The document discusses various subsystems of information systems, including Transaction Processing Systems (TPS), Management Information Systems (MIS), Decision Support Systems (DSS), Group Decision Support Systems (GDSS), Executive Information Systems (EIS), and Expert Systems (ES). It outlines their definitions, features, processes, advantages, disadvantages, and roles in the decision-making process within organizations. Each subsystem serves a distinct purpose, from capturing and processing transactions to aiding high-level executives in strategic planning.

1. UNIT – 2
SUBSYSTEMS OF
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Mr. T.SOMASUNDARAM
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT OF MANAGEMENT
KRISTU JAYANTI COLLEGE
(AUTONOMOUS), BENGALURU

2. Transaction Processing Systems (TPS),
Management Information System (MIS),
Decision Support Systems (DSS), Group
Decision Support System (GDSS), Executive
Information System (EIS), Expert System
(ES) – features, process, advantages &
disadvantages, role of these systems in
decision making process.
UNIT – 2
SUBSYSTEM OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

3. TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
Introduction:
It is an information processing system that captures and
processes every single transaction that takes place within
the organization.
It includes activities involving collection, retrieval,
modification and all other sets of activities that trigger the
retrieval of all transactions.
TPS is highly reliable, consistent and efficient.
TPS also be referred to as real-time processing systems.
It is compared with batch processing and that vary in speed,
processing manner and accuracy of events.
TPS use to record day to day business transactions of the
organization.

4. TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
Definition:
“A transaction process system is defined as an
exchange between two or more business entities.”
Features:
Reliability.
Fast Response.
Similar Structure and Integrity.
Authorized Control.
User-friendliness.
OLTP and Batch Processing.
Used in the field of marketing, sales, purchase, accounting,
order processing, transportation, payment, etc.

5. TRANSACTION PROCESSING SYSTEM
TPS involves the following activities -
Capturing data to organize in files or databases.
Processing of files / database using application software.
Generating information in the form of reports.
Processing of queries from various functional areas of
organization.
(E.g.)
Point of Sale Systems – records daily sales.
Payroll Systems – processing employees salary, loans
management, etc.
Stock Control Systems – keeping track of inventory levels.
Airline Booking Systems – flights booking management.

6. Process of TPS:
a) Processing in Batch:
It is the traditional way of processing transaction and it is
collected, combined and grouped in batches.
Transactions are accumulated over a period of time and
processed as a single unit or batch.
(E.g.) Store may update its sales records everyday after the
store closes.
b) Processing in real-time:
It is a fruit of technological advancements and developed to
cater to the needs to fast processing and real-time reflection
of revenue.
Transactions are processed immediately without any delay
to accumulate transactions. (E.g.) Airline ticket reservations.

7. Advantages of TPS:
Highly cost-effective and fast solution to all the
revenue-related operations.
It works through a highly stable and reliable database.
It allows for a quick recovery from any operational
failure.
It allows remote functioning giving the freedom of free
operation to businesses.
It can be used both in real-time manner and batch
processing manner.
Able to control, manage and observe multiple
transactions.
It is designed to be user friendly.
It allows quick recovery from any operational failure.

8. Disadvantages of TPS:
It calls for designing a customized solution for every
business.
Initial cost of setting up and installation is higher.
It need to deploy many workforces for data input,
managing and recording inventory, etc.
Overloading may lead to a system crash.
It need certain specification of hardware for TPS
software to work smoothly.
Use of TPS lacks a standard format.
Good internet connection is required to access its
services.

9. Role of TPS in Decision Making Process:
It produces valuable input into many other systems in
an organization, like MIS and DSS.
It serves as the foundation for the other systems.
TPS tracks routine operations but does not provide
much support for decision making.
(E.g.) In bank account, TPS keep track of all events
associated with single account like deposits, withdrawals,
transfers, interest paid, etc. which provides good
description of the account activity.
It requires combining information from different
sources and analysing financial profile of the customer.

10. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Management:
“Management is the process of designing
& maintaining of an environment in which
individuals working together in groups efficiently
to achieve aims”.
“ Management is the art of knowing what do
you want to do and then seeing that it is done in the
best and cheapest way”.

