this presentation comprises of the types of computers and their esential parts.

1. TYPES OF COMPUTER
NETWORKS
Tatheer Fatima
BS English (Sec 1-A)

2. COMPUTER NETWORKS
 A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share
resources, exchange files, or allow electronic communications.
 The computers on a network maybe linked through cables, telephone lines,
radiowaves, satellites or infrared light beams

3. NEEDS OF COMPUTER NETWORK:
 File sharing
 Resource sharing
 Communication and collaboration
 Remote access
 Data protection

4. TYPES OF NETWORKS:
Networks can be divided on the basis of:
 Geographical Area Network (LAN,MAN,WAN)
 Connection method (Wired orWireless Networks)
 Functionality (client/server, peer to peer, hybrid networks)
 Topology (bus, star, ring and mesh)
 Protocol (TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, AppleTalk)

5. DEVICES USED TO CONNECT NETWORK
 Routers
 Gateways
 Repeaters
 Bridges
 Hub
 Modems

6. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA NETWORK:
Local Area Network:
 LAN is a group of computers and associated devices that share a common communications line
or wireless link.
 Typically connected devices share the resources of a single processor or server within a small
geographic area.
 A local area network may serve as few as two or three users or as many as thousands of users.
 Examples include twisted pair

8. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA NETWORK:
Metropolitan Area Network:
 MAN is a network that interconnects users with computer resources in a
geographic area or region larger than that covered by even a large LAN but
smaller than the area covered byWAN
 It is also used to mean the interconnection of several LANs by bridging them with
backbone lines.
 Examples include twisted pair and fibre-optic cables

10. GEOGRAPHICAL AREA NETWORK:
Wireless Area Network:
 WAN is a communications network that makes use of existing technology to
connect local computer networks into a larger working networks that may cover
both national and international locations.
 Examples include fibre-optics, radiowaves and satellites.

12. DIFFERENTIATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL AREA
CRITERIA LAN MAN WAN
OWNERSHIPOF
NETWORK
private private or public Private or public
DESIGNAND
MAINTAINANCE
Easy Not Easy Not Easy
COST Low High Higher
NETWORK SIZE Small Larger Largest
SPEED Fastest Slower Slowest
TRANSMISSION
MEDIA
Twisted Pair Twisted Pair and fibre-
optic cables
Fibre-optics ,
radiowaves and
satellite
NUMBER OF
COMPUTERS
Smallest Large Largest

13. CONNECTION METHOD:
On the basis of connection method the network is classified into following 2
classes:
 Wired transmission networks
 Wireless transmission networks

14. WIRED TRANSMISSION:
 Wired transmission of networks is a category of networks in which wiring is used
as a medium for transmission of data
 Wired networks use many types of wires described below:
Twisted pair and coaxial cables:These type of wires are made up of copper.
Transmit data in the form of electric pulses. Data transformation is not very fast and
is also not secure.
Fibre-optic cables:These type of wires are made up of plastic and glass.Transmit
data in the form of light. Data transformation is very fast and speedy and is a very
secure type of transformation.

16. WIRELESS TRANSMISSION:
 In wireless transmission data transmission doesn’t require a specific medium
rather air is used as a medium to transmit data.
 Different frequency waves are used in wireless transmission networks.
Radiowaves:Transmit data ranging between 3kHz- 1GHz
Microwaves:Transmit data ranging between 3GHz- 300GHz
Radiowaves:Transmit data ranging between 300GHz- 400THz

17. FUNCTIONALITY:
Networks are divided into 3 following categories on the basis of functionality:
 Client/Server networks
 Peer to peer networks
 Hybrid networks

18. DIFFERENTIATION B/T CLIENT/SERVER AND PEER TO PEER
Client/Server Peer -To-Peer
 Server has to control ability while
client’s don’t.
 All computers have equal ability.
 Higher cabling cost  Cheaper cabling cost
 Used in small and large networks  Normally used in small networks with
less than 10 computers
 Easy to manage  Hard to manage
 Install software only in the server while
the clients share the software
 Install software to every computer
 One powerful computer acting as
server
 No server is needed

20. HYBRID NETWORKS:
 Hybrid networks are the networks that are based on both peer-to-peer & client-server
relationship.
 Hybrid networks incorporate the best features of workgroups in peer-to-peer networks
with the performance, security and reliability of server-based networks.
 Hybrid networks still provide all of the centralized services of servers, but they also allow
users to share and manage their own resources within the workgroup.
 Users can assign local access to resources in their computers.
 Workgroups can manage resources without requiring assistance from network
administrator
 Users may need to remember multiple passwords.
 Files saved on the workstation are not backed up.

