This Module provides insight on the Evolution of Computers, Generation of Computers, Computer Hardware/Assembly, Computer Organization, Types of Computers and Number Systems. Watch more from my next module "Computer Fundamental - II"
This module provides insight on the Generation of Programming Languages, Programming Paradigms, Structure and Execution Environment of a Basic C Program, Need of Translators, Linker, Loader and Editors, Software Engineering and Problem Solving Methods, Few inclusions from the C99 and C11 Standards
The presentation includes brief insight of mostly all important OOPs concepts including Exception Handling, File Handling, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Storage Classes, Namespaces, and Generic Programming.
Server Technology, Operating System, Virtualization, Server Deployment, Server Management Console, Server Availability Concepts and Techniques, Server Workload
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
This module provides insight on the Generation of Programming Languages, Programming Paradigms, Structure and Execution Environment of a Basic C Program, Need of Translators, Linker, Loader and Editors, Software Engineering and Problem Solving Methods, Few inclusions from the C99 and C11 Standards
The presentation includes brief insight of mostly all important OOPs concepts including Exception Handling, File Handling, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Storage Classes, Namespaces, and Generic Programming.
Server Technology, Operating System, Virtualization, Server Deployment, Server Management Console, Server Availability Concepts and Techniques, Server Workload
Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer is/was being used. Initially, the generation term was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, generation includes both hardware and software, which together make up an entire computer system.
The sole purpose of sharing these slides are to educate the beginners of IT and Computer Science/Engineering. Credits should go to the referred material and also CICRA campus, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka where I taught these in 2017.
Introduction to Real-Time Operating Systemscoolmirza143
shared by Mansoor Mirza
Understanding Real-Time Operating Systems
Types of Real-Time Operating System
Requirements for Real-Time Operating System
Difference between General Purpose Operating System (GPOS) and Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
Conversion Linux kernel to support Real-Time operations
Patching the linux kernel
Major changes in patched kernel
Hands-on labs
Conversion of Linux kernel to support real time
Code a real time application (Audio Feedback removal)
This analyses the history and progress of computers and the internet based on the CAPE syllabus Unit 1 Module 1 for Information Technology. It also looks at telecommunication then and now.
A comprehensive look at the history and development of the computer. Links to YouTube videos that can enhance student learning or expand the depth and time spent on the topic are included.
The sole purpose of sharing these slides are to educate the beginners of IT and Computer Science/Engineering. Credits should go to the referred material and also CICRA campus, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka where I taught these in 2017.
Introduction to Real-Time Operating Systemscoolmirza143
shared by Mansoor Mirza
Understanding Real-Time Operating Systems
Types of Real-Time Operating System
Requirements for Real-Time Operating System
Difference between General Purpose Operating System (GPOS) and Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
Conversion Linux kernel to support Real-Time operations
Patching the linux kernel
Major changes in patched kernel
Hands-on labs
Conversion of Linux kernel to support real time
Code a real time application (Audio Feedback removal)
This analyses the history and progress of computers and the internet based on the CAPE syllabus Unit 1 Module 1 for Information Technology. It also looks at telecommunication then and now.
A comprehensive look at the history and development of the computer. Links to YouTube videos that can enhance student learning or expand the depth and time spent on the topic are included.
After 54 yrs in the Electronics Industry I retired in 2016. For most of that time I was working as an Electronic Design Engineer against the backdrop of Moore's Law; which drove the fast evolution of Electronics, and by stages delivered the Intelligent Electronic Systems that pervade all aspects of our lives today. I employed a room-based model for my career plan; keep getting invited to the 'rooms' where decisions are made ... all I had to do was to continue be known for my valued contributions.
El Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC) fue establecido en 2005 y alberga el MareNostrum, uno de los superordenadores más potentes de España. Somos el centro pionero de la supercomputación en España. Nuestra especialidad es la computación de altas prestaciones - también conocida como HPC o High Performance Computing- y nuestra misión es doble: ofrecer infraestructuras y servicio de supercomputación a los científicos españoles y europeos, y generar conocimiento y tecnología para transferirlos a la sociedad. Somos Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, miembros de primer nivel de la infraestructura de investigación europea PRACE (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe), y gestionamos la Red Española de Supercomputación (RES). Como centro de investigación, contamos con más de 456 expertos de 45 países, organizados en cuatro grandes áreas de investigación: Ciencias de la computación, Ciencias de la vida, Ciencias de la tierra y aplicaciones computacionales en ciencia e ingeniería.
High Performance & High Throughput Computing - EUDAT Summer School (Giuseppe ...EUDAT
Giuseppe will present the differences between high-performance and high-throughput applications. High-throughput computing (HTC) refers to computations where individual tasks do not need to interact while running. It differs from High-performance (HPC) where frequent and rapid exchanges of intermediate results is required to perform the computations. HPC codes are based on tightly coupled MPI, OpenMP, GPGPU, and hybrid programs and require low latency interconnected nodes. HTC makes use of unreliable components distributing the work out to every node and collecting results at the end of all parallel tasks.
Visit: https://www.eudat.eu/eudat-summer-school
Data Storage Needs, Storage Solutions, Network Storage, SAN, NAS, DAS, Types of Data, Data center Infrastructure, Information Management, Information Life Cycle, Tiered Storage
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. At a Glance
• Evolution of Computers
• Generation of Computers
• Computer Hardware
• Computer Organization
• Types of Computers
• Number Systems
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3. Introduction
• Origin of Early Computing
– Used fingers & pebbles (‘Digitus’ & ‘Calculus’ in Latin)
• Definition: Data & Information
• Definition: Computer?
• Application Areas
– Business, Industry, Home, Entertainment, Play, Education,
Training, Arts, Science, Engineering, Mathematics, Medicine
and Health Care, Architecture, Communication, Banking,
Publishing, Transportation, Government, etc.
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4.
5. Evolution of Computers (1/34)
• Abacus
– Sliding beads arranged on rack
• Napier Bones (1617)
– John Napier (1550-1617)
– Logarithms that uses
Multiplication & Addition
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6. Evolution of Computers (2/34)
• Multiplication using Napier’s Bones
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7. Evolution of Computers (3/34)
• Slide Rule (1632)
– Nasa Engineers
– Multiplication and Division, roots, logarithms, trigonometry
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8. Evolution of Computers (4/34)
• Pascaline (1642) – (1/2)
– Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), French mathematician
– Built to help his father, Etienne Pascal, a tax collector, with the
tedious activity of adding & subtracting large sequences of
numbers
– Before 1886 – Calculators without keyboards were based on
Pascaline
– 5/6/8 notched dials (add sums 5/6/8 digits) moved internal
wheels
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10. Evolution of Computers (6/34)
• Stepped Reckoner (1694)
– Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz (1646-1716) – German
mathematician
– Based on Pascal‘s design
– Basic arithmetic op.
• Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division & square root
– Disadvantages
• Lacked mechanical precision
• Not reliable
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11. Evolution of Computers (7/34)
• Difference Engine (1822)
– Charles Babbage (1791-1871) – English Mathematician
– Steam powered machine (size of locomotive)
– Had stored program that performs calculations and prints
result automatically
– Tabulate logarithms &trigonometric functions by evaluating
finite differences to create approximating polynomials
– Disadvantage
• Not fully functional
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12. Evolution of Computers (8/34)
• Difference Engine of Charles Babbage
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13. Evolution of Computers (9/34)
• Analytical Engine (1833)
– Charles Babbage (1791-1871) – English Mathematician
– Input (Operating Instructions) – perforated cards (later
punched cards - Joseph-Marie Jacquard’s loom)
– Memory (1000 nos. , upto 50 decimal digits long)
– Control unit (process instructions in any sequence)
– Output - a printer, a curve plotter and a bell
– The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards
to be read in later
– Note: Was not constructed but it outlined basic elements of
modern computers
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14. Evolution of Computers (10/34)
• Analytical Engine (1833)
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15. Evolution of Computers (11/34)
• Jacquard’s Loom & Punched Cards
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16. Evolution of Computers (12/34)
• Tabulator (1889)
– Herman Hollerith
– Applied punched cards - Joseph-Marie Jacquard’s loom
• Used to store data – fed into machine – compiled results
mechanically
Memory Tape
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17. Evolution of Computers (13/34)
• Herman Hollerith’s Tabulator
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18. Evolution of Computers (14/34)
• Mark I (1944)
– Harvard Aiken & IBM
– Electronics machine – used relays, electromagnetic
components
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19. Evolution of Computers (15/34)
• Manchester Mark I
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20. Evolution of Computers (16/34)
• ENIAC
– Full Name
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
– Birth: 1946
– Birth Place
• Moore School of Engg., Univ. of Pennsylvannia
– Parents
• John Eckert & John Mauchly
– Life: 10 years
– Weight: 27000kg
– Area: 1800sq.m
– Power Consumption: 150kW
– Cost: $6Lakh
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21. Evolution of Computers (17/34)
• ENIAC at Moore School
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22. Evolution of Computers (18/34)
• ENIAC (1946)
– Design
• 17500 Electronic Vacuum Tubes, 1500 Relays, 7200 diodes, 70000
Resistors, 10000 capacitors
• Input: IBM Card Reader, Output: IBM Card Punch
– Offline Printed Output: IBM Accounting machine IBM405
• Data Memory: 20 Accumulators
– Each Accumulator stores 10-digit decimal no. (Each digit: Ring of 10
Vacuum tubes)
– Function
• Compute ballistic trajectories
• Number System & Arithmetic: Decimal
– Performed 500 Additions/Subtractions per sec
– Disadvantage: Wired for specific computations
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23. Evolution of Computers (19/34)
• ENIAC
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24. Evolution of Computers (20/34)
• EDVAC
– Full Name
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
– Birth: 1949
– Birth Place
• Moore School of Engg., Univ. of Pennsylvannia
– Parents
• John Eckert & John Mauchly, John Von Neumann
– Weight: 7850kg
– Area: 50sq.m
– Power Consumption: 56kW
– Cost: $5Lakhs
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25. • EDVAC Mainframe Computer
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26. Evolution of Computers (22/34)
• EDVAC
– Design
• 6000 Vacuum tubes, 12000 Diodes
• Number System & Arithmetic: Binary
– Features
• First Electronic computer which adopted stored program concept
of John Von Neumann
• Conditional control transfer (stop and resume later)
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27. Evolution of Computers (23/34)
• EDSAC (1949)
– Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
– Team headed by Maurice Wilkes, Cambridge Univ.
– Adopted stored program concept of John Von Neumann
• Vacuum tubes - logic, Mercury delay lines - memory
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28. IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM AN/FSQ-7 whirlwind, IBM 704
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29. IBM 1401, IBM 709
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30. IBM 7030, System/360, Digital VAX-11/780
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31. IBM 3083, Mainframe Computer Server
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32. Evolution of Computers (28/34)
• UNIVAC (1951)
– Universal Automatic Computer
– Beginning of Computer Era
• 1960s
– LARC machine
• Access time : < 1 microsec.
• Capacity: 10,00,00,000 words
– Other developments
• Computer Manufacturers offered range of capabilities & prices
• Accessories: Card feeders, page printers, CRT display
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33. Evolution of Computers (29/34)
• UNIVAC
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34. Evolution of Computers (30/34)
• 1970s
– Range of applications vs. cheaper computer systems
– Business organizations used computers in offices
– Transistors – Vacuum depositions
– IC chip – housed computer assemblies
• Development of Microprocessors & Processors on single IC chip
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36. Evolution of Computers (32/34)
• 1980s
– VLSI - Chip housed 100s of 1000s of transistors
– Introduction of PCs
• Microprocessors with ROM performed no. of functions
– Late 1980s – PC run by microprocessors
• Handled 32bits data at a time
• Process 4,000,000 instructions per sec.
