This module provides insight on the Generation of Programming Languages, Programming Paradigms, Structure and Execution Environment of a Basic C Program, Need of Translators, Linker, Loader and Editors, Software Engineering and Problem Solving Methods, Few inclusions from the C99 and C11 Standards
the presentation would brief the online reader with the concepts of few advanced data structures like hash tables, tries, Binary Trees, Binary Search Trees, Threaded Binary Trees and AVL Trees.
This module provides insight on the Generation of Programming Languages, Programming Paradigms, Structure and Execution Environment of a Basic C Program, Need of Translators, Linker, Loader and Editors, Software Engineering and Problem Solving Methods, Few inclusions from the C99 and C11 Standards
the presentation would brief the online reader with the concepts of few advanced data structures like hash tables, tries, Binary Trees, Binary Search Trees, Threaded Binary Trees and AVL Trees.
The presentation includes brief insight of mostly all important OOPs concepts including Exception Handling, File Handling, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Storage Classes, Namespaces, and Generic Programming.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This is the Complete course of C++ Programming Language for Beginners. All Topics of C++ programming Language are covered in this single power point presentation.
Visit: www.cyberlabzone.com
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
The presentation includes brief insight of mostly all important OOPs concepts including Exception Handling, File Handling, Dynamic Memory Allocation, Storage Classes, Namespaces, and Generic Programming.
Complete C++ programming Language CourseVivek chan
This is the Complete course of C++ Programming Language for Beginners. All Topics of C++ programming Language are covered in this single power point presentation.
Visit: www.cyberlabzone.com
Data Structure- Stack operations may involve initializing the stack, using it and then de-initializing it. Apart from these basic stuffs, a stack is used for the following two primary operations −
PUSH, POP, PEEP
Note that the postfix form an expression does not require parenthesis. Consider ‘4+3*5’ and ‘(4+3)*5’. The parenthesis are not needed in the first but they are necessary in the second
This presentation describes demerits of infix expressions for compiler, algorithm to convert given infix expression to postfix expression using stacks in Data Struictures along with several example solutions. It also contains program of stack ADT using <stack> STL.
2. Stack. Write a program that uses the stack class (you can use.pdfaniarihant
2. Stack. Write a program that uses the stack class (you can use the stack type defined in the
lectures, or you can define your own stack type) to solve a problem. The problem contains two
tasks, the first one is to convert an infix arithmetic expression into a postfix arithmetic
expression; the second task is to evaluate arithmetic expressions written in postfix form.
In infix form, the operator of an arithmetic statement is in-between every pair of operands. For
example:
1.5 + 2.3
2.0 * (3.3 + 4.5)
(2.1 + 3.0) * 4.8
In postfix form, the operands of an arithmetic statement appear followed by the operator. One of
the virtues of postfix form is that expressions can be written without the need for parentheses.
Here are some examples of arithmetic expressions written in postfix form:
1.5 2.3 + // Equivalent to 1.5 + 2.3
2.0 3.3 4.5 + * // Equivalent to 2.0 * (3.3 + 4.5)
2.1 3.3 + 4.8 * // Equivalent to (2.1 + 3.0) * 4.8
Please write a C++ program that uses an operator stack to convert an infix arithmetic expression
that the user enters into a postfix arithmetic expression, and then use a float stack to evaluate
postfix arithmetic.
Your program should support all five of the arithmetic operators, +, - , *, and /.
When users input the infix arithmetic expressions, the operands, operators and parenthesis
symbols are separated by spaces. The character # marks the end of the expression.
The infix arithmetic expressions only contain operands, operators and parenthesis. The operands
are float numbers, and the operators are +, -, * and /. If there are letters in the infix arithmetic
expressions, the “invalid expression” message should be displayed.
Here is an algorithm for evaluating an arithmetic expression written in postfix form with the aid
of a stack of floats.
• Scan the expression from left to right.
• When encounter an operand or a float, push it on the stack.
