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1. ADVANCE NETWORKING

2. Chapter 1
Networking began its infancy in the mid -1960’s.by the US
Department of Defense (DOD).
ARPANET protocols were not suitable for running over
multiple networks, so TCP/IP model and protocols were
invented in 1974.
What Is Networking?
When a two or more computer are connected with each
other via cables & media that is called as network First
network established in 1963 by ARPA (Advanced research
project Agency) arpanet.
A network is a group of two or more computer systems
linked together. There are many types of computer
networks, including:
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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
NETWORKS

3. Local area networks (LANs) :
The computers are geographically close together (that is,
in the same building).
Wide area networks (WANs) :
The computers are farther apart and are connected by
telephone lines or radio waves.
Campus area networks (CANs):
The computers are within a limited geographic area, such
as a campus or military base.
Metropolitan area networks (MANs): A data network
designed for a town or city.
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4. Computer network allows the user to share data with other users in a network
.and share resources such as printers faxes Printer can be installed on one
computer and can be accessed by other users in a network.
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5. Chapter 2
What is topology?
Physical arrangement of computers and networking devices (Cables, switches, hub,
routers, wireless access point etc) that is called as topology.
Selection of the appropriate topology:
Physical topologies of the networks are classified according to various factors such
as distance no. of nodes, etc.
The different topologies are:
1. Bus Topology
2. Ring Topology
3. Star Topology
4. Mesh Topology
Bus Topology:-
Bus topology allows information to be directed from one computer to the other.
This type of topology used in cable network.
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TOPOLOGY

6. Equipments needed for Bus Topology:-
1. Co-axial cables
2. LAN card ((BNC) British Naval Connector LAN card )
3. Terminator
4. T-connectors
Advantages of Bus Topology:
It is a cheapest technology.
Easy to use and to understand.
Requires least amount of cable to connect the computers together.
It is easy to extend a bus.
Disadvantages:
Low bandwidth (10Mbps)
Works on half duplex technology.
If the cable is fail then entire network is goes down.
Difficult to troubleshoot.
Heavy network traffic can slow a bus considerably as only 1 computer can send a message at a time.
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7. Star Topology:
In this kind of topology all the cables run from the computers to the central location where they
are all connected by a device called hub or switch. Each computer on a star network
communicates with a central device that resends the message either to each computer or only
to the destination computer,
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8. Equipments:
1. PC
2. Hub / Switch
3. Cables (fiber optic, UTP, STP)
4. Fiber-optic or Ethernet LAN card.
Advantages:
1. Easy troubleshooting.
2. Data transmission speed is very high, depends upon the cable & media
3.It is easy to modify and add new computers without disturbing the rest of the network 4.The center of the
star network is a good place to diagnose the faults.
Disadvantages:
1. If the central device fails, then the whole n/w fails.
2. Star networking is expensive because all network
cables must be pulled to one central point, requires
more cable than other network topologies.
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9. Ring Topology:
In this type each computer is connected to the next computer with the last one connected to the
first. Each retransmits what it receives from the previous computer. The message flows around the
ring in one direction. The ring network does not subject to signal loss problem as a bus network
experiences. There is no termination because there is no end to the ring.
Equipments:
1. PC
2. Fiber-optic cables
3. Fiber optic LAN card
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10. Advantages:
1. fastest topology
2. No limit of nodes
3. Two dedicated paths.
4. Works on full duplex technology.
5. Easy troubleshooting.
6. Each node has equal access.
7. Capable of high speed data transfer.
Disadvantages:
1. Costly Topology
2. Difficult to configure.
3. Failure of one computer on the ring can affect the
whole network.
4. Difficult to troubleshoot the network.
5. A disadvantage of a token ring is if one computer is
broken or down, the massage cannot be passed to the
other computers.
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11. Mesh Topology:
Equipments:
1. PC
2. Cables
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12. Advantages:
•More dedicated paths.
•No requirement of central device.
•Speed depends upon cable & media.
•Easy troubleshooting.
Disadvantages:
1. Requirement of LAN card is more.
2. We cannot perform more than 7 pc networks.
3. Very costly topology.
NOTE:
1) UNICAST: One to One Communication.
2) MULTICAST: One too many Communication.
3) BROADCAST: One to all communication.
HALF DUPLEX:-
We can do both side communication but at the time only one side communication.
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13. FULL DUPLEX:-
We can do both side communications at the time like as
telephone.
SIMPLEX COMMUNICATION:-
We can do one side communication at the time like as
television, radio.
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