This document provides an overview of computer networking concepts. It begins by defining a computer network and describing the key benefits of communication and resource sharing. It then covers different types of networks like LAN, WAN, WLAN, MAN, and SAN. Physical network topologies like bus, star, ring and mesh are explained. Common network hardware such as cables, connectors, switches and routers are outlined. The document also discusses network devices, protocols, IP addressing and network topologies implemented at the School of Information Communications and Technology.

1. Computer
Networking
B.Khishigsuren J.TC12D042

2. Outline
1.Introduction to Network
2.Types of Computer Network
Physical Types of Networks
Network Hardware
Network Devices
Internet Protocols
IP Address
Network Topologies
3. Network in SICT

3.  A computer network, or simply a
network, is a collection of computers and
other hardware components
interconnected by communication
channels that allow sharing of resources
and information.
 A network provides two principle benefits:
the ability to communicate and the ability
to share.
 A network can consist of two computers
connected together on a desk or it can
consist of many Local Area Networks
(LANs) connected together to form a Wide
Area Network (WAN) across a continent.
I

4. Types of
Computer
Network
 LAN: A group of interconnected computers
under one administrative control group.
 WAN: A networks that connects LANs in
Geographically separated locations.
 WLAN: Group of wireless devices that
connect to access points within a specified
area.
 MAN: metropolitan area network falls in
middle of LAN and WAN, It covers large
span of physical area than LAN but smaller
than WAN, such as a city.
 SAN: Storage area network connects servers
to data storage devices .
 CAN: Campus Area Network
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5.  Physical topology refers to the placement
of the network's various components,
including device location and cable
installation, while logical topology shows
how data flows within a network,
regardless of its physical design

6.  Peer-to-peer networks:
Devices which are connected
directly to each other without any
additional networking devices
between them. Each device has
equivalent capabilities and
responsibilities.
 Client Server network:
In a client/server model, the client
requests information or services
from the server. The server provides
the requested information or service
to the client.
Physical Types of Network

7.  Network topology is the arrangement of
the various elements (links, nodes, etc.)
of a computer or biological
network. Essentially, it is the
topological structure of a network, and
may be depicted physically or logically.

8.  BUS Networks:
Network Topology
Terminator
Segment
Terminator
 STAR Network:
Hub

9.  RING Networks:
Network Topology
 MESH Network:

10. Network
Hardware
 Physical topology refers to the placement
of the network's various components,
including device location and cable
installation, while logical topology shows
how data flows within a network,
regardless of its physical design.

11.  UTP Cable:
Network Hardware
 Coaxial Cable
Outer shield
Insulation (PVC, Teflon)
Conducting core
Copper wire mesh or
aluminium sleeve

12. Network Hardware
 Connector & Jack for UTP Cable

13. Network
Devices
 Computer networking devices are units that
mediate data in a computer network. Computer
networking devices are also called network
equipment, Intermediate Systems (IS) or Inter
Working Unit (IWU).
 LAN Equipment
o Network Cards
o Repeaters
o Hub
o Switch
o Bridges
 WAN Equipment
o Routers

14.  Network Card
A network interface controller (also
known as a network interface card,
network adapter, LAN adapter and by
similar terms) is a computer
hardware component that connects a
computer to a computer network.
LAN Equipment

15.  Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device
that receives a signal and retransmits
it at a higher level or higher power, or
onto the other side of an obstruction,
so that the signal can cover longer
distances.
LAN Equipment

16.  Hub
An Ethernet hub, active hub, network
hub, repeater hub, multiport
repeater or hub is a device for
connecting multiple Ethernet devices
together and making them act as a
single network segment.
A hub works at the physical layer
(layer 1) of the OSI model.
LAN Equipment

17.  Switch
A switch is a telecommunication device which receives a message from any
device connected to it and then transmits the message only to the device for
which the message was meant. This makes the switch a more intelligent
device than a hub (which receives a message and then transmits it to all the
other devices on its network).
LAN Equipment

18.  Bridge
Network bridging describes the
action taken by network equipment
to allow two or more communication
networks, or two or more network
segments creating an aggregate
network. Bridging is distinct from
routing which allows the networks to
communicate independently as
separate networks
LAN Equipment

19.  Router
A router is a device that forwards data
packets between computer networks,
creating an overlay internetwork. A
router is connected to two or more
data lines from different networks.
When a data packet comes in one of
the lines, the router reads the address
information in the packet to determine
its ultimate destination. Then, using
information in its routing table or
routing policy, it directs the packet to
the next network on its journey.
WAN Equipment

20. Internet
Protocol
 Network Protocols are the formal
description of a set of rules and
conventions that govern how devices on
the network layer (layer 3 of the OSI
model) exchange information.
 Protocols provide the link by which
systems connected to a network may talk
to each other
 For two end systems to talk to each other,
they must effectively “speak the same
language traffic”

21.  An Internet Protocol address (IP address)
is a numerical label assigned to each
device (e.g., computer, printer)
participating in a computer network that
uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. An IP address serves two
principal functions: host or network
interface identification and location
addressing.

22. IP Address
S.No. Class Range Allocation
1 A 1 – 126 N.H.H.H
2 B 128 – 191 N.N.H.H
3 C 192 – 223 N.N.N.H
4 D 224 – 239 Not applicable
5 E 240 – 255 Not applicable
N = Network
H = Host

23. ConclusionIII
Network in SICT

24. Any Questions

25. Thank you