• When encounter an arithmetic operator, pop the top two numbers off the stack and use them as
operands for the indicated operation. Push the resulting number back on the stack.
• when you reach the end of the expression, the result of the calculation should be the sole item
on the stack.
Please show that that the program is working correctly by converting the following infix
arithmetic expressions and then computing the obtained postfix arithmetic expressions:
6.5 * 6.5 - 4 * 1.5 * 1.44 #
3.1 * (2.5 + 4.7 * 1.6) + 8.6 #
70.0 - (10.5 + 6) / 0.5 + 18.2 #
The following steps will convert an infix expression into a postfix expression:
1. Create an empty string stack called opStack for keeping operators. Create an empty string
array called postfixEx for postfix expression.
2. read the infix expression left to right.
2.1. If the string is an operand, append it to the postfixEx array.
2.2. If the string is a left parenthesis, push it on the opStack.
2.3. If the string is a right parenthesis, pop the opStack, append each operator to the postfixEx
array, until you see the corresponding left parent.
The concept of stack is extremely important in computer science and .pdfarihantsherwani
The concept of stack is extremely important in computer science and is used in a wide variety of
problems. This assignment requires you to write a program that can be used to evaluate ordinary
arithmetic expressions that contains any of the five arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %).
This exercise requires three distinct steps, namely:-
Verify that the infix arithmetic expression (the original expression), that may contain regular
parentheses, is properly formed as far as parentheses are concerned.
If the parenthesized expression is properly formed, convert the expression from an infix
expression to its equivalent postfix expression, called Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) named
after the Polish Mathematician J. Lukasiewics.
Evaluate the postfix expression, and print the result.
Step 1 - Verify that the expression
Given an arithmetic expression, called an infixed expression, to verify that it is properly formed
as far as parentheses are concerned, do the following:
Create an empty stack to hold left parenthesis ONLY.
Scanned the arithmetic expression from left to right, one character at a time.
While there are more characters in the arithmetic expression
{
If the character is a left parenthesis ‘(‘, push it on to the stack. However if the character is a right
parenthesis, ‘)’, visit the stack and pop the top element from off the stack.
}
If the stack contains any element at the end of reading the arithmetic expression, then the
expression was not properly formed.
Step 2 - Convert infixed expression to postfix
Given that an arithmetic expression is properly form with respect to parentheses, do the
following:
Create an empty stack to hold any arithmetic operators and left parenthesis, ONLY.
A string to contain the postfix expression – the output from this conversion.
Scan the arithmetic expression from left to right.
While the are more symbols in the arithmetic expression,
{
After a symbol is scanned, there are four (4) basic rules to observed and apply accordingly:
If the symbol is an operand (a number), write it to the output string.
If the symbol is an operator and if the stack is empty, push the symbol on the stack.
Otherwise, if the symbol is either ‘(‘ or ‘)’, check for the following conditions:
If the symbol is ‘(‘, push on to the stack,
Otherwise
If the symbol is ‘)’
{
Pop everything from the operator stack down to the first ‘(‘. Write each item
popped from the stack to the output string. Do not write the item ‘)’. Discard it.
}
If the symbol scanned is an arithmetic operator, check for the following and apply accordingly:
If the operator on the top of the stack has higher or equal precedence, that operator is popped
from off the stack, and is written to the to the output string. This process is continues until one of
two things happen:
Either the first ‘(‘ is encountered. When this occurs, the ‘(‘ is removed from the stack and is
discarded, and the recently scanned symbol is placed on the stack
OR
The operator on the stack has lower preced.
Data Storage Needs, Storage Solutions, Network Storage, SAN, NAS, DAS, Types of Data, Data center Infrastructure, Information Management, Information Life Cycle, Tiered Storage
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. Formula Translation
The Problem: Writing formula or arithmetic
expressions in something close to their usual
mathematical/scientific form
One of the most important accomplishments of early
design computer languages in designing a compiler that
understood expressions & to produce a machine-
language output.
In fact, the name FORTRAN stands for FORMULA
TRANSLATOR.
