The document discusses the history and development of computer system architectures from the earliest mechanical computers through six generations defined by their underlying technologies. It covers the evolution from early mechanical and vacuum tube-based computers of the 1940s-1950s, to transistor-based systems of the 1950s-1960s, integrated circuits of the 1960s-1970s, microprocessors of the 1970s-1980s, and advances in parallel processing and artificial intelligence that define the potential of fifth-generation systems. Key systems discussed for each generation include the ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 7090, IBM 360, Intel 4004, and modern multi-core microprocessors.

1. CSC 203 1.5
Computer System Architecture
Budditha Hettige
Department of Statistics and Computer Science
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
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2. Historical Developments
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3. Computer GenerationComputer Generation
1. Zeroth generation- Mechanical Computers (1642-1940)
2. First generation - Vacuum Tubes (1940-1955)
3. Second Generation -Transistors (1956-1963)
4. Third Generation - Integrated Circuits (1964-1971)
5. Forth Generation – VLS-Integration (1971-present)
6. Fifth Generation – Artificial Intelligence (Present and Beyond)
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4. The Zero Generation (1)The Zero Generation (1)
Year Name Made by Comments
1834
Analytical
Engine
Babbage First attempt to build a digital computer
1936 Z1 Zuse First working relay calculating machine
1943 COLOSSUS British gov't First electronic computer
1944 Mark I Aiken First American general-purpose computer
1946 ENIAC I EckerVMauchley Modern computer history starts here
1949 EDSAC Wilkes First stored-program computer
1951 Whirlwind I M.I.T. First real-time computer
1952 IAS Von Neumann Most current machines use this design
1960 PDP-1 DEC First minicomputer (50 sold)
1961 1401 IBM Enormously popular small business machine
1962 7094 IBM
Dominated scientific computing in the early
1960s
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5. The Zero Generation (2)The Zero Generation (2)
1963 B5000 Burroughs
First machine designed for a high-level
language
1964 360 IBM First product line designed as a family
1964 6600 CDC First scientific supercomputer
1965 PDP-8 DEC First mass-market minicomputer (50,000 sold)
1970 PDP-11 DEC Dominated minicomputers in the 1970s
1974 8080 Intel First general-purpose 8-bit computer on a chip
1974 CRAY-1 Cray First vector supercomputer
1978 VAX DEC First 32-bit superminicomputer
1981 IBM PC IBM Started the modern personal computer era
1985 MIPS MIPS First commercial RISC machine
1987 SPARC Sun First SPARC-based RISC workstation
1990 RS6000 IBM First superscalar machine
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6. The Zero Generation (3)The Zero Generation (3)
• Pascal’s machine
– Addition and Subtraction
• Analytical engine
– Four components (Store, mill, input, output)
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7. Charles BabbageCharles Babbage
• Difference Engine 1823
• Analytic Engine 1833
– The forerunner of modern digital computer
– The first conception of a general purpose computer
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8. Von-Neumann machineVon-Neumann machine
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9. First Generation-Vacuum TubesFirst Generation-Vacuum Tubes
(1945-1955)(1945-1955)
• First generation computers are characterized
by the use of vacuum tube logic
• Developments
– ABC
– ENIAC
– UNIVAC I
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10. First Generation- Time LineFirst Generation- Time Line
Date Event Description Arithmetic Logic Memory
1942 ABC Atanasoff-Berry Computer binary vacuum tubes capacitors
1946 ENIAC
Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Computer
decimal vacuum tubes vacuum tubes
1947 EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer
binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
1948 The Baby
Manchester Small Scale
Experimental Machine
binary vacuum tubes CRST
1949 UNIVAC I
Universal Automatic
Computer
decimal vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
1949 EDSAC
Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer
binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
1952 IAS Institute for Advanced Study binary vacuum tubes cathode ray tubes
1953 IBM 701 binary vacuum tubes mercury delay lines
Brief Early Computer Timeline
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11. ABC - Atanasoff-Berry ComputerABC - Atanasoff-Berry Computer
• world's first electronic digital computer
• The ABC used binary arithmetic
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12. ENIAC –ENIAC – First general purpose computerFirst general purpose computer
• Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
• Designed and built by Eckert and Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania
during 1943-45
• capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems
• The first, completely electronic, operational, general-purpose analytical
calculator!
– 30 tons, 72 square meters, 200KW
• Performance
– Read in 120 cards per minute
– Addition took 200 µs, Division 6 ms
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13. UNIVAC -UNIVAC - UNIVersal AutomaticUNIVersal Automatic
ComputerComputer
• The first commercial computer
• UNIVAC was delivered in 1951
• designed at the outset for business and administrative
use
• The UNIVAC I had 5200 vacuum tubes, weighed
29,000 pounds, and consumed 125 kilowatts of
electrical power
• Originally priced at US$159,000
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14. The Second Generation-TransistorsThe Second Generation-Transistors
(1955-1965)(1955-1965)
• Second generation computers are characterized
by the use of discrete transistor logic
• Use of magnetic core for primary storage
• Developments
– IBM 1620 System
– IBM 7030 System
– IBM 7090 System
– IBM 7094 System
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15. IBM 7090IBM 7090
• The IBM 7090 system was announced in 1958.