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37. Evolution of Computers (33/34)
• 1990s
– PC – part of everyday life (homes, offices, schools, etc.)
– Microprocessors shrunk in size with increasing processing
power
– Applications
• Email, Computer Networking, electronic publishing, etc.
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40. Computer Generations (1/10)
• First Generation (1940 – 56): Vacuum Tubes
– Specification
• Vacuum tubes -> circuitry
• Magnetic drums -> memory
• Input ->punched cards and paper tape
• Output ->printouts
– Binary Coded Language (0s & 1s)
• Perform operations, Solve one problem at a time
– Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC
– Disadvantage
• Difficult to program (instructions should be recompiled for other
machines), lack of versatility & speed
• Expensive, Huge conception of electricity, Big & Clumsy
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42. Computer Generations (3/10)
• Second Generation (1956 – 63): Transistors
– Transistor
• Used to relay and switch electronic signals
– Assembly language
– Specification
• Punched cards for input
• Printouts for output
• Transistor for circuits
• Magnetic core technology for memory
– Computers smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient
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44. Computer Generations (5/10)
• Third Generation (1964 – Early 1970s): IC
– Integrated Circuits
• Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called
semiconductors
– High Level Language
– Specifications
• Keyboard as input
• Monitor as output
• Operating System
– Central program that controls the devices
– Advantages
• Speed, Efficiency
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46. Computer Generations (7/10)
• Fourth Generation (Early 1970s – Till Date): Microprocessors
– Data Communication
– Microprocessors
• 1000s of ICs were built onto a single silicon chip
• Properties
– Instruction set, Bandwidth, Clock Speed
– Example
• Intel 4004 chip, 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh
– Specification
• Microprocessor, Mouse and other handheld devices, CPU and
ALU, RAID – Redundant array of Independent Disk
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48. Computer Generations (9/10)
• Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence
– Artificial Intelligence
• Game Playing
• Expert System
– Robotics
– Voice Recognition
– Example
• No fully AI computers
• 1997, an IBM super-computer called Deep Blue defeated world
chess champion Gary Kasparov in a chess
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49. Computer Generations (10/10)
• Moore’s Law
– This law states that processor speeds, or overall processing
power for computers will double every two years
– To break down the law even further, it specifically stated that
the number of transistors on an affordable CPU would double
every two years
• LSI, VLSI,….
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53. Mother Board
A. USB port
B. PS/2 port
C. Parallel port
D. Serial port
E. ATX power supply
F. AGP
G. PCI slot
H. CPU slot
I. Memory slot
J. IDE Controller
K. IDE Floppy Control
L. IDE Controller
M. Clock Battery
N. Audio Modem Riser
Slot
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54. CPU Installation
• Socket Type
• Slot Type
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55. Heat Sink / Cooling Fan
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64. Major Components of Computer
Control Unit
Memory Unit
Arithmetic &
Logical Unit (ALU)
Secondary Storage
Input Unit Output Unit
Control Flow
Data Flow
• Block Diagram of Computer
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65. Memory Organization
• Memory Hierarchy
– Processor registers
• Fastest possible access (≈ 1 CPU cycle), hundreds of bytes in size
– Level 1 (L1) cache
• Often accessed in just a few cycles, usually tens of kilobytes (kB)
– Level 2 (L2) cache
• Higher latency than L1 by 2× to 10×, often 512kB or more
– Level 3 (L3) cache
• Higher latency than L2, often 2048kB or more
– Main memory
• May take hundreds of cycles, but can be multiple GB
– Disk storage
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68. Microcomputer (1/3)
• Synonymous with personal computer, it has Microprocessor
as CPU on a microchip, a memory system (typically ROM and
RAM), a bus system and I/O ports, typically housed in a
motherboard.
• Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 80s with
the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors.
• They are designed to be used by individuals, in the form of
– Personal Computers
– Workstations
– Notebook computers
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69. Microcomputer (2/3)
• Personal computer (PC)
– It is a small, relatively inexpensive computer designed for an
individual user.