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3. The Quadratic formula
x = (-b + (b*b – (4*a)*c)^0.5) / (2*a)
Question
Which operation must be done before others?
What are the effects of the parentheses? When
can they omitted?
How many times you will look back and forth
through the expression until you evaluate it?
a
ac
b
b
x
2
4
2
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6. Polish Notation
Discovered by the polish mathematician
Jan Lukasiewicz.
Expressions can be classified w.r.t. the
position of its Operators among operands
Before operand(s) prefix expression
After operand(s) postfix expression
In-between operands infix expression
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7. Polish & Reverse Polish Notations
Infix: a b
prefix a b
postfix a b
Infix: a + b c
prefix + a b c
postfix a b c +
Prefix and Postfix are not
mirror to each other
Prefix (Polish)
Postfix (Reverse Polish)
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8. Polish Notation - Importance
Infix Expressions are harder for Computers to
evaluate because of the additional work needed
to decide on precedence. Hence conversion to
Polish or Reverse Polish Notation is required.
It is not necessary to make repeated scans
through the expression
Use of parentheses (if required)
Evaluation can be achieved with great efficiency
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10. Evaluate the following expressions
5 4 Error
6 Error
+ Error
5 – Unary operator
Reverse Polish Notation
Note:
• Use different symbol to represent unary operator i.e. (~)
• Example: Convert to Reverse Polish
(-5) – (-4) (~5) – (~4) 5 ~ 4 ~ –
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11. Converting Infix to Postfix with Stack
Read expression from Left-to-Right and
if an operand is read copy it to the output,
if a left parenthesis is read push it into the stack,
when a right parenthesis is encountered, the operator at the top of
the stack is popped off the stack and copied to the output until the
symbol at the top of the stack is a left parenthesis. When that occurs,
both parentheses are discarded,
if an operator is scanned and has a higher precedence than the
operator at the top of the stack, the operator being scanned is pushed
onto the stack,
while the precedence of the operator being scanned is lower than or
equal to the precedence of the operator at the top of the stack, the
operator at the top of the stack is popped and copied to the output,
when the end of the expression is reached on the input scan, the
remaining operators in the stack are popped and copied to the output.
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13. Converting Infix to Prefix with Stack
1st method
Read expression from Right-to-Left and
if an operand is read copy it to the RIGHT of the output,
if a right parenthesis is read push it into the stack,
when a left parenthesis is encountered, the operator at the top of the
stack is popped off the stack and copied to the output until the
symbol at the top of the stack is a right parenthesis. When that
occurs, both parentheses are discarded,
if an operator is scanned and has a higher or equal precedence than
the operator at the top of the stack, the operator being scanned is
pushed onto the stack,
while the precedence of the operator being scanned is lower than to
the precedence of the operator at the top of the stack, the operator at
the top of the stack is popped and copied to the output,
when the end of the expression is reached on the input scan, the
remaining operators in the stack are popped and copied to the LEFT
of the output.
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15. Converting Infix to Prefix with Stack
2nd method
Reverse the expression & Read expression from Left-to-Right
if an operand is read copy it to the output (left-to-right)
if a right parenthesis is read push it into the stack
when a left parenthesis is encountered, the operator at the top of the
stack is popped off the stack and copied to the output until the
symbol at the top of the stack is a right parenthesis. When that
occurs, both parentheses are discarded.
if an operator is scanned and has a higher or equal precedence than
the operator at the top of the stack, the operator being scanned is
pushed onto the stack
while the precedence of the operator being scanned is lower than to
the precedence of the operator at the top of the stack, the operator at
the top of the stack is popped and copied to the output
when the end of the expression is reached on the input scan, the
remaining operators in the stack are popped and copied to the output.
