Microprocessor evolution

1. EVOLUTION OF
MICROPROCESSORS

2. OUTLINE
 Introduction
 First Generation
 Second Generation
 Third Generation
 Fourth Generation
 Fifth Generation
2 Evolution of Microprocessors

3. MICROPROCESSOR
Evolution of Microprocessors3
 Microprocessor is a device that integrates the functions
of the CPU in a computer onto a single chip or at most
a few chips.
 It is a multipurpose, programmable device that accepts
digital data as input, processes it according to instructions
stored in its memory, and provides results as output.

4. Microprocessor Essentials
Evolution of Microprocessors4
Microprocessors contain core essentials of a
computer system.
 Memory unit
 ALU
 Control unit
 Interrupt / Exception controller
 Internal cache

5. Microcomputer Hardware
Evolution of Microprocessors5
The micro computer consists of
1. System Bus
2. Microprocessor
3 Memory unit
4 Input/output unit

6. Microprocessor Vs Microcontroller
Evolution of Microprocessors6
 Microprocessor is an IC which has only the CPU inside
them but Microcontroller has a CPU, in addition with a
fixed amount of RAM, ROM and other peripherals all
embedded on a single chip.
 Microprocessors are designed to perform unspecific tasks
whereas Microcontrollers are designed to perform specific
tasks.
 Microcontroller is far cheaper than a microprocessor.

7. EVOLUTION OF MICROPROCESSORS
Evolution of Microprocessors7
 We divide the years of development of
microprocessors as 5 generations.
 First Generation (1971 – 1973)
 Second Generation (1974 – 1978)
 Third Generation (1979 – 1980)
 Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)
 Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)

8. First Generation (1971 – 1973)
Evolution of Microprocessors8
 Intel Corporation introduced 4004, the first
microprocessor in 1971.
 4004 is a 4-bit microprocessor.
 It is evolved from the development effort while designing a
calculator chip.
 They were fabricated using PMOS (P-type metal-oxide-
semiconductor logic) technology which provided low cost,
slow speed and low output currents.

9. Second Generation (1974 – 1978)
Evolution of Microprocessors9
 Marked the beginning of very efficient 8-bit microprocessors.
 Some of the popular processors were:
 Motorola’s 6800 and 6809
 Intel’s 8085
 Zilog’s Z80
 They were manufactured using NMOS (N-type metal-oxide-
semiconductor logic) technology.
 This technology offered faster speed and higher density than
PMOS.

10. Third Generation (1979 – 1980)
Evolution of Microprocessors10
 This age is dominated by 16-bits microprocessors.
 Some of them were:
 Intel’s 8086/80186/80286
 Motorola's 68000/68010
 They were designed using HMOS (High density, short channel metal-
oxide-semiconductor ) technology.
 HMOS provides some advantages over NMOS.
 HMOS can accommodate twice the circuit density compared to NMOS.
 Intel used HMOS technology to recreate 8085A and named it as
8085AH with a higher price tag.

11. Fourth Generation (1981 – 1995)
Evolution of Microprocessors11
 This era marked the beginning of 32-bits microprocessors.
 Intel introduced 432, which was bit problematic.
 Then a clean 80386 is launched.
 Motorola introduced 68020/68030.
 They were fabricated using low-power version of the
HMOS technology called HCMOS (High Speed
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor).

12. Fifth Generation (1995 – till date)
Evolution of Microprocessors12
 This age the emphasis is on introducing chips that carry
on-chip functionalities an improvements in the speed of
memory and I/O devices along with introduction of 64-bit
microprocessors.
 Intel leads the show here with Pentium, Celeron and very
recently dual and quad core processors working with up to
3.5GHz speed.

13. SUMMARY
Evolution of Microprocessors13
 Microprocessor
 5 generations of Microprocessors