granite or marble cladding
Exposed aggregate finish
Sand blasted finish
Form liner patterns
White glazed granite tiles.
1,056,000 tiles were used to cover the massive structure.
Fig :PlanFig :Framing

14. Fig :Sydney opera house steel reinforcing
fig :Use of tiles
Fig :Sydney opera house shell ribs

15. BARREL VAULT SHELL ROOFS
 Construction –
Thin membrane of reinforced
concrete positively curved in
one direction so that the vault
acts as structure and roof
surface.
Thickness- 57-75
Span – 12-30 m
Wall-
Nonloadbearing panel walls of
brick, block or timber built
between or across columns .
Types –
 Short span barrel vault
 Long span barrel vault

16.  Stiffening of beams and arches –
To avoid distortion of barrel vault
stiffening beam and arches are cast
integrally with the shell.
 Down stand beam –
150-225 mm thick more efficient
because of its depth.
 Up stand beam – To avoid
interruption of soffit line of vaults.
 Arch ribs – less efficient , provided
for appearance
 Thermal insulation –
Thin concrete- poor resistance to
transfer heat
Use of insulating soffit lining or light
weight aggregate screed

17.  Edge and valley beams – Due to self weight and imposed loads thin shell will tend to
spread and its curvature flatten out . To resist this reinforced beam are cast between
columns as integral part of shell

18.  Expansion
joint –
To limit expansion
and contraction
continuous
expansion joint is
used at the interval
of 30.
Concrete shells
are covered with
non ferrous shee
metal, asphalt,
bitumen felt, a
plastic
membrane

19. STIFFENING BEAMS AND ARCHES FOR BARREL VAULT

21. CASE STUDY – EARTH INSTITUTE
 Location - Auroville
 Founded by HUDCO,Government of India in 1989
 Semi- circular vault –
Span- 6m
Length-11m
Thickness- 36.5-7cm
 Material- Arches, vaults,domes build with
compressed stabilased earth blocks without using formwork
 Construction Technology-
Projection of section of arch in plan.
Vaulted structures are characterized by acoustic phenomena .
Build with free spanning with combination of horizontal and vertical courses.
Vault stability calculated without the weight of waterproofing and applied after
completion of vault which changes the line of thrust in structure.
Fig: semicircular arch

22. Starting the horizontal courses Laying 3-
5mm mortar
Pressing the block on site
Filling the joints Horizontal courses Starting arch window

23. Building vertical
courses Casting waterproof
earth plaster
Laying bottom
side blocks of
the window
Completing bottom
side blocks
Window arch
completed
Arch of the window
being build with the
help of reverse
centering

24. WHAT ARE DOMES ?
 DOME, IN ARCHITECTURE, HEMISPHERICAL STRUCTURE EVOLVED
FROM THE ARCH, USUALLY FORMING A CEILING OR ROOF.
 A DOME CAN REST UPON A ROTUNDA OR DRUM, AND CAN BE
SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS OR PIERS THAT TRANSITION TO THE DOME
THROUGH SQUINCHES OR PENDENTIVES.
 THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY IS TO DESIGN THE STRUCTURAL
ELEMENTS OF A DOME STRUCTURE SUCH AS SHELL STRUCTURE, RING
BEAM, COLUMN AND FOOTING.
 THE SHAPE OF THE DOME ENCLOSES THE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF
SPACE WITH THE LEAST SURFACE AREA.
Edna, texas Internal view

25. SOME OF THE TERMINOLOGY THAT IS OFTEN
ASSOCIATED WITH DOMES INCLUDE:
 Apex: the uppermost point of a dome (also known as the ‘crown’).
 Cupola: a small dome located on a roof or turret.
 Extrados: the outer curve of a dome.
 Haunch: part of an arch that that lies roughly halfway between the base and the
top.
 Intrados: the inner curve of a dome.
 Springing: the point from which the dome rises.