Reverse the output
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17. Activity-2
Using stack diagrams convert the following
expressions into postfix and prefix forms of polish
notation:
a) 8 – 3 4 + 2
b) 8 – 3 (4 + 2)
c) (8 – 3) (4 + 2)
d) (8 – 3) 4 + 2
e) (-a + b) (c + a) – 5
f) 2 + ((-3 + 1) (4 – 2) + 3) 6 – (1 + 2 3)
g) (5 > 4) and not (3 = 2 – 1)
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18. Activity-2 (Solution)
Infix Rev. Polish Polish
8 – 3 4 + 2 8 3 4 x - 2 + - 8 + x 3 4 2
8 – 3 (4 + 2) 8 3 4 2 + x - - 8 x 3 + 4 2
(8 – 3) (4 + 2) 8 3 - 4 2 + x x - 8 3 + 4 2
(8 – 3) 4 + 2 8 3 - 4 x 2 + + x - 8 3 4 2
(-a + b) (c + a) – 5 a ~ b + c a + x 5 - ?
2 + ((-3 + 1) (4 – 2) + 3) 6 – (1 + 2 3) ? ?
(5 > 4) && !(3 = 2 – 1) ? ?
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19. Evaluation of Reverse Polish
Expressions
Most compilers use the polish form to translate
expressions into machine language.
Evaluation is done using a stack data-structure
Read expression from left to right and build the stack of
numbers (operands).
When an operator is read two operands are popped out
of the stack they are evaluated with the operator and the
result is pushed into the stack.
At the end of the expression there must be only one
operand into the stack (the solution) otherwise ERROR.
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21. Evaluation of Polish Expressions
Evaluation is done using a stack data-structure
Read expression from right to left and build the stack of
numbers (operands).
When an operator is read two operands are popped
out of the stack they are evaluated with the operator
and the result is pushed into the stack.
At the end of the expression there must be only one
operand into the stack (the solution) otherwise ERROR.
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23. Running-sum condition
For a sequence E of operands, unary operators and
binary operators, form a running-sum by starting at
the left-end of E and counting
+1 for each operand,
0 for unary operator, and
–1 for each binary operator.
E satisfies the running-sum condition provided that
it never falls below 1, and is exactly 1 at the right-
hand-end of E.
3 4 6 2 + 8 3 – 2 5 – 4 + + 2 6 –
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24. Exercises
1. Which of the following are syntactically correct
postfix expressions (use the running-sum
condition)? Show the error in each incorrect
expression. Translate each correct expression into
infix form.
a) a b c + a / c b + d / –
b) a b + c a b c / d –
c) a b + c a – c + b c –
d) a ~ b
e) a b ~
f) a b –
g) a b ~
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25. 2. Convert the following postfix form expressions to
infix form:
a) a b + a b –
b) a b + c
c) a b c +
d) a b c + a c d – b + –
3. Evaluate the following postfix form expressions
and then convert them to infix form:
a) 4 5 2 + 3 –
b) 2 4 6 – 8 3 – 2 + –
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26. 4. Evaluate the following prefix form expressions and
then convert them to infix form:
a) – + 4 – 5 ~ 2 + 3 4 6
b) – + 2 – 3 8 – 6 4 2
5. Convert the quadratic formula shown below to
postfix form.
6. Translate each of the following expressions from
postfix form to prefix form:
a) a b + c
b) a b c +
c) a ! b ! / c d – a ! –
d) a b < not c d e < or
a
ac
b
b
x
2
4
2
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27. 7. Evaluate the following prefix expressions. Hence,
translate them into postfix form:
a) / + 2 4 ! 4
b) / + ! 3 9 3
c) and < 3 4 or not = + 2 5 7 > 3 0
8. Translate each of the following expressions from
infix form into postfix and then by using stack
diagrams evaluate the postfix expressions:
a) 5 * ((-3 – 2) * (4 – 6) + 3 * 2)
b) -3 + (5 + 2) * 8 + 6 – ((4 – 2 * 3) * (-2 – 3) – 9)
c) 9 + 5 * ((3 + 2) – 8 * (1 – 3) * (-3 – 6)) + 2 * 3
d) 1 – (3 – (-1 + 2 * (6 + 7 * 2)))
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