• The 7090 included a multiplexor which supported up to 8 I/O
channels.
• The 7090 supported both fixed point and floating point
arithmetic.
• Two fixed point numbers could be added in 4.8 microseconds,
and two floating point numbers could be added in 16.8
microseconds.
• The 7090 had 32,768 thirty-six bit words of core storage.
• In 1960, the American Airlines
• SABRE system used two 7090 systems.
• Cost of a 7090 system was in the
$3,000,000 range.
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16. IBM 1620IBM 1620
• The IBM 1620 system was announced in 1959.
• The IBM 1620 system had up to 60,000 digits of core
storage (6 bits each.)
• Floating point hardware was optional.
• The IBM 1620 system performed decimal arithmetic.
• The system was digit oriented, not word oriented.
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17. IBM 7030IBM 7030
• The IBM 7030 system was
announced in 1960.
• The IBM 7030 system used
magnetic core for main memory,
and magnetic disks for secondary
storage.
• The ALU could perform 1,000,000
operations per second.
• Up to 32 I/O channels were
supported.
• The 7030 was also referred to as
"Stretch."
• Cost of a 7030 system was in the
$10,000,000 range.
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18. IBM 7094IBM 7094
• The IBM 7094 system was announced in 1962.
• The 7094 was an improved 7090.
• The 7094 introduced double precision floating
point arithmetic.
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19. Third GenerationThird Generation
• Third generation computers are characterized
by the use of integrated circuit logic.
• Development
– IBM System/360
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20. IBM S 360IBM S 360
• The IBM S/360 family was announced in 1964.
• Included both multiplexor and selector I/O channels.
• Supported both fixed point and floating point arithmetic.
• Had a microprogrammed instruction set.
• Cost between $133,000 and $12,500,000.
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21. Forth GenerationForth Generation
• Very Large Scale(VLSI) and Ultra Large
scale(ULSI)
• Fourth generation computers are characterized
by the use of microprocessors.
• Semiconductor memory was commonly used
• Development
– Intel
– AMD etc
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22. Intel 4004Intel 4004
• The Intel 4004 microprocessor was announced in 1971.
• The Intel 4004 microprocessor had
– 2,300 transistors.
– A clock speed of 108 KHz.
– A die size of 12 sq mm.
– 4 bit memory access.
– 4 bit registers.
• The Intel 4004 microprocessor supported
– Up to 32,768 bits of program storage.
– Up to 5,120 bits of data storage.
• The 4004 was used mainly in calculators.
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23. Intel 4004 - 1971Intel 4004 - 1971
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24. MOS 6502MOS 6502
• The MOS 6502 microprocessor was announced in 1975.
• The MOS 6502 microprocessor had
– A clock speed of 1 MHz.
– 8 bit memory access.
– 8 bit registers.
• The MOS 6502 microprocessor supported
– Up to 65,536 bytes (8 bit) of main memory.
• The MOS 6502 was used in
– The Apple II personal computer.
– The Comodore PET personal computer.
– The KIM-1 computer kit.
– The Atari 2600 game system.
– The Nintendo Famicon game system.
• Initial price of the 6502 was $25.00.
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25. Intel Pentium IV - 2001Intel Pentium IV - 2001
• “State of the art”
• 42 million transistors
• 2GHz
• 0.13µm process
• Could fit ~15,000
4004s on this chip!
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26. NowNow
- zEnterprise196 Microprocessor- zEnterprise196 Microprocessor
• 1.4 billion transistors, Quad core design
• Up to 96 cores (80 visible to OS) in one multichip module
• 5.2 GHz, IBM 45nm SOI CMOS technology
• 64-bit virtual addressing
– original 360 was 24-bit; 370 was a 31-bit extension
• Superscalar, out-of-order
– Up to 72 instructions in flight
• Variable length instruction pipeline: 15-17 stages
• Each core has 2 integer units, 2 load-store units and 2 floating point units
• 8K-entry Branch Target Buffer
– Very large buffer to support commercial workload
• Four Levels of caches:
– 64KB L1 I-cache, 128KB L1 D-cache
– 1.5MB L2 cache per core
– 24MB shared on-chip L3 cache
– 192MB shared off-chip L4 cache
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27. Fifth GenerationFifth Generation
• Computing devices, based on artificial
intelligence
• Features
– Voice recognition,
– Parallel processing
– Quantum computation and molecular and
nanotechnology will radically change the face of
computers in years to come.
– The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop
devices that respond to natural language input and are
capable of learning and self-organization
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