26. TYPES OF DOMES
DOME AND HEMISPHERE

27. PARABOLIC DOMEHYPERBOLIC DOME
TRANSLATIONAL DOME

28.  Location- bhopal 1982-1996
 Architect- charles correa
 Area- 32000m2
 Construction technology-
conventional – in –site- reinforced
concrete
 Material- indian marble,granite.
Red sandstone

29. ROOF PLAN AND SECTION
Section
Plan

30.  THE STATE ASSEMBLY, IN THE CAPITAL CITY OF BHOPAL HAS BEEN
DESIGNED BY ARCHITECT CHARLES CORREA FOR THE
GOVERNMENT OF MADHYA PRADESH.
 THE VIDHAN BHAVAN IS A HUGE BUILDING, COVERING AN AREA OF
MORE THAN 32,000 SQ. METERS OF BUILT SPACE.
SPACES IN VIDHAN SABHA
 THE UPPER HOUSE – VIDHAN PARISHAD (75 MEMBERS)
 THE LOWER HOUSE – VIDHAN SABHA (231 MEMBERS)
 THE COMBINED HALL
 LIBRARY
 THE SPEAKERS OFFICE
 THE CHIEF MINISTER OFFICE
 THE CHIEF SECRETARYAND SUPPORTING STAFF OFFICE.
 THE MINISTERS AND P.A’S OFFICE (70 NOS.)
 SERVICES, UTILITIES, AND PARKING FACILITIES

31. VIDHAN SABHA (LOWER HOUSE)
• THE MAJOR ATTRACTION IS THE ASSEMBLY HALL.
• THE CAPACITY OF HALL IS 231.IT IS CIRCULAR IN
PLAN, HAS 15.5 MTS. RADIUS COVERED BY
HEMISPHERICAL DOME OF DIA. 31.00MTS AND
THICKNESS VARIES FROM 150 TO 90MM THE HEIGHT
OF THE CROWN FROM FLOOR IS 25MTS.
• K-13 CELLULOSE FIBER COATING IN 40 MM
THICKNESS IS USED TO CONTROL THE ECHO IN THE
HALL AND ALSO BROKEN TILES ARE USED ON THE
ROOF FOR HEAT INSULATION
• ACCESS TO THE HALL IS PROVIDED THROUGH THE
GRAND ENTRANCE RESEMBLING TO SANCHI GATE.
• IT IS PAINTED VERY COLORFULLY REPRESENTING
THE PRESENCE OF LORD GANPATI AT ENTRANCE.

32. CONCRETE HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOFS
 These can be constructed in reinforced concrete with:-
• minimum shell thickness of 50mm
• Diagonal spans up to 35m
 These are cast over a timber form in the shape of required hyperbolic paraboloid
format.
TIMBER HYPERBOLIC PARABOLOID SHELL ROOFS
 These are usually constructed using laminated edge beams and layers of t and g bording
to form the shell membrane.
 Roofs with plan size
• 6m x 6m - Two layers of boards required
• Above 6m x 6m - Three layers of boards required

33. CASE STUDY- THE CHURCH OF ST.ALOYSIUS,UNITED STATES
 Architect-Erdy McHenry
Architecture
 The hyperbolic paraboloid roof is
used most often as an inexpensive
solution to long-span roof
requirements.
 It is used for utilitarian purposes
like sports arenas and athletic
facilities.
 The tent of St. Aloysius church is
fabricated from standing seam
metal panels.
Fig.4.1
Fig 4.2

34. Section through Altar Construction of roof
Interior of church Axonometric

35. To create the overall curve of the building form,a series of
fabricated channels were welded to the 273mm diameter chs top
boom of each truss.
The channels were rotated to varying degrees to suit the orientation
of the planar deck.
A 3mm thick galvanized steel tray was bolted to the top of each
channel and secured with self tapping screws.
Roofing products used
A structural planar deck system
A vapor control layer
160mm glass fiber quilt insulation
Aluminum standing-seam roof covering
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

36. REFRENCES
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Folded_plate_
construction
www.novotheatre.gov.bd
www.osanbashi.com/en/outline/features.html

37. THANK
YOU !