– PCs can be used for word processing, accounting, desktop
publishing, running spreadsheet and database management
applications, games, etc.
• Notebook Computers
– It is extremely lightweight and portable than a PC.
– Use display screens of different technology compared with PC.
– In terms of computing power, modern notebook computers
are nearly equivalent to personal computers.
– Notebook computers come with battery packs.
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70. Microcomputer (3/3)
• Workstations
– Workstations are single-user computers typically networked
although they can also be used as stand-alone systems.
– Use moderate amount of computing power and relatively high
quality graphics capabilities.
– Workstations generally come with a large, high-resolution
graphics screen, at least 64 MB of RAM, built-in network
support, GUI and mass storage device such as a disk drive.
Diskless workstation also exist.
– It is used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop
publishing, software development, etc.
– In terms of computing power, workstations lie between PC and
minicomputers.
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71. Minicomputer
• A minicomputer is a multiprocessing mid-sized computer
capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users
simultaneously.
• In size and power, minicomputers lie between workstations
and mainframes.
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72. Mainframe
• A very large and expensive computer capable of supporting
hundreds, or even thousands, of users simultaneously.
• In the hierarchy that starts with a simple microprocessor (in
watch, etc.) at the bottom and moves to supercomputers at
the top, mainframes are just below supercomputers.
• Vs. Supercomputer
– Mainframes are more powerful than supercomputers as they
support more simultaneous programs. But supercomputers
can execute a single program faster than a mainframe.
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73. Supercomputer
• Supercomputers are the fastest type of computers, very
expensive and are employed for specialized applications that
require immense amounts of mathematical calculations.
• It is used for weather forecasting, animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum exploration.
• Vs. Mainframe
– A supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few
programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its
power to execute many programs concurrently.
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74. Servers
• It is a high-end dedicated computer on a network that
manages network resources.
• There are many different types of servers.
– File server: a computer and storage device dedicated to storing
files. Any user on the network can store files on the server.
– Web server: a computer that delivers Web pages to clients.
– Proxy server: It sits between a client application, such as a
Web browser, and a real server. It intercepts all requests to the
real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it
forwards the request to the real server.
• Purpose of a Proxy Server: improve performance, filter requests
– Network server: a computer that manages network traffic.
– Database server: a computer that processes database queries.
– Print server: a computer that manages one or more printers.25-Aug-2017
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75.
76. Common Number Systems
System Base Symbols
Used by
humans?
Used in
computers?
Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9 Yes No
Binary 2 0, 1 No Yes
Octal 8 0, 1, … 7 No No
Hexa-decimal 16 0, 1, … 9, A, B, … F No No
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77. Quantities / Counting
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Dec Bin Oct Hex
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
Dec Bin Oct Hex
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
Dec Bin Oct Hex
16 10000 20 10
17 10001 21 11
18 10010 22 12
19 10011 23 13
20 10100 24 14
21 10101 25 15
22 10110 26 16
23 10111 27 17
………..Etc.
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78. Number System Conversion Among Bases
• The possibilities:
Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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80. Binary to Decimal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Multiply each bit by 2n, where n is the position of the bit
starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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81. Binary to Decimal (2/2)
• Example: Convert (101011)2 to Decimal
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1010112 => 1 x 20 = 1
1 x 21 = 2
0 x 22 = 0
1 x 23 = 8
0 x 24 = 0
1 x 25 = 32
4310
Bit “0”
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82. Octal to Decimal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Multiply each digit by 8n, where n is the position of the digit,
starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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83. Octal to Decimal (2/2)
• Example: Convert (724)8 to Decimal
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7248 => 4 x 80 = 4
2 x 81 = 16
7 x 82 = 448
46810
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84. Hexadecimal to Decimal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Multiply each digit by 16n, where n is the position of the bit,
starting from 0 on the right
– Add the results
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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85. Hexadecimal to Decimal (2/2)
• Example: Convert (ABC)16 to Decimal
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ABC16 => C x 160 = 12 x 1 = 12
B x 161 = 11 x 16 = 176
A x 162 = 10 x 256 = 2560
274810
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86. Decimal to Binary (1/2)
• Procedure
– Divide number/quotient by 2 and keep track of the remainder
until quotient is 0
– Construct the result with Remainder
• First remainder is first digit from Right (LSB, least-significant bit)
• Second remainder is second digit, etc.
