Introduction to computer

1. Chapter 1
Introduction to Computer
Class V

2. Key Points
 Computer
 History
 Components of Computer
 Components of Hardware
 Generations of Computer
 Types of Computer
 Application Area

3. Computers
The term computer is derived from the word compute.
Means Calculation

4. History of Computer
 Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding machine 1642.
 Baron Gottfried, Wilhelm Von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
 Keyboard machines originated in US around 1880.
 1890: Herman Hollerith designs a punch card system to calculate the 1880 census, accomplishing the task
in just three years and saving the government $5 million. He establishes a company that would ultimately
become IBM.
 1822: English mathematician Charles Babbage conceives of a steam-driven calculating machine that would
be able to compute tables of numbers. The project, funded by the English government, is a failure. More
than a century later, however, the world's first computer was actually built.

5. What is Computer
 It is an electronic device.
 Perform arithmetic &
logical operations
 Consist of hardware and
Software

6. Parts of Computer
o Hardware: Computer hardware includes the physical parts of
a computer, such as the case, central processing unit (CPU),
monitor etc.
o Software: Computer software, or simply software, is a
collection of data or computer instructions that tell
the computer how to work.

7. Components of Hardware
Input Device
Output Device
CPU
Storage Device

8. Generations of Computer
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a
computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was
used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies.
Nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software,
which together make up an entire computer system.

9. First Generation Computers(1940-1956)
The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. The computers of first
generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for
CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of
heat and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they were very
expensive and only large organizations were able to afford it.
For Example:
a. Mark 1
b. UNIVAC
c. ENIVAC

10. Mark I
Mark I was designed in 1944 by a
Harvard graduate student, Howard H.
Aiken to solve advanced mathematical
physics problems encountered in his
research. Aiken’s ambitious proposal
envisioned the use of modified,
commercially-available technologies
coordinated by a central control system.

11. UNIVAC
The UNIVAC I was the first
general purpose electronic
digital computer design for
business application produced
in the United States. It was
designed principally by J.
Presper Eckert and John
Mauchly.

12. ENIVAC
ENIAC was the first electronic
general-purpose digital computer.
It was Turing-complete, and able
to solve "a large class of numerical
problems" through
reprogramming.

13. Second Generations Computers(1956-1963)
The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. In
this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper,
consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable
and faster than the first generation machines made of
vacuum tubes.

14. Features
 The main features of second generation are −
 Use of transistors
 Reliable in comparison to first generation computers
 Smaller size as compared to first generation computers
 Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers
 Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers
 Faster than first generation computers
 Still very costly
 AC required
 Supported machine and assembly languages

15. Third Generation Computer(1965-1971)
The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. The computers
of third generation used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of
transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry.

16. Feature
The main features of third generation are −
 IC used
 More reliable in comparison to previous two generations
 Smaller size
 Generated less heat
 Faster
 Lesser maintenance
 Costly
 AC required
 Consumed lesser electricity
 Supported high-level language

17. 3rd Generation

18. Fourth Generation Computer(1971-1980)
The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. Computers
of fourth generation used Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation

19. Feature
 The main features of fourth generation are −
 VLSI technology used
 Very cheap
 Portable and reliable
 Use of PCs
 Very small size
 Pipeline processing
 No AC required
 Concept of internet was introduced
 Great developments in the fields of networks
 Computers became easily available

20. 4th Generation

21. Fifth Generation Computer
The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. In the fifth
generation, VLSI technology became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale
Integration) technology, resulting in the production of
microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components.
This generation is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software.

22. Feature
 The main features of fifth generation are −
 ULSI technology
 Development of true artificial intelligence
 Development of Natural language processing
 Advancement in Parallel Processing
 Advancement in Superconductor technology
 More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features
 Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates

23. Categories Of Computer
 Types of computers
 Mobile Computers
 Micro Computer
 Mini Computers
 Mainframes Computer
 Super Computer

24. Computers are categorized into
various types depending upon
their size and their computing
capabilities.
Types of Computer

25. Mobile Computers
A mobile computing device is
described as small, lightweight,
portable and containing wireless
Internet access by the Public
Library Association.

26. Micro Computers
A microcomputer is
a computer with a central
processing unit (CPU) as a
microprocessor. Designed for
individual use.

27. Mini Computers
They are multiprocessing machines
that can support up to 200 users at
the same time. It is like a less
powerful mainframe computer, and
is about the size of a refrigerator.

28. Mainframes Computers
Mainframe
computers or mainframes are
computers used primarily by
large organizations for critical
applications and bulk data
processing.

29. Super Computers
The most powerful computers in terms
of performance and data processing
are the Supercomputers. These are
specialized and task specific computers
used by large organizations.

30. Mobile Computers
A mobile computing device is
described as small, lightweight,
portable and containing wireless
Internet access by the Public
Library Association.

31. Applications of Computer
 In School
 At Homes
 For Medical Purpose
 In Entertainment
 In Science and Technology
 In Designing
 In Libraries

32. Assignment
Note the key points and write two lines about each.