22. TOPOLOGY:
Topology defines the arrangement of nodes, cables and connectivity devices that make
up the network.There are 2 basic categories of topology:
 Logical topology: It describes the logical pathway a signal follows as it passes among
the network nodes
 Physical topology: It describes the actual layout of the network transmission media i.e.
how the transmission media is wired together. Common Physical topologies include:
 Bus topology
 Star topology
 Ring topology
 Mesh topology

23. BUS TOPOLOGY:
Definition
 All computers and
devices are connected
to a central cable.
Advantage
 Easy to connect a
computer or peripheral
to a linear bus
 Requires less cable
length than a star
topology.
Disadvantage
 Entire network shuts
down if there is a break
in the main cable.
 Terminators are
required at the both
ends of the backbone
cable.
 Difficult to identify the
problem if the entire
network shuts down.

25. STAR TOPOLOGY:
Definition
 All devices are
connected to a
central device called
hub.
Advantage
 Easy to install and wire.
Disadvantage
 Requires more cable
length than a linear
topology Security can be
implemented in the
hub/switch.  If the hub or
concentrator fails, nodes
attached are disabled.
 More expensive than
linear bus topologies
because of cause of
concentrators.
 Easy to detect faults and
to remove parts.

27. MESH TOPOLOGY:
Advantage
 Provide redundant path
between device.
Disadvantage
 Requires more cable
than other topologies.
 The network can be
expanded without
disruption to current
user.
 Has complicated
implementations.
Definition
 In the mesh topology
each computer is
connected to the
others by separate
cable.

29. RING TOPOLOGY:
Definition
 Cables forms closed
rings or loop, with all
computers and
devices arranged
along ring.
Advantage
 Data is easily transferred
without a “bottleneck”.
Disadvantage
 Data packets must pass
through every
computer between the
sender & receiver which
makes it a slow process.
 The transmission of data
is relatively simple as
packets travel in one
direction only.  If any of the nodes fail
then the ring is broken n
data transmission stops.
 It is difficult to
troubleshoot the ring.

31. PROTOCOL:
 Protocol is a set of rules for the exchange of data between a terminal and a
computer or between two computers.
 Without protocol computers maybe connected but communication is not possible
 Protocol is a sort of precommunication agreement about the form in which a
message or data is to be sent and received.
 The highlighted protocols include:
1. TCP/IP protocol suite
2. IPX/SPX protocol suite
3. Apple talk

32. TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
 TCP/IP protocol suite was first defined in 1974.
 IP stands for internet protocol. It is a network layer protocol that is responsible for
delivering packets to network devices.
 TCP stands for transmission control protocol.it ensures a sent message is sent
without any loss of data or any mix up of the order of the data.

33. SPX/IPX PROTOCOL:
IPX/SPX is a routable protocol and can be used for small and large networks. It was
created by Novell primarily for Novell NetWare networks, but is popular enough
that it is used on products that are not from Novell
 SPX - Sequenced Packet Exchange operates at the transport layer providing
connection oriented communication on top of IPX.
 IPX - Internetwork Packet Exchange supports the transport and network layers of
the OSI network model. Provides for network addressing and routing. It provides
fast, unreliable, communication with network nodes using a connection less
datagram service.

34. APPLE TALK:
 AppleTalk was a proprietary suite of networking protocols developed by Apple
Inc. for their Macintosh computers.
 Apple Computer developed the AppleTalk protocol suite to implement file
transfer, printer sharing, and mail service among Apple systems only.
 It is secure than other protocols

36. THANKYOU!