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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90. Hexadecimal to Binary (1/2)
• Procedure
– Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary
representation
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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91. Hexadecimal to Binary (2/2)
• Example: Convert (10AF)16 to Binary
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10AF16 = ?2
1 0 A F
0001 0000 1010 1111
10AF16 = 00010000101011112
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92. Binary to Octal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Group bits in threes, starting from right
– Convert to octal digits
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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94. Decimal to Octal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Divide number/quotient by 8 and keep track of the remainder
until quotient is 0
– Construct the result with Remainder
• First remainder is first digit from Right
• Second remainder is second digit, etc.
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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96. Hexadecimal to Octal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Convert Hexadecimal to Binary
– Group 3 digits from right and represent it with an Octal
number
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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97. Hexadecimal to Octal (2/2)
• Example: Convert (1F0C)16 to Octal
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1F0C16 = ?8
1 F 0 C
0001 1111 0000 1100
1 7 4 1 4
1F0C16 = 174148
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98. Decimal to Hexadecimal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Divide number/quotient by 16 and keep track of the remainder
until quotient is 0
– Construct the result with Remainder
• First remainder is first digit from Right
• Second remainder is second digit, etc.
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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100. Binary to Hexadecimal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Group bits in fours, starting on right
– Convert to hexadecimal digits
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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101. Binary to Hexadecimal (2/2)
• Example: Convert (10101 11011)2 to Hexadecimal
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10101110112 = ?16
10 1011 1011
2 B B
10101110112 = 2BB16
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102. Octal to Hexadecimal (1/2)
• Procedure
– Convert Octal to Binary
– Group 4 digits from right and represent it with an Hexadecimal
number
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Hexadecimal
Decimal Octal
Binary
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103. Octal to Hexadecimal (2/2)
• Example: Convert (1076)8 to Hexadecimal
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10768 = ?16
1 0 7 6
001 000 111 110
2 3 E
10768 = 23E16
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104. Activity – I
• Convert the following into other Number System values
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Don’t use a calculator!
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
33 ? ? ?
? 1110101 ? ?
? ? 703 ?
? ? ? 1AF
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105. Activity – I (contd.)
• Convert the following into other Number System values
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Don’t use a calculator!
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
33 100001 41 21
117 1110101 165 75
451 111000011 703 1C3
431 110101111 657 1AF
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106. Fractions (1/9)
• Decimal to decimal (just for fun)
3.14 => 4 x 10-2 = 0.04
1 x 10-1 = 0.1
3 x 100 = 3
3.14
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107. Fractions (2/9)
• Binary to Decimal
10.10112 => 1 x 2-4 = 0.0625
1 x 2-3 = 0.125
0 x 2-2 = 0.0
1 x 2-1 = 0.5
0 x 20 = 0.0
1 x 21 = 2.0
2.6875
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10.10112 = 2.687510
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108. Fractions (3/9)
• Octal to Decimal
21.218 => 1 x 8-2 = 00.016
2 x 8-1 = 00.250
1 x 80 = 01.000
2 x 81 = 16.000
17.266
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21.218 = 17.26610
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109. Fractions (4/9)
• Hexadecimal to Decimal
EF.B116 => 1 x 16-2 = 000.004
B(11) x 16-1 = 000.688
F(15) x 160 = 015.000
E(14) x 161 = 224.000
239.692
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EF.B18 = 239.69210
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110. Fractions (5/9)
• Decimal to Binary
3.1457910
.14579
x 2
0.29158
x 2
0.58316
x 2
1.16632
x 2
0.33264
x 2
0.66528
x 2
1.33056
etc.11.001001...
