The document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes. The second generation used transistors, which were smaller and faster. The third generation used integrated circuits, allowing for more applications. The fourth generation began the microprocessor age where all components were on a single chip. Current and future generations aim to develop artificial intelligence through techniques like expert systems, parallel processing and human behavior simulation.

1. GENERATIONS
OF COMPUTERS

2. First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum tube
Fifth Generation (Present&Beyond) : Artificial
Intelligence
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1970) : Intergrated circuits
FourthGeneration(1970-Tilldate):Microprocessors

3. First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum tube
Fifth Generation (Present&Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1970) : Intergrated circuits
FourthGeneration(1970-Tilldate):Microprocessors

4. First generation computers were powered by vaccum
tubes. Magnetic drums were used as memory on which
data and program were stored. They were extremely
large machines occuping huge rooms and consuming
vast amounts of energy. They relied on binary coded
language (0s&1s) for their operations. There was no
versatility and speed since they were able to solve only
one problem at a time. Instructions must be rewritten or
recompiled to run on different types of computers.
Input device : Punched cards and paper tapes
Output device : Printing
Examples: ENIAC , EDVAC and UNIVAC
Vacuum tubes

5. First generation

6. First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum tube
Fifth Generation (Present&Beyond) : Artificial
Intelligence
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1970) : Intergrated circuits
FourthGeneration(1970-Tilldate):Microprocessors

7. Second generation computer systems took advantage
of semiconductor technology which meant that
transisters replaced the vaccum tubes. This resuled in
reduced physical size, faster computing and greater
power. The transister was initially developed by Bell
laboratories a large US corporation. In second
generation computers magnetic disks as secondary
storage devices. Programming was done in assembly
language where mnemonics (ADD,SUB,…) were used
instead of binary languages such as COBOL and
FORTRAN also came into existence in this period.
Input device : Punched cards & Paper tapes
Outpt device : Printing
Examples: PDP-8,IBM1041 and 7090
Transisters

8. generation

9. First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum tube
Fifth Generation (Present&Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1970) : Intergrated circuits
FourthGeneration(1970-Tilldate):Microprocessors

10. Third generation computers were made from
integrated circuits again reducing size, faster computing
and greater power. Integrated circuits at this time
consisted a piece of silicon about 10mm squre on which
up to one thousand transistors could be placed. This
allowed the device to run many different applications at
one time which a centrel program that monitored
greatly increasing storage capacity. A new concept was
also developed “families” of computers which allowed
for upgrading and expansion.
Input device: Monitors
Output device : Keyboards
Examples : NCR 395 AND B6500
Intergrated circuits

11. generation

12. First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum tube
Fifth Generation (Present&Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1970) : Intergrated circuits
FourthGeneration(1970-Tilldate):Microprocessors

13. From integrated circuits to large scale integration
to very large scale integration this was the start of
the micriprocessor age. All the components of a
computer (central processing unit, memory and
input and output controls) was located on a
minuscule chip. The microprocessor used continued
to improve from the 4004, 8086, 80286 to the 80486, then
pentium, pentium 2, pentium 3 and now pentium 4.
Magnetic discs were improved greatly increasing
storage capacity. A new concept was also
developed. “families” of computers which allowed
for upgrading and expansion.
Input device : Monitors
Output device : Keyboards
Examples : NCR 395 and Apple II, Altair 8800 and CRAY-1.
Microprocessors

14. generation

15. First Generation (1940-1956) : Vacuum tube
Fifth Generation (Present&Beyond) : Artificial Intelligence
Second Generation (1956-1963) : Transistors
Third Generation (1964-1970) : Intergrated circuits
FourthGeneration(1970-Tilldate):Microprocessors

16. Reserch is going on to design a human like computer
capable of resoning and decision making. It should
learn from mistakes and prossess the skills of an
expert. The expert system is defined as a computer
information system that attempts to mimic the thought
process and resoning of experts in specific areas.
Super large scale integrated (SLSI) chips called Mega
chips will be employed. Today’s computers serial
processors Parallel processing should be incorporated
where several inteructions are processed at the same
time through the use of mutiple central processing
units. Simulation is done to reproduce human behavior
like thinking, speaking and reasoning processes
leading to Artifical Intelligence.
Artificial Intelligence

17. Fifth generation