This document provides an overview of computing for engineering. It discusses the history of computers from early mechanical devices to modern electronic computers. It also covers the characteristics, components, and classification of computers. The four main generations of computers are described based on the technology used. The components of a computer system include hardware, software, and humanware. Hardware consists of the central processing unit and various input/output and storage devices. Software includes operating systems, applications, and programming languages.

1. Computing for Engineering
Prepared by: Eng. Shireen Mansour
Petroleum Department
Chemical Department
Civil Department
Faculty of Engineering
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2. Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of Computer
3. History of Computer
4. Generation of Computer
5. Classification of Computer
6. Computer Components
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3. What is a Computer?
Electronic device that processes the input data to give
desired results as output.
Input Process Output
Introduction
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4.  Speed: Instructions per second measured by : ms, µs, ns, and ps.
 Accuracy: 100%
 Huge Storage Capability: measured by KB, MB, GB, TB
 Versatility: ability to process any kind of data to perform different tasks:
play, music, letter, …etc.
 Reliability: 100% accurate.
 Diligence: ability to perform repeated operation efficiently without get tired.
 Networking: interconnected in to a network.
Characteristics of Computer
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5. History of Computer
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Electronic Computer DevicesElectronic Computer Devices
Electro-mechanical Computing
Devices
Electro-mechanical Computing
Devices
Mechanical Computing Devices
• Manual Computer Devices
• Semi Automatic Computer Devices
Mechanical Computing Devices
• Manual Computer Devices
• Semi Automatic Computer Devices

6. History of Computer
 ABACUS (Calculating board) by Chinese (+, -, x, and /): 3000 B.C.
 Napier’s Bones: (Multiplication by the addition of logarithms): 1617 AD
 Slide Rule by William Oughred (Logarithms ): 1620
 Pascal’s Adding and Subtractions Machine: 1642
 Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine: 1671
 Punch Cards System by Jacquard: 1804
 Babbage's Analytical Engine 1822-1833
 Hollerith Punched Card Tabulating Machine (TMC then IBM): 1880
 George Stibitz (Relay) 1939
 MARK I (Electro-Magnetic Relays) by
Howard H.Aiken: 1944
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Mechanical Era:

7. History of Computer(Cont.)
 ENIAC ( Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Calculator) by John W.
Mauchly and J.P. Eckert: 1947
 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Calculator) by M. Wilkes:
1949
 EDVAC ( Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Calculator) by Von Neuman
 UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic
Computer) by Mauchly and J.P. Eckert
:1951
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Electronic Era:
ENIAC EDSAC
EDVACUNIVAC I

8. Generation of Computer
 First Generation ( 1946-1954 ):
Using Vacuum Tubes
 Second Generation (1955-1964):
Using Transistors
 Third Generation (1965-1974):
Using Integrated Circuits
 Forth Generation (1975- 1989):
Using Microprocessors
 Fifth Generation (1990-Present-
Next): Using Artificial Intelligence
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Integrated Circuits
Microprocessors
Vacuum Tubes
Artificial Intelligence

9. Digital Computer
Classification of Computer
According to the computer Working Principle:
1. Analog Computer: measuring continuous type
of input data. like; current, voltage etc.
2. Digital Computer: counting discrete type of
input data (digits). Like; number, letter etc.
3. Hybrid Computer: combines the features of
Analog and Digital computers. Like; Hospital,
scientific research etc.
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Analog Computer
Hybrid Computer

10. Classification of Computer(Cont.)
According to the purpose of use:
1. Special Purpose Computer: doing particular task or application.
(Hybrid computer).
2. General Purpose Computer: doing different tasks or different
applications. (Digital computer).
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11. According to the computer Size:
1. Micro Computer: desktop, laptop,
notebook (education, graphical design, etc.).
2. Mini Computer (data processing
programing, business, etc.).
3. Mainframe Computer (telecom companies,
large-scale data processing, etc.).
4. Super Computer (weather forecasting,
space research).
Fast, Large, Complex, Expensive
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Classification of Computer(Cont.)
Minicomp
uter
Microcomputer
Mainframe
computer
Supercomp
uter

12. Classification of Computer(Cont.)
Microcomputers:
Desktop and Portable
 Desktop (PC)
 Laptop (Notebook)
 Netbook
 Tablet
 PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) or Handheld
 Smart Phone
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DesktopLaptop
NetbookTablet
PDA
Smart Phone

13. Computer Components
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Computer System consists of three Components :
Computer System
Hardware Software Human ware
All physical
parts of the
computer.
Programs User

14. Computer Components (Cont.)
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First: Hardware components consist of:
Input Devices
Output Devices
Central Processing Unite
Internal Devices Peripherals Devices
Hardware
Secondary
Storage Devices
ALU CU
Main Store Unite

15. Hardware Components
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Central Processing Unit (CPU): It is the main unit inside the
computer that executes instructions to do arithmetic and logical
operations to process the input data and control all events inside the
computer.
Input Unite Output Unite
Central Processing
Unite (CPU)
Arithmetic
Logic Unite
(ALU)
Control
Unite
(CU)
Main Memory
Secondary Memory
Storage
Devises
Storage
Devises
• CPU: measured in
Megahertz (MHz )
and Gigahertz (GHz).
• Most popular CPU are:
Intel and AMD.

16. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Input Unit: It is the unit that entered
the data in to a computer from the
Input Devices:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse
3. Light Pen
4. Trackball
5. Joystick
6. Tag Reader
7. Digital Cameras
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Keyboard
Trackball Light Pen
Tag ReaderJoystickDigital Cameras
Mouse

17. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Input Devices:
8. Point Of Sale Terminal (POS Terminal)
9. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition(MICR)
10. Voice Recognition Systems
11. Graphic Tablet
12. Vision Systems
13. Scanners
 Barcode Reader
 Optical Mark Reader (OMR)
 Optical Characters Reader (OCR)
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VRS
MICR POS Terminal
Graphic Tablet
Barcode Reader
OMR
OCR

18. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Output Unit: It is the unit that gives the results of
processed data as an output from a computer by using the
Output Devices :
1. Monitors:
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
2. Speakers
3. Printers
4. Plotters
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Monitors
Speakers
Plotters
Printer

19. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Storage Devices: and
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RAM
Random Access Memory
Volatile, Read/Write
ROM
Read Only Memory
Non-Volatile, Read Only
Main MemoryMain Memory
ROMRAM

20. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Secondary MemorySecondary Memory
 Magnetic Disks:
# Hard disks ( 500 GB, 1TB)
# Floppy disks (MB1.44 MB and 2.88)
 Magnetic Tape (185 GB)
 Optical Storage:
# CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW (700 MB)
# DVD-ROM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, and
DVD-RAM (4.7 GB)
 Pen Drive
 Memory Cards
 External Hard Disk
 Computer Output Microfilm and
Computer Output Microfiche
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Floppy Disks Hard and Sold Drives
Pen Drive DVDCOM
External Hard Disk Memory CardsMagnetic Tape

21. Hardware Components (Cont.)
Storage Devices:
Measured by:
Bit, Byte
Bit = 0 or 1
byte = 8 bits
bit
Byte= 8 bits
KB= 1024 byte
MB= 1024 Kilobyte
GB= 1024 Megabyte
TB= 1024 Gigabyte
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22. Computer Components (Cont.)
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Second: Software components consist of:
Package Software Custom Software
System Software Application Software
SoftwareSoftware
Programming Language & Scripting
Operating SystemUtility Software

23. Software Components
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1. System Software:
- Operating System Software: DOS, Windows
XP, Unix etc.
- Utility Software: Anti Virus Utility, WinRAR,
Disk Clean, Back Up etc.
2. Application Software:
- Package Software: Ms. Office 2013, Photoshop
etc.
- Custom Software: Bespoke Software that
especially developed for specific organization like;
SAGE(Accounting).
3. Programming Language & Scripting: Assembly,
FORTRAN etc.
Software: set of instruction in the form of programs that used to
operate the computer and related devices.
Types of Software:
Applications and Utility Software
Operating Systems

24. Booting
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Loading the system files of the operation system from the disk
into the computer memory.
Types of Booting:
1. Cold Booting: turn ‘’ ON’’ the computer by pressing on
the power switch ’ ’ON’’ in front of the Case.
2. Warm Booting: if the computer is already ‘ON’ and we
restart it.