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3.1457910 = 11.0010012
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111. Fractions (6/9)
• Decimal to Hexadecimal
• Note: Conversion of a fraction from Decimal to another Number system
requires multiplication of its fractional part by the new base
0.062810
0.0628
x 16
1.0048
x 16
0.0768
x 16
1.2288
x 16
3.6608
0.1013...
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0.062810 = 0.101316
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112. Fractions (7/9)
• Binary to Octal
– For a Binary fraction, arrange the bits into groups of 3 starting
at the binary point and move towards the right. Then each
group is replaced by the corresponding octal digit. If the
number of bits is not a multiple of 3, add necessary number of
zeros to the left of MSB.
– Example: 111101.011012
• 111101.011010 = 75.328
• Octal to Binary
– Replace each Octal digit by its 3-bit binary equivalent.
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113. Fractions (8/9)
• Binary to Hexadecimal
– For a Binary fraction, arrange the bits into groups of 4 starting
at the binary point and move towards the right. Then each
group is replaced by the corresponding hexadecimal digit. If
the number of bits is not a multiple of 4, add necessary
number of zeros to the left of MSB.
– Example: 111101.011012
• 111101.011010 = 3D.6216
• Hexadecimal to Binary
– Replace each Hexadecimal digit by its 4-bit binary equivalent.
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115. Activity – II
• Convert the following into other Number System values
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Instructor: Mr.S.Christalin Nelson|SoCSE|UPES
Don’t use a calculator!
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
29.8 ? ? ?
? 101.1101 ? ?
? ? 3.07 ?
? ? ? C.82
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116. Activity – II (contd.)
• Convert the following into other Number System values
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Instructor: Mr.S.Christalin Nelson|SoCSE|UPES
Don’t use a calculator!
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
29.8 11101.110011… 35.63… 1D.CC…
5.8125 101.1101 5.64 5.D
3.109375 11.000111 3.07 3.1C
12.5078125 1100.10000010 14.404 C.82
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117. Common Powers (1/3)
• Base 10
Power Preface Symbol
10-12 pico p
10-9 nano n
10-6 micro
10-3 milli m
103 kilo k
106 mega M
109 giga G
1012 tera T
Value
.000000000001
.000000001
.000001
.001
1000
1000000
1000000000
1000000000000
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118. Common Powers (2/3)
• Base 2
– In computing, particularly w.r.t. memory, the base-2
interpretation generally applies
Power Preface Symbol
210
kilo k
220
mega M
230
Giga G
Value
1024
1048576
1073741824
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119. Common Powers (3/3)
• Base 2 (Example)
•
• Double click My Computer
Right click on C:
Click on Properties
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/ 230 =
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120. Common Bases
• For common bases, add powers
26 210 = 216 = 65,536
or…
26 210 = 64 210 = 64k
ab ac = ab+c
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121. Binary Addition (1/2)
• Two 1-bit values
A B A + B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 10
“two”
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122. Binary Addition (2/2)
• Two n-bit values
– Add individual bits & Propagate carries
– E.g. Add (10101)2 and (11001)2
10101 21
+ 11001 + 25
101110 46
11
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“carry”
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123. Binary Multiplication (1/3)
• Multiplication of Decimal Numbers
– A view as “Sum of the Partial Products”
35
x 105
175
000
35
3675
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124. Binary Multiplication (2/3)
• Binary, two 1-bit values
A B A B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
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125. Binary Multiplication (3/3)
• Binary, two n-bit values
– Same as multiplication of two decimal values
– E.g. Multiply (1110)2 and (1011)2
1110
x 1011
1110
1110
0000
1110
10011010
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“partial product”
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126. Peep into the next Module
• Computer Fundamentals – II
– Generation of Programming Languages
– Programming Paradigms
– Structure & Execution Environment of a Basic C Program
– Software Engineering & Problem Solving Methods
– Need of Translators, Linkers, Locaters, Loaders & Editors
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