11. Information:
“ Information is a collection of facts (data) organized
in some manner so that they are meaningful to a receipent”.
“ Information is a collection of facts organized so that
they have additional value beyond the value of facts
themselves”.
(E.g.) Student name along with address & qualification.
System:
“ System is defined as a set of elements arranged in
an orderly manner to accomplish an objective”.
Parts of a system
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

12. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM
Definition:
“MIS is defined as an integrated, user-machine
system for providing information to operations,
management and decision-making functions in an
organization”.
“ MIS is defined as a system based on the database of
the organization evolved for the purpose of providing
information to the people in the organization”.
(i.e.) System – H/W, S/W, Procedures, Analysis Model,
Planning, control, Decision-making and Database.

13. PYRAMID STRUCTURE OF MIS
MIS for Strategic,
Policy making &
Decision making
Management Information
for tactical planning &
decision making
Management Information for
operational planning, Decision
making & control
Transaction Processing, Inquiry

14. MIS & OTHER ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES
1. Managerial Accounting:
* Financial A/c – income of organization.
* Managerial A/c – relevant cost.
2. Operations Research:
* Emphasis on systematic approach to solve problem.
* Using mathematical & Statistical procedure.
* Setting Optimal decisions.
3. Management & Organization Theory:
* Organization theory (Behavioural) & decision making.
* Motivation, group process, leadership & Organization
structure.
4. Computer Science:
* Algorithm, S/w, data structure.

15. Features of MIS:
System Approach.
Management-oriented.
According to requirements.
Future-focused.
Integrated.
Common data flows.
Long-term planning.
Relevant relationship between subsystem planning.
Central database.

16. Advantages of MIS:
Facilitates planning.
Minimizes Information Overload.
MIS encourages decentralization.
Brings coordination.
Makes control easier.
Disadvantages of MIS:
Quite expensive to set up and configure.
Lack of flexibility to update itself.
Risk of fraud.
Takes into account only qualitative factors.
Heavy reliance on technology.

17. Role of MIS in decision making process:
MIS plays a vital role in organizations. The role of MIS in
an organization can be compared to the role of heart in the
body.
The system ensures that an appropriate data is collected
from the various sources, processed and send further to all
the needs destinations.
The system is expected to fulfil the information needs of an
individual, a group of individuals and the management
functionaries: the managers and the top management.
MIS helps the management at various levels and it is mean
of communication where data are collected, processed,
stored and retrieved for making decisions regarding
planning, operations and control of an organization.

18. Role of MIS in decision making process:
Decision makers need information to make
effective decisions and MIS make this possible.
MIS systems facilitate communication within and
outside the organization.
MIS reduces uncertainty by providing relevant
information to the managers.
It helps management to access relevant, accurate,
up-to-date information in order to take accurate
decisions.

19. DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSS)
Definition:
“DSS refers to class of interactive, flexible, adaptable
computer based information system which support the
process of decision making. The emphasis is on “support”
rather than on automation of decisions. DSS allow decision
maker to retrieve data & test alternative solution during the
process of problem solving.”

20. Characteristics:
1. Provide rapid access to information.
2. Handle large amount of data from different sources.
3. Provide report & presentation flexibility.
4. Offer both textual & graphical orientation.
5. Support drill down analysis.
6. Perform complex, sophisticated analysis & comparison
using advanced S/w packages.
7. Support optimization, satisficing & heuristic approaches.
8. Goal – seeking analysis.
9. Simulation.

21. Features of DSS:
a) Flexibility of use.
b) User friendly interface.
c) Report & facilities in DSS provide better ways.
d) Control over system.
Capabilities of a DSS:
1. Support for problem – solving phases.
2. Support for different decision frequencies.
3. Support for different problem structures.
4. Support for various Decision making levels.
Components of a DSS:
1. DB Model.
2. The Model Base.
* Model Mgt. software (Financial, statistical, graphical)
3. The User Interface (Or) Dialogue Manager.

22. Comparison of DSS & MIS:
Factor DSS MIS
Problem type Handle unstructured problem
also.
Only structured
problems.
Users Support individual, small
groups & also organization.
Support only for
organization.
Support Support all aspects & phases
of Decision making.
Automatic decisions.
Emphasis Actual decision & decision
making styles.
Only on information.
Approach Direct support system. Indirect.
Speed Flexible & takes less time. Response quickly.
Output Screen oriented, reports. Printed report &
document.

23. Benefits of DSS:
- by evaluating different alternatives will reduce time.
- modeling & forecasting easy for manager.
- easy to explain.
- facilities for quick analysis of data even for
unstructured program.
- in depth analysis of data leads to effective use of data.
Uses:
1. Production – for procurement analysis, cost estimation,
production planning, inventory planning & control.
2. Finance – capital budgeting, tax planning, working
capital management, foreign exchange, risk
management, financial performance analysis.

24. Role of DSS in Decision making process:
A DSS produces detailed information reports by collecting
and analysing data.
DSS is different from a normal operations application,
whose goal is to collect data and not analyse it.
DSS is an integrated set of computer tools allowing a
decision maker to interact directly with computer to retrieve
information useful in making semi-structured and
unstructured decisions.
DSS is tailored to the specific need of the individual and
group managers.
DSS can extend its support to the same steps of decision
making process and has more roles in decision making and
problem solving than MIS.

25. GROUP (DECISION) SUPPORT SYSTEMS
(GDSS / GSS)
Definition:
“Decision taken by team member of decision maker
working group.”
Characteristics:
1. Special design.
2. Ease of use.
3. Flexibility.
4. Decision making support.
a) Delphi approach.
b) Brainstorming.
c) Group consensus.
d) Nominal group technique.

26. 5. Anonymous Input.
6. Reduction of (-) ve group behaviour.
7. Parallel communication.
8. Automated record keeping.
9. GSS S/w.
10. GSS Alternatives.
a) Decision room.
b) Local area decision N/w.
c) Teleconferencing.
d) Wide area decision N/w.
(E.g.) Chats and Instant messaging software, bulletin boards,
audio and video conferencing and net-meeting systems.
(like Google meet, Zoom, Skype)

27. Benefits of GDSS:
- it support parallel processing of information.
- rapid & easy access to external information.
- allow oral & computer discussion.
- produce instant, anonymous results.
- provide structure to planning process.
- interact several user simultaneously.
Uses:
- for quality improvement program.
- to make members to participate.
- help to identify problem, generate & evaluate ideas &
develop solutions.

28. Advantages of
GDSS:
More information in
less time.
Greater
Participation.
More Structure.
Automated
Documentation.
Disadvantages of
GDSS:
Cost.
Security.
Technical Failure.
Keyboarding Skills.
Training.
Perception of
Messages.

29. Role of GDSS in Decision making process:
Many decisions in an organization require the collaboration
and participation of multiple individuals.
The decisions require the input from a number of different
units within the organization such as marketing,
engineering, manufacturing, etc.
There are number of ways for the group members to
collaborate like meeting face-to-face, they can use a
technology like video conferencing.
GDSS is an interactive software that allows for making
decisions by a group of participants.
The goal of GDSS is to improve the productivity of a group
to come to a decision.
GDSS is sometimes also referred to as a ‘computerized
collaborative work system’.

30. EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM (EIS)
(OR)
EXECUTIVE SUPPORT SYSTEM (ESS)
Definition:
“The IS designed to provide the needs of top executives to
assist in decision making are called EIS (or) ESS.”
Characteristics:
A) General characteristics:
1. Tailored to individual executives.
2. Easy to use.
3. Drill – down abilities.
4. Need for external data.
5. High degree of uncertainty.
6. Future orientation.
7. Value – added business process.

31. B) Functional Characteristics:
1. Separate executive DB.
2. Data aggregation facilities.
3. Highly – user friendly interface.
4. Menu – based data retrieval.
5. Quality business graphics.
6. Modeling facilities.
7. Communications.
8. Automated link to other DB.
Capabilities of EIS:
1. Support for defining overall planning.
2. Support for strategic planning.
3. Support for organizing & staffing.
4. Support for control.

32. 5. Support for crisis management.
6. Drill down.
7. Critical success factors / key performance.
8. Status Access.
9. Trend analysis.
10. Ad hoc analysis.
11. Exception reporting.
12. Intelligent EIS.
13. Integration with DSS.
14. DSS, EIS & Internet.
Application of EIS:
1. Executive briefing.
2. Personalized analysis.
3. Model based analysis.

33. Advantages of EIS:
Easy to use for senior executives and helps in tracking
related information.
It offers proficiency to decision makers.
It filters and delivery summary information.
Improvement in financial and operational control.
Disadvantages of EIS:
It is so simple and can be used by everybody due to its
technical functions.
It may experience an overload of data.
Extra expenses are required and slow in speed & difficult to
manage sometimes.
It can’t perform complex calculations.

34. DSS Vs EIS:
Dimension EIS DSS
Focus Accessing of
status, drill down.
Analysis for
decision support.
Typical users Senior
Administrators
Professionals,
Analysts,
Managers.
Impetus Expediency Effectiveness
Application Performance
Evaluation,
Environmental
scanning,
identification of
problems and
opportunities
Applicable in
different areas

35. DSS Vs EIS:
Dimension EIS DSS
Decision
Support
Supports indirectly
high level &
unstructured decisions
Supports semi-
structured and non-
programmed
decision making
Type of
Information
News items, customers
information,
competitors & external
environment
Professionals,
Analysts, Managers.
Principal
Use
Tracking and
controlling
Planning,
organising, staffing
and controlling
Adaptability
to individual
users
Custom-made to
decision making of
each executive
Permits individual
judgments.

36. Role of EIS in Decision making process:
An EIS is a decision support system (DSS) used to
assist senior executives in the decision-making
process.
It does this by providing easy access to important
data needed to achieve strategic goals in an
organization.
EIS can be used in many different types of
organizations to monitor enterprise performance as
well as to identify opportunities and problems.

37. EXPERT SYSTEMS (ES)
Definition:
“ Expert System is computer application that guides to show
performance of particular tasks with experiences & specialized
knowledge. (i.e.) Expertise.
(E.g.) Apple’s SIRI – an expert systems that attempts to replicate
the decision making capabilities of a human expert.
CaDet – an expert system that can identify cancer at early stages.
Activities:
1. Knowledge acquisition (getting knowledge from experts &
other sources).
2. Knowledge representation (in the computer).
3. Knowledge inferencing.
4. Knowledge transfer to the user.

38. Structure & Process of Expert Systems:
Knowledge base
Facts: What is known about
the domain area.
Rules: Logical reference
(e.g., between
symptoms and
causes)
User Interface
Recommended
action
Explanation
facility
Inference engine
Draws conclusion
Blackboard
(Workplace)
Knowledge
refinement
User
Knowledge
engineer
Expert and
documented
knowledge
Facts about the
specific incident
Development system
Consultation Environment

39. Features of Expert System:
Backward chaining – inference technique to prove
via IF THEN rules.
Dealing with uncertainties – capability to handle and
reason with conditions.
Forward chaining – inference techniques which
deduce a problem via IF THEN rules.
Data representation – specific problem data is stored
and accessed in system.
User Interface – portion of code which creates easy to
use system.
Explanation – ability of system to explain reasoning
process.

40. Components of ES:
1. Knowledge Base. – a) Facts b) Rules.
2. Blackboard. 3. Inference Engine. 4. User Interface.
5. Explanation subsystem.
Steps in development of ES:
Determining requirements
Identifying experts
Constructing ES components
Implementing results
Maintaining & reviewing system

41. Participants in developing ES:
1. Domain Expert:
- recognize problem.
- develop framework for problem solving.
- use rules to solve problem.
- solve problem quickly.
- explain situations & solution for problems to others.
2. Knowledge Engineer.
3. Knowledge Users.
Tools & Techniques:
* Programming language – PASCAL, COBOL,
PROLOG, etc.

42. Application of ES:
1. Credit granting & loan analysis.
2. Stock picking.
3. Catching cheats & terrorists.
4. Budgeting. 5. Games.
6. Information Management & retrieval.
7. Artificial Intelligence & ES embedded in products.
8. Plant layout & manufacturing.
9. Hospitals & medical facilities.
10. Help desks & assistance.
11. Employee performance evaluation.
12. Virus detection. 13. Repair & maintenance.
14. Shipping. 15. Marketing.
16. Warehouse optimization.

43. Benefits:
* Increase output & productivity.
* Increase quality & reliability.
* Capture of scarce expertise.
* Ability to operate in hazardous.
* Improve customer service.
* Fault tolerance. * Solving complex problem.
* Training capabilities.
Limitations:
* Limited expertise. * Natural cognitive limits.
* Defined areas. * Cost.
* Lack of trust by end user.
* Limited vocabulary. * Bias.

44. Advantages of ES:
Accuracy.
Permanence.
Logical Deduction.
Cost Control.
Multiple Experts.
Disadvantages of ES:
Linear thinking.
Lack of intuition.
Lack of emotion.
Points of failure.

45. Role of ES in Decision making process:
ES are computerized tools designed to enhance quality and
availability of knowledge required by decision makers in a
wide range of industries.
It is used to help the students to make rightful career
decisions and become efficient professionals after
completing their studies.
The use of expert system is highly beneficial as it helps in
improving decision quality and reducing expenses related to
consulting with experts for resolving the problems.
ES are applied in different fields such as transportation,
medical, education and others to support an